LESSON 1.

FUNCTIONS

( 1 Hour)

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to

• identify functions; and
• translate real-world problems into a functional relation between variables;

What do you know?

Answer the test below seriously and with all honesty. This aims to find out the level
of your understanding of the lessons that will be discussed in this module. Your score
results will not be a part of your grade for the course.

Instruction: On the line before the item, write F if the given rule defines y as a function
of x and write R if it is not. (1 point each)

___1.

___ 2.
___ 3. x y
9 3
4 2
1 1
0 0
1 -1
4 -2
9 -3

___ 4. y = √x

___ 5.

You should do this!

Answer the given problem.
Problem:
The floor area of a rectangular business office is 64m2 . Express the
perimeter P of the office as a function of the length x of one side.

𝒙 𝑨 = 𝟔𝟒𝒎𝟐

What did you get?

The problem is asking you to express the perimeter, 𝑃, of the floor area of an office
in terms of its one side 𝑥. It is asking you a rule that connects the perimeter 𝑃 and
side 𝑥. You know that perimeter is the sum of all the sides of a polygon. So from
the given, the area
 𝐴 = 64 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒( 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
64
𝑦= 𝑥
Therefore, the perimeter 𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
64 128 2𝑥 2 +128
𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 2 ( 𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + =
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥 2 +128
𝑃= 𝑥
Here, it was shown that 𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑥). Read as “ P as a function of x”.

Definition of Function

In general, if there is a relation between two variables x and y, such that for each
value assigned to x, there corresponds exactly one value of y, then, we say that y is a
function of x.
In symbol, it is written
y = f(x)
read as “y is a function of x” or y equals f of x, where x is called the independent variable and y is
called the dependent variable.
The following are examples of relations classified as functions because in these
relations, for every value of the independent variable there is only one value of dependent
variable.
1. y = 2x + 5
2. S = 3t 2 - 4
r−3
3. F(r) = ;r≠-1
r+1

4. y = √2𝑥 − 3
5.

An example of a relation which is not a function is 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 5 because if we solve

y in terms of x in this equation,𝑦 = ±√5 + 𝑥 2 . We can now see that for every value of
the independent variable x in 𝑦 = ±√5 + 𝑥 2 , there will be two values of the dependent
variable y.
Other examples of relations which are not functions are:
1. y 2 = 4ax
x2 y2
2. + = 1
a2 b2
3.

Vertical Line Test:

Vertical line x=0 touches the curve at
more than one point, therefore the
curve is not a function.

Other letters, upper or lower case, may be used to denote that one variable is a
function of another.
Examples :

1. 𝑦 = 𝐺(𝑥)
2. 𝑄 = 𝑣(𝑟)
3. 𝑝 = 𝐿(𝑖)
4. 𝑇 = 𝑢(𝑦)

The function concept may be extended to relations with more than two variables.

Examples :

1. 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
2. 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3. 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡

Writing Functional Relation Between Variables

Example 1:
An open box is to be made from a piece of cardboard that measures 18 by 24 cm.
Equal-sized squares x cm on a side will be cut out of each corner and then the sides
will be folded up to form the box.
(a) Express the volume of the box V(x) in terms of x.
(b) Express the surface area of the box S(x) in terms of x.

Illustrations:

Note: The shaded four corners are to be cut out.

Solution:

(a) V = LWH
V(x) = (24 – 2x) (18 – 2x) x
V(x) = (24 – 2x) (18x – 2x2)
V(x) = 24 (18x – 2x2) – 2x (18x – 2x2)
V(x) = 432x – 48x2 – 36x2 + 4x3
V(x) = 432x – 84x2 + 4x3 or
V(x) = 4x3 – 84x2 + 432x

(b) S(x) = Area of base + Area of sides

Area of base = (L of base)(W of base)

= (24 – 2x) (18 – 2x)
= 24 (18 – 2x) – 2x (18 – 2x)
= 432 – 48x – 36x + 4x2
= 432 – 84x + 4x2 or
Area of base = 4x2 – 84 x +432

Area of sides = 2(area of front or rear side) + 2(area of right or left side)
Area of sides = 2 [ x (18 – 2x) ] + 2 [ x (24 – 2x) ]
= 2 (18x – 2x2) + 2 (24x – 2x2)
= 36x – 4x2 + 48x – 4x2
= 84x – 8x2

S(x) = Area of base + Area of sides

S(x) = 4x2 – 84 x +432 + 84x – 8x2
S(x) = 432 – 4x2

Example 2:
 A ladder leans against a vertical wall and its lower end is 3 meters away from the base
of the wall. Express the length of the ladder L(y) if the top of the ladder is y meter from
the ground.

Illustration:

Solution:
By Pythagorean Theorem
L(y) = √𝑦 2 + 32
L(y) = √𝑦 2 + 9

Can you share it?

Interpret your understanding of functions by discussing the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables. You may include examples and cite other facts
about it.

Share it!
How are you doing right now?
Please answer the activity below.

Instruction: On the line before the item, write F if the given rule is a function and write
R if the given rule is simply a relation.
_____ 1.
x y

3 9

2 4

1 1

0 0

-1 1

-2 4

-3 9

_____ 2.

_____ 3. y = x3
_____ 4.

_____ 5.

.
 LESSON 1.2

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION

( 1 Hour)

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to

• find the domain and range of a function; and
• evaluate the given functions.

What do you know?

Answer the following to the best of your knowledge.

Multiple Choice: In each of the following, write only the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer on the line before the item. If the correct answer does not belong among
the choices, write the letter R.

____ 1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 , then 𝑓(−2𝑥) equals

A. 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 B. −4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
C. 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 D. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 E. 3x
1
____ 2. If 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2 , then 𝑔(2) equals
3 −3 5 −5
A. B. C. D. E. 3
2 2 2 2

____ 3. The domain of 𝑦 = √2 − 𝑥 is

A. (−∞ , 2 ] B. (−∞ , ∞) C. (−∞ , 2 ) D. [ 2 , ∞ ) E. 0
5
____ 4. The domain of 𝑦 = is
𝑥
A. (−∞ , ∞) B. ( 0 , ∞) C. (−∞ , 0 ) D. 𝑥 ≠ 0 E. 𝑥 ≠ 1

____ 5. The range of 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2 is

A. [4 , ∞) B. (4, ∞) C. [−4 , 4] D. [0 , 4] E. (0 , 4)
____ 6. What is the range of the function shown on the graph?
 A. y ≠ 2 B. y ≠ -1 C. y ≠ 0 D. y ≠ -2 E. all x

You should do this!

Please look at the figure below where a graph is drawn into a rectangular
coordinate system. Locate at least two points in the graph.

Where are your points?

There is a point at (1, 1). This means that 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1, the point is both 1 unit
from the coordinate axes. There‘s a point at (4,2), where the point is 4 units to the right
of the y -axis, and 2 units above the x-axis. Considering the graph as a function, these
coordinates are the range and the domain of the function.

Definition of Domain and Range

The domain of the function is the set of all meaningful replacements for the
independent variable and the resulting set of values of the dependent variable is called
the range.

The domain or range of a continuous variable x will be one or more of various kinds
of intervals.
 Interval Notation Inequality Notation

[𝑎 , 𝑏] 𝑎≤𝑥 ≤𝑏
[𝑎 , 𝑏) 𝑎≤𝑥 <𝑏
(𝑎 , 𝑏] 𝑎<𝑥 ≤𝑏
(𝑎 , 𝑏) 𝑎<𝑥 <𝑏
(−∞ , 𝑎] 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
(−∞ , 𝑎) 𝑥 < 𝑎
[𝑏 , ∞) 𝑥 ≥ 𝑏
(𝑏 , ∞) 𝑥 > 𝑏
(−∞ , ∞) all x

Examples:

Give the domain D and range R of:

1. S = { (-3, -1), (-2, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5)}

Solution:

Domain D is the set of all x: D = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

Range R is the set of all y: R = {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

2. y = 3x + 2

Solution:

For every x in y = 3x + 2, y is defined or real number, therefore, D = (− ∞ , ∞).

Writing x in terms of y from y = 3x + 2,

𝑦 −2
𝑥= , from this equation x is defined or real
3
number for every y, therefore, R = (− ∞ , ∞).

D = R = (− ∞ , ∞)

3. y = √x 2 − 4

Solution:

x 2 − 4 = (x + 2)(x – 2)
 x+2=0 x–2=0
x=-2 x=2

From the given equation y = √x 2 − 4 , y is defined when x ≦ 2 and when

x ≧ 2, therefore, D = (− ∞, − 2] U [2 , ∞).

Again, from the given equation y = √x 2 − 4 , y = 0 when x = ± 2 and y will increase

indefinitely to positive infinity when x is less than -2 and x is greater than 2,
therefore, R = [0 , ∞).

4. y = √x 2 + 1

Solution:

From the given equation y = √x 2 + 1 , y is defined for all x, therefore,

D = (− ∞ , ∞).

Again, from the given equation y = √x 2 + 1 , when x = 0 then y = 1, and y will

increase indefinitely to positive infinity when x is less than or greater than 0.
Therefore, R = [1 , ∞).

5.
y

Solution:

From the figure, we can see that domain begins from – 2 and extending indefinitely
toward positive infinity, therefore, D = [−2 , ∞).

Again, from the figure, we can observe that as x is increases toward positive
infinity, y increases to negative and positive infinity, therefore, R = (−∞ , ∞).
6.

Solution:
We can see from the graph that domain are all x or all real numbers except
x = 1, therefore, D ≠ 1.

Again, from the graph, we can see that range begins from y > 0 and rising
indefinitely toward positive infinity, therefore, R = (0 , ∞).

Evaluating a given function is important in the determination of range of a

function. To evaluate a function you need to isolate the independent variable into the left
side of the equation. Then substitute the value of the independent variable into the
function.
Example 1:
Given f(x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 5 , find
a. f(4)
b. f(−2)
c. f(x − 2)
d. f(a + b)
Solutions
a. f(x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 5
f(4) = 3(4)2 – 2(4) + 5
f(4) = 3(16) – 8 + 5
f(4) = 45

b. f(x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 5
 f(−2) = 3(−2)2 – 2(–2) + 5
f(−2) = 3(4) + 4 + 5
f(−2) = 12 + 9
f(−2) = 21

c. f(x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 5
f(x – 2) = 3(x − 2)2 – 2(x–2) + 5
f(x – 2) = 3(x 2 – 4x + 4) – 2x + 4 + 5
f(x – 2) = 3x 2 – 12x + 12 – 2x + 9
f(x – 2) = 3x 2 – 14x + 21

d. f(x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 5
f(a + b) = 3(a + b)2 – 2(a + b) + 5
f(a + b) = 3(a2 + 2ab + b2 ) – 2a – 2b + 5
f(a + b) = 3a2 + 6ab + 3b2 – 2a – 2b + 5
f(a + b) = 3a2 + 3b2 + 6ab – 2a – 2b + 5

Example 2:
2a + 3b
If S(a, b) = , find
4a − 5b
a. S( −2 , 3)
1 2
b. S(2 , − 3)

Solutions
2a + 3b
a. S(a, b) =
4a − 5b
2(−2) + 3(3) −4 + 9 5
S(−2 , 3) = = = −
4(−2) − 5(3) −8 − 15 23

2a + 3b
b. S(a, b) =
4a − 5b
 1 2
1 2
2(2) + 3(− 3) 1−2 −1 3
S( 2 , − 3) = 1 2 = 10 = 6 + 10 = −1 ∙
4(2) − 5(− 3) 2+ 16
3 3

1 2 3
S( 2 , − 3) = −
16

Can you share it?

If you are given this function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 2𝑥, and you are ask to find
2𝑓(3) + 𝑓(−2), how will you do it?

Share!

How are you doing right now?

Multiple Choice: In each of the following, write only the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer on the line before the item. If the correct answer does not belong among
the choices, write the letter R.
____ 1. If 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑦(𝑦 − 3)2 , then, 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) equals
A. 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 3) B. (𝑥 + 3)2 𝑥
2 2
C. 𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) D. 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 3) E. 5𝑥(𝑥 + 3)2

____ 2. If 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 , then, 𝑔(3) equals

A. 3 B. – 3 C. 4 D. – 4 E. 2

____ 3. The domain of 𝑦 = √2 − 𝑥 is

A. (−∞ , 2 ] B. (−∞ , ∞) C. (−∞ , 2 ) D. [ 2 , ∞ ) E. x ≠ 2

____ 4. The range of 𝑦 = √2 − 𝑥

A. (−∞ , ∞) B. [ 2 , ∞) C. ( 2 , ∞) D. [ 0 , ∞) E. y ≠ 2
____ 5. What is the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ?
A. (−∞ , −√3) ∪ (√3 , ∞)
B. (−∞ , −1 − √3] ∪ [−1 + √3 , ∞)
C. (−∞ , −√3] ∪ [√3 , ∞)
D. (−∞ , −2 − √3] ∪ [−2 + √3 , ∞)
E. (−∞ , −3 − √3] ∪ [−3 + √3 , ∞)

____ 6. What is the domain of the function shown on the graph?

A. 𝑥 ≠ (−1 , 1) B. 𝑥 = (−1 , 1) C. 𝑥 ≠ [−1 , 1] D. 𝑥 = [−1 , 1]

E. 𝑥 ≠ −1 & 1
 LESSON 1.3

COMBINATION AND COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

( 2 Hours)

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to

• perform the operations ( addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) on
functions; and
• determine the composition of functions.

What do you know?

Answer the following to the best of your knowledge.

Perform the indicated operations to combine the given functions. Express the
final answer in its simplest form.
Given : 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 3
Find : a. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
b. 𝑓(𝑥)[2𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑓(𝑥)
c. 𝑔(𝑥)
d. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)

You should do this!

Please ponder on how you will answer the problem.
How can the two functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 16 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4 be combined so
that the resulting function is equal to 20?
Do you have an idea how to do it? Actually, when you subtract 𝑥 3 − 4 from 𝑥 3 +
16 it will result to 20. So combining functions 𝑔 and 𝑓 by subtraction represented as
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
= (𝑥 3 + 16) − (𝑥 3 − 4) remember the rule in subtraction
= 𝑥 3 + 16 − 𝑥 3 + 4 change the sign of the subtrahend

(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 20
Two or more functions can be combined to form new functions, A way of
combining functions could be an application of one or more of the fundamental
operations, addition and multiplication or to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication
or division.

Operations on Functions
Let functions 𝑓 and 𝑔
1. Sum of Functions , 𝑓 + 𝑔 is defined as

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

2. Difference of Functions, 𝑓 − 𝑔 is defined as
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

3. Product of Functions, 𝑓𝑔 is defined as

(𝑓𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)

4. Quotient of Functions, 𝑓/𝑔 is defined as

𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑓/𝑔)(𝑥) =
𝑔(𝑥)

Example:
3x + 1 4
Given f(x) = and g(x) = ; find
2x − 3 2 − 5x
a. f + g
b. f ∙ g
c. f ÷ g
Solutions:
a. f + g = f(x) + g(x)
3𝑥 + 1 4 (3𝑥 + 1)(2 − 5𝑥) + 4(2𝑥 − 3)
f + g = + =
(2𝑥 − 3)(2 − 5𝑥)
2𝑥 − 3 2 − 5𝑥

6𝑥 − 15𝑥 2 + 2 − 5𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 12 − 15𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 10
f + g = = or
4𝑥 − 10𝑥 2 − 6 + 15𝑥 −10𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 − 6
15𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 10
f + g =
10𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 + 6

b. f ∙ g = f(x) ∙ g(x)
 3x + 1 4 12x + 4 12x + 4
f∙g = ∙ = =
2x − 3 2 − 5x 4x − 10x2 − 6 + 15x −10x2 +19x − 6

f(x)
c. f ÷ g =
g(x)
3x + 1
2x − 3 3x + 1 2 − 5x 6x − 15x2 + 2 − 5x
f÷g = 4 = ∙ =
2x − 3 4 8x − 12
2 − 5x

−15x2 + x + 2
f÷g =
8x − 12

Another way of combining functions to form a new function is by composition. This is a

procedure of forming a new function by substituting a function into another function. If
there are two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, another function ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) can be computed by
substituting 𝑔 into 𝑓. It is a composition of 𝑓 and 𝑔, denoted by
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 " 𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑔" or “ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔"

Definition of Composite Function

The composite function 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 of functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 is defined by
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

Example:
3x + 1 4
Given f(x) = and g(x) = ;
2x − 3 2 − 5x
Find:
a. f ◦ g
b. g ◦ f
c. f [g ◦ f]

Solutions:
a. f ◦ g = f [g(x)]
To find f [g(x)], replace every variable x in f(x) by the function g(x) and simplify.
4
3(2 − 5x) + 1 12 + 2 − 5x 14 − 5x 14 − 5x
f◦g = 4 = = =
2(2 − 5x) − 3 8 − 3(2 − 5x) 8 − 6 + 15x 2 + 15x
 b. g ◦ f = g [f(x)]
To find g [f(x)], replace every variable x in g(x) by the function f(x) and simplify.
4 4(2𝑥 − 3) 8𝑥 − 12
g◦f = 3x + 1 = =
2−5( ) 2(2𝑥 − 3) − 5(3𝑥 + 1) 4𝑥 − 6 − 15𝑥 − 5
2x − 3

8𝑥 − 12 8𝑥 − 12
g◦f = or −
−11𝑥 − 11 11𝑥 + 11

c. f. f[g ◦ f] = f {g [f(x)]}
Replace every variable x in f(x) by the function g [f(x)] and simplify.
8𝑥 − 12
3( )+1 24𝑥 − 36 − 11𝑥 − 11 13𝑥 − 47
−11𝑥 − 11
f[g ◦ f] = 8𝑥 − 12 = =
2(−11𝑥 − 11) − 3 16𝑥 − 24 + 33𝑥 + 33 49𝑥 + 9

Can you share it!

Create an Input-Process-Output model on the evaluation of function and
combinations of functions.

Share It

How are you doing right now?

Combine the given functions by performing the indicated operations. Express the
final answer in its simplest form.
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
Find: a. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
b. 𝑓(3𝑥)[𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑔(𝑥)
c. 𝑓(𝑥)

d. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)