L1: UNDERSTANDING
manuscripts, diaries...)
HISTORY USING PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY SOURCES
“History is not there for you to like or dislike. It
is there for you to learn from. And if it offends
you, even better because you are less likely to
repeat it. History is not yours to change or
destroy.”
“To foretell the story of a nation, it is necessary
to open the book that tells of her past.”
- Jose Rizal, the Philippines, A
Century Hence, La Solidaridad,
1889
HISTORY
➢ Greek word “historia” meaning, inquiry
or knowledge acquired by investigation
➢ Emphasizes chronology
➢ It is the study of the past events
➢ The study of history demands that
evidence be as close to the events
possible, giving direct witness to the
occasion or happening. (Abrera, 2018)
➢ People share important narratives with
one another
➢ Constantino: History is not merely a
chronology of events, it's not the story of
heroes and great men. History consists
of people’s efforts to attain a better life.
➢ The study of history can serve as a guide
to present and succeeding generations in
facing the challenges of the times.
KASAYSAYAN
➢ Narrative about the past that is
significant for a group of people
➢ "Salaysay na may saysay tungkol sa
nakaraan para sa isang grupo ng tao"
➢ Connection
SOURCES OF HISTORY
1. Primary Sources
➢ Those that have witnessed the event that
took place or have been part of the event
being studied.
➢ Materials produced by people or groups
directly involved in the event or topic
being studied.
➢ Written records (narratives,
➢ Fossils, artifacts and testimony from
living witnesses
Primary Sources (con.)
★ A primary source is a document or
physical object which was written or
created during the time under study.
★ These sources were present during an
experience or time period and offer an
inside view of a particular event.
★ Primary sources are characterized by
their content, regardless of whether they
are available in original format, in
microfilm/microfiche, in digital format,
or in published format.
Four Main Categories of Primary
Sources
1. Written sources
2. Images
3. Artifacts
4. Oral testimony
Examples of Primary Sources:
- Autobiography (written by the self)
- Memoirs (recalling something)
- Newspapers (long run)
- Diary
- Speeches
2. Secondary Sources
➢ Gottschalk: “the testimony of anyone
who is not an eyewitness- that is of one
who was not present at the event of
which he tells”
➢ A secondary source interprets and
analyzes primary sources. These sources
are one or more steps removed from the
event.
➢ Have not been part of the event being
considered such as magazines,
newspapers, pamphlets, typescripts and
articles written about the primary
sources.
Examples of Primary Sources
- Magazines
- Pamphlets
- Newspapers (short run)
- Question of Heroes by Nick Joaquin
- Vlogs (depends on the content)
- Movies such as Heneral Luna
HISTORY - we have to understand different
perspectives in order for us to discover the
truth.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
★ Reconstruction of what happened
during a particular PERIOD as
COMPLETELY and ACCURATELY as
possible through a SYSTEMATIC,
COLLECTION, ANALYSIS and
INTEGRATION of DATA.
HISTORICAL METHOD
➢ Deal with the sources
➢ Evaluate the sources
➢ Make judgements (if can be made)
★ It is the process of critically examining
and analyzing the records and survivals
of the past.
CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM
➢ A room for us to improve
➢ We criticize documents for documents
cannot criticize themselves
➢ Check the authenticity of the document
using historical methods
➢ Internal and external
1. External Criticism
➢ External criticism aims at checking the
authenticity of the primary source.
➢ It aims to check whether the source is
real or fake.
➢ Validating the authenticity of the
documents
- checking if the paper and ink of
the document belong to the
period being studied.
Fabricated, forged, faked
- the handwriting in the document
belongs to the handwriting of the
period one is researching on.
Test of Authenticity (Louis Gottschalk)
1. Determine the date of the document to
see whether they are anachronistic
e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th
century
2. Determine the author
e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
3. Anachronistic style
e.g. idiom, Ortography, punctuation
4. Anachronistic reference to events
e.g. too early, too late, too remote
5. Provenance or custody
e.g. determines its genuineness
6. Semantics – determining the meaning
of a text or word
7. Hermeneutics – determining
ambiguities
If the document did not pass the external
criticism, do not go to internal criticism.
2. Internal Criticism
Test of Credibility (Understanding
History, Louis Gottschalk)
1. How close was the author to the event
being studied? (the more na malapit,
mas vivid)
2. When was the account made? (Date)
3. Ability to tell the truth. (Perspective)
4. Willingness to tell the truth
5. Is the account corroborated/support by
other accounts
PART II.
PAGSASAKASAYSAYAN NG
ATING MGA NINUNO
1. Alamat at epiko
➢ Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilokos)
➢ Ibalon (Bikol)
➢ Darangan at Parang Sabil (Moro)
★ Nakatuon ito sa pagkabuo nila bilang
isang lipunan
★ Pinagmulan ng kanilang lahi
★ Suliraning kanilang kinaharap
★ Tulong ng panginoon at pangunguna ng
isang dakilang bayani
★ Kanilang pagtutulong-tulungan
Sa folklore/kwentong bayan, mahahanap
natin ang history sa moral lesson nito.
PAGSASAKASAYSAYAN NG
MGA MUSLIM
★ Tarsila
★ Muslim
★ Genealohiya na naglalarawan ng
pinagmulang lipi ng sultan
★ Ayon dito, ang mga unang misyunero
tulad nina Sharif Kabungsuan at Abu
 Bakr ay nagmula sa angkan ng ELEMENTO NG
propetang Muhammed a ang pamilya ng
sultan ay may direktang uganayan sa KASAYSAYAN
mga misyonerong ito. 1. Tao (sino)
2. Heograpiya (saan)
3. Panahon (kailan)
PERYODISASYON 4. Pangyayari (ano)
➢ Pamamaraan ng pagkakahati ng 5. Critical (bakit, paano)
kasaysayan
e.g. Panahon ng Espanyol, Amerikano,
Hapon, atbp. MGA HAMON SA PAG-AARAL
NG KASAYSAYAN
HISTORYOGRAPIYA Gagamiting pagpapanahon/dating
➢ Pamamaraan ng pagsulat/pagsalaysay ➢ BC-AD (Christian - There is no year zero
ng Kasaysayan in this scheme, so the year AD 1
immediately follows the year 1 BC.
➢ BCE-CE Problem with the time notation
TYPE OF POV
is the concept of zero
1. Bipartite ★ Gregorian calendar
➢ Liwanag + dilim ★ Muslim calendar – 622 / 1437
➢ Author: dayuhan, Audience: Pilipino today
➢ Example: Antonio de Morga - October is the first month
2. Tripartite - 9th month - Ramadan
➢ Liwanag + dilim + liwanag ➢ Thai solar calendar/Buddhist calendar –
➢ Pangkaming Pananaw started 543 BC / 2559 today
➢ Author: Pilipino, Audience: Dayuhan
➢ Bilang pagtugon sa bipartite ng Kastila Problema sa susunuring “Una,
➢ Illustrado: Jose Rizal
Natatangi, Pambansa”
- Bago dumating ang mga dayuhang
➢ Unang misa:
mananakop, maliwanag ang bansa. Sa
★ Limasawa, Leyte – RA 2733
pagdating ng mga dayuhan, dumilim ang
➢ Unang Pangulo?
Pilipinas. Makakamtan lang ng bansa ang
➢ Pambansang Bayani?
liwanag kapag sila ay umalis.
★ Rizal Law RA 1425
- Annotations on the Sucesos
➢ Philippines as the only Christian
- KAtamaran ng mga Pilipino
Country – East Timor
➢ Minana ng Katipunan at mga
historyador noong panahon ng
Nawawalang paksa sa kasaysayan
Amerikano
➢ Kababaihan (herstory)
➢ Kolonyalismong Espanyol ang temang
➢ Ethnic groups
iniikutan ng mga pangyayaring
➢ Millenarian movements
makabuluhan sa mga Pilipino.

3. Pantayong Pananaw
➢ Author: Pilipino, Audience: Pilipino
➢ Isinulong ni Zeus Salazar
➢ Paggamit ng wikang Filipino
➢ Pagsasangkap ng mga di karaniwang
paksa
➢ Maingat na paggamit ng pananaw
➢ Example: Mga sakit, Sakuna at
kalamidad, Pagkain, Jokes, at games
Lesson 2
Bago magpatuloy sa pagbabasa ng isang
teksto, kailangan munang kilalanin ang may
akda, para malaman kung ang binabasa ay
may kabuluhan at nagpapahayag ng
katotohanan.
Bakit may kinalaman ang nationality ng
author sa pagsusulat niya ng isang
teksto?
Upang malaman ng mga mambabasa ang
tunay na kwento sa loob ng kanyang mga
saloobin na pinahayag niya sa kanyang
gawang akda.
5 URI NG PRAYLE SA ESPANYA
1. Augustine/Augustino
2. Franciscan/Pransiskano
3. Dominican/Dominikano
4. Jesuits/Heswita
5. Recoletos/Rekoleto
THE CONTROVERSY (1949)
Church and the State
➢ About the published nook of Palma that
contains the biography of Dr. Jose Rizal.
➢ For the church, the book contains
anti-catholic sentiments.
RIZAL IN UST
➢ Hindi naging masaya si Rizal sa
pag-aaral niya sa UST dahil ang
nasabing unibersidad ay pag-aari o
pinamamahalaan ng mga
Dominikanong Pari, na may poot sa
kanya at dumidiskrimina sa mga
estudyanteng Pilipino.
➢ Ang mga Dominikanong Paring kanyang
nakasalamuha ang isa sa mga rason
kung bakit niya nagawa ang mga
karakter na pari (E.g. Padre Salvi at
Padre Damaso) sa akdang Noli Me
Tangere.
FOR RIZAL…
History should be a binding factor.
Tatlong Pagkakataon kung kailan
nagkabuklod-buklod ang mga Pilipino
1. Battle of Bangkusay/Labanan sa Ilog
Bangkusay (led by Rajah Sulayman)
2. 1896 Revolution (led by Emilio
Aguinaldo)
3. EDSA People Power Revolution
➢ ang ending ay nagkawatak-watak din
ang mga Pilipino dahil sa kanilang
personal na interes
GOMBURZA’s GAROTE
➢ the three martyr priests are innocent.
➢ Garote is a public execution.
Si Jose Rizal ang unang tumawag sa
sarili niyang Pilipino.
PENINSULARES VS. INSULARES
Peninsulares
➢ full-blooded Spanish living in the
Philippines but born in Spain.
Insulares
➢ full-blooded Spanish born in the
Philippines.
DOCUMENTS ARE LIMITED
➢ kapag laging dinadahilan na documents
are limited, the person behind this is the
problem.
➢ limitation of documents means lack of
methods.
➢ we must read between the lines!
Signs - an action or a response to a
certain action.
KNOW HOW TO QUESTION
DOCUMENTS!!
HISTORY
➢ History is a problem of generalization.
➢ We do not generalize history.
➢ History can be objective.
➢ History is not objective if an individual
narrates it because one can have biases.
 LESSON 4: MAGELLAN’S 3. Fall of Constantinople/Turkey
➢ Ottoman Empire colonized
VOYAGE
Constantinople and closed the route and
the Europeans were forced to look for
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
other routes going East and they decided
➢ Born around 1490 in the town of
to use the waters.
Vicenza, Venice, Italy.
➢ “Who ever controls the water, controls
➢ Studied astronomy, geography, and
the world.”
cartography and during his younger
years worked in the ships owned by the
4. Rise of Spain and Portugal
Knights of Rhodes.
➢ Spain and Portugal being the leading
➢ A well-educated young man possessing
superpowers at that time had a
an avid curiosity about the world around
competition of conquering lands one
him.
after another and decided to send
➢ He presented his credentials to
expeditions east and west.
Magellan and admitted as one of the
➢ Spain and Portugal are both catholics.
sobresalientes (supernumenaries), or
men coming from prominent.
➢ families who will join the trip for the
love of adventure and for the
advancement of military service.
➢ He vividly described the expedition
including the people they’ve
encountered and the death of Magellan.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
(FACTORS)
1. Age of Discovery
➢ Crusades: The Europeans learned that
there are vast lands to be conquered as
well as new products to be discovered
(spices).
➢ Crusades - agawin ang holyland sa mga
Muslim. (hindi same ang Muslim sa
Moro)
2. Silk Road
➢ expensive commercial products.
➢ trade between Europe and Asia.
➢ no. 1 commodity in the Philippines is
silk/satin.
➢ unang Europeo na nakarating sa Asia ay
si Marco Polo.
POPE ALEXANDER VI
➢ head of the Catholic Church and ruler of
the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until
his death in 1503.
➢ dapat hatiin na lang ang mundo sa
dalawa. (Inter Caetera)
(West for Portugal)
(East for Spain)
➢ Ang Inter Caetera ay maglelead sa
Treaty of Tordesillas.
➢ Treaty of Tordesillas
- Lalagyan ng exact boundaries
- Cape Verde Islands is the
dividing line.
*Binili ni Magellan si Enrique de Malacca sa
slave trading.

*Morocco - a prosperous island in Africa.

KING MANUEL 1St

➢ King of Portugal from 1495 to 1521.
➢ inekis na si Magellan na binigyan ng
fleet dahil sa corruption daw nito.
THE FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF
THE WORLD
➢ Magellan’s expedition left Sanlucar de
Barrameda on August 20, 1519, with 270
men onboard going West.
➢ 5 Ships of Magellan and company:
1. San Antonio - ang mga lulan
ng barkong ito ay tumakas sa
grupo nila Magellan at bumalik
sa Espanya. Sinabi nila na sila
lamang ang nakaligtas mula sa
umano’y trahedyang
kinasangkutan nila sa karagatan.
2. Trinidad
3. Concepcion
4. Victoria
5. Santiago - binagyo sa
karagatan, kaya apat na lamang
ang natira.
➢ Only Victoria will return full of goods
coming from the East. The completion
of the voyage marks the first
circumnavigation of the world.
➢ Magellan’s Group was composed of:
1. Pigafetta
2. Elcano/Del Elcano/Delcano
3. Malacca
➢ At the dawn of 16 March 1521, they
sighted “high land” and eventually
reached the island of Zamal (Samar).
➢ 20th-century historian (Fr. Martin
Noone) suggested that the “high land”
they saw were the mountains of Leyte,
some peaks of which rose to three or
four thousand feet. They would have
seen the outlines of the lower elevated
Samar only later in the day.
LANDING IN HOMONHON
➢ March 17, 1521
- Magellan desired to land on
another island that was
uninhabited and lay to the right
of (Samar), in order to be more
secure and to get water and have
some rest.
- The island they landed was
called HUMUNU (Homonhon)
- Kapuluan ni San Lazaro
FIRST ENCOUNTER
➢ On the afternoon of Monday, 18 March
1521, the expedition members saw a boat
coming towards them with 9 men in it.
Magellan ordered that no one should
move or say a word without his
permission. Once these men on the
beach, their leader went immediately to
the Captain General and showed signs of
joy with the foreigner’s arrival. Five of
the most elaborately tattooed among
them remained on the shore while the
rest went to fetch the others who were
sill fishing, until they all came.
EXCHANGE OF GIFTS
➢ When Magellan saw that the natives
were reasonable men, he ordered food to
be set before them and gave them red
caps, mirrors, combs, bells, ivory,
bocasine, and other things.
➢ In return for the captain’s courtesy, the
natives “presented fish, a jar of palm
wine, which they called “uraca” (i.e.
“arrack”), figs more than one palmo long
(i.e. bananas), and other which were
smaller and delicate, and two coconuts”
GOOD SIGNS
➢ They called that island Acquada de li
buoni Segnialli (The watering place of
good signs) because they found “two
springs there of the clearest water” as
 well as the first signs of gold they found
in the vicinity.
➢ March 22 - The men returned as
promised. They brought coconuts,
oranges, wines, and cock.
➢ The gold items that they saw were
perhaps worn by the natives they met
bansil - (gold on teeth), gold armlets,
gold earrings, gold ornaments on their
daggers, knives, spears, etc.
PLEASANTRIES
➢ The natives became very familiar with
the members of the expedition, and the
latter took great pleasure with them
because they were pleasant and
conversable. The language translations
were apparently provided by Enrique de
Malacca, Magellan’s servant, and
interpreter.
➢ The natives told the foreigners many
things, including their names and
identities of some of the islands that
could be seen from the place. They said
their island is called Zuluan (Suluan).
NATIVE HOSPITALITY AND
COMPASSION
➢ The long narrative of Pigafetta of the
coconut shows the native hospitality to
the foreigners.
➢ Panglamaw - picnic in the groves to
pick young coconuts to drink its water
and eat its soft meat. This must have
been ordered by the Chief to his
followers soon after the pleasantries
were exchanged with Magellan.
➢ After the feast, the chiefs left three
people to cater the needs of their
visitors.
➢ They helped Magellan and his crew by
providing “buko juice” for the sick
members.
THE FIRST MASS
➢ Magellan ordered their interpreter
Enrique to ask them if they could gather
and hear mass on the island.
➢ Pigafetta described vividly the physical
characteristics of the natives-heathens
- Dress
- Tattoos
- Gold Earrings – size of walnuts
and egg
- Gold teeth
➢ “Those people were heathens, and go
naked and painted. They wear a piece of
cloth woven from a tree about their
privies. They are heavy drinkers. Their
women are clad in tree cloth from their
waist down, and their hair is black and
reaches to the ground. They have holes
pierced in their ears which are filled
with gold.”
➢ They planted a cross on the island
- Protection against calamities
- Sign of friendship
- Remembrance to thank the Lord
- They will have a feast (inuman)
as a celebration
➢ Kulambu thought that the visitors will
do a ritual and therefore, he sent a swine
to be eaten/offered during the feast.
➢ “Casi-casi”
➢ “Nganga”- “if they ceased to use it,
they would die”
➢ There are dogs, cats, swine, fowls, goats,
rice, ginger, coconuts, figs, [i.e.,
bananas], oranges, lemons, millet,
pancium, sorgox, wax, and a quantity of
gold in that island.
➢ Those people live in accordance with
justice and have weights and measures.
They love peace, ease, and quiet. They
 have wooden balances, the bar of which
has a cord in the middle by which it is
held.
TO CEBU
➢ Ceylon, Bohol Canighan, Baybai, and
Gatighan
➢ Pigafetta described the natural
resources/animals/creatures they have
encountered on their way to Cebu
➢ doves, turtle-doves, parrots, and
blackbirds as large as domestic chickens
➢ Their houses are constructed of wood
and are built of planks and bamboo,
raised high from the ground on large
logs, and one must enter them by means
of ladders.
The next day...
➢ For metals, iron, and other large
merchandise they gave us gold. For the
other smaller articles they gave us rice,
swine, goats, and other food.
➢ On Saturday, as the captain [king] had
promised the king [captain] to become a
Christian on Sunday, a platform was
built in [on] the consecrated square,
which was adorned with hangings and
palm branches for his baptism.
➢ The captain and the king sat down in
chairs of red and violet velvet, the chiefs
on cushions, and the others on mats.
The captain told the king through the
interpreter that he thanked God for
inspiring him to become [become] a
Christian, and that [now] he would more
easily conquer his enemies than before.
➢ The captain told them that if they
wished to become Christians as they had
declared on the previous days, they must
burn all their idols and set up a cross in
their place. They were to adore that
cross daily with clasped hands, and
every morning after their [i.e., the
Spaniards’] custom, they were to make
the sign of the cross (which the captain
showed them how to make).
➢ He told the king that he would call him
Don Carlo, after his sovereign the
emperor; the prince, Don Fernando,
after the emperor’s brother; the king of
Mazaua, Johanni; a chief, Fernando,
after our chief, that is to say the captain;
the More, Christoforo; and then the
others, now one name, and now another.
➢ After dinner the priest and some of the
others went ashore to baptize the queen,
who came with forty women.
➢ Her mouth and nails were very red,
while on her head she wore a large bat of
palm leaves in the manner of a parasol,
with the crown about it of the same
leaves, like the tiara of the Pope; and she
never goes any place without such a one.
She asked us to give her the little child
Jesus to keep in place of her idols; and
then she went away.
➢ There are many villages in that island.
Their names and those of their chiefs are
as follows: Cinghapola and its chiefs,
Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaningha,
Cimatichat, and Cicanbul; one, Mandaui
and its chief, Apanoaan; one Lalan, and
its chief, Theteu; one, Lalutan, and its
chief, Tapan; one Cilumai; and one,
lubucun. All those villages rendered
obedience to us, and gave us food and
tribute.
➢ On Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, a chief
of the island of Matan, sent one of his
sons to present two goats to the
captain-general, and to say that he
would send him all that he had
promised, but that he had not been able
to send it to him because of the other
chief, Cilapulapu, who refused to obey
the king of Spain.
MAGELLAN’S DEATH
➢ “Thus did we fight for more than one
hour, refusing to retire farther. An
Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the
captain’s face, but the latter immediately
killed him with his lance, which he left
in the Indian’s body. Then trying to lay
hand on sword, he could draw it out but
halfway, because he had been wounded
in the arm with a bamboo spear. When
the natives saw that, they all hurled
 themselves upon him. One of them
wounded him on the left leg with a large
cutlass, which resembled a scimitar,
only being larger. That caused the
captain to face downward, when
immediately they rushed upon him with
iron and bamboo spears and with their
cutlasses, until they killed our mirror,
our light, our comfort, and our true
guide.”

RELEVANCE
➢ The most notable feat of the document is
that it documented the first
circumnavigation of the world. The
expedition proved that the Earth was
round and the East can be reached by
way of the West. In terms of Philippine
history, it gave us the idea of how life
ought to be during pre-colonial times.
➢ We have our own civilization.
➢ most all we are not heathens as what
they wanted us to believe before their
arrival. The physical appearance of our
Visayan ancestors is well documented in
Pigafetta’s account.
➢ It also shows our socio-cultural activities
during the prehispanic times. This
primary source will also validate the
facts of secondary sources that we
encountered.
LESSON 1
*Tagumpay ang paglalakbay ng mga Europeo.
➢ Isang dahilan ay dahil napatunayan
nilang bilog ang mundo.
History - eurocentric.
Ang pagsakop sa mga lugar ay tanda ng
pagiging mayaman at makapangyarihan.
*Dadating ang panahon, isususpend ni Haring
Carlos ang ekspedisyon dahil mahal ang gastos
dito.
Felipe/Philip - anak ng Haring Carlos.
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos - pinalitan ang
pangalan ng Zamal na Las Islas Filipinas na
nangangahulugang Kapuluan ni Felipe.
*Irerevive ni Felipe ang
paglalakbay/ekspedisyon sa iba’t ibang bahagi
ng mundo.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
➢ Pinakamagaling na manlalakbay
➢ Inutusang aralin ang rutang ginamit nila
Magellan
➢ Makakadating sa Sugbu ngunit hindi
mainit ang pagtanggap ng mga Pilipino
sa kanila.
➢ Nakipagsanduguan kila Rajah Sikatuna
at mga Boholano.
➢ Si Tupaz ang sumunod na Rajah kay
Humabon
➢ Kasama sila Rajah Sikatuna, tatangkain
nilang sakupin ang Sugbu.
➢ Sinunog nila ang kabayanan ng Cebu.
➢ Iniestablish ulit nila ang Cebu sang-ayon
sa kaayusang alam nila, na ang isang
lugar ay may sentro na simbahan, at
nakapaligid dito ang lahat ng mga
establisyementong nagbibigay ng
pangangailangan ng tao gaya na lamang
ng mga paaralan at munisipyo.
Villa de Santisimo Nombre de Jesus
- bagong pweblo/mueblo.
*Pinaikot ang mga tao sa kanilang
pananampalataya.
*Mayroong nangyayaring bull-fighting/sabong
pagkatapos ng misa.
*Matagumpay ang mga monghe sa pagsakop sa
Pilipinas.
*Kapag nakontrol ang pananampalataya ng
isang lugar, madali nang masakop ito.
LESSON 2: CUSTOMS OF THE
TAGALOGS
Sa pagka-discover ng Maynilad, unti-unti nang
nasakop ng mga Europeo ang mga lugar sa
Luzon.
APAT NA LAYUNIN
1) Nasusuri ang konteksto at perspektibo ng
dokumento.
➢ ifilter-out ang tunay o hindi na
impormasyon.
2) Naipaliliwanag ang pagkakaugnay-ugnay at
pagkakahati-hating panlipunan ng Sinaunang
Pamayanang Pilipino.
➢ Dati, ang mga maharlika ay itinuturing
na mga alalay ng datu.
➢ Ngayon, ang mga maharlika ay
itinututring na mga mayayaman.
3) Nauunawaan ang mga tradisyon at paraan ng
pagsamba ng lipunang Tagalog.
➢ Pilit binura ng mga Espanyol ang mga
paniniwala natin sa mga
anito/albularyo/manghihilot.
➢ Catalonan - lider ng ritwal.
4) Napahahalagahan ang kontribusyon ng
dokumento sa kabuuang kasaysayan ng
Pilipinas.
BALANGKAS
1) Pagpopook sa dokumento
2) Tungkol sa May-akda
3) Nilalaman - pag-establish ng authenticity ng
dokumento.
➢ Pulitikal (Dato)
➢ Sosyo-ekonomiko (Social Stratification,
dowries)
➢ Kultural (Paniniwala)
4) Kahalagahan sa Kasaysayan (Relevance)
BAKIT ISINULAT ANG COTT?
➢ Frailocracia - pamamahala ng mga
prayle sa isang lugar.
 ➢ Makahimok ng iba pang mga Kastila na
manirahan sa Pilipinas.
➢ Makapag-ulat sa mga kaganapan sa
kanilang nasasakupan.
LIMANG URI NG MISYONERO
1) Pransiskano
2) Augustino
3) Dominikano
4) Heswita
5) Rekoletos
Sa Bulacan, karaniwan ang mga Augustino
(Marilao to Calumpit) at mga Pransiskano
(Meycauayan to Obando).
Sa Barcelona, ang simbahan na Sagrada ay
isinasaayos na for more than hundred years.
Bisita - isinasagawa ang misa once a month.
Tungkol sa May-Akda
Juan de Plasencia
➢ Ipinanganak sa mayamang angkan ng
mga Portocarreros sa rehiyon ng
Extremadura, Espanya noong mga
unang bahagi ng ika-16 na siglo.
➢ Franciscan order – Quezon, Laguna,
Rizal and Bulacan
➢ Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola
y Tagala
PULITIKAL
Barangay
➢ Pamayanang binubuo ng mga
kabahayan na pinamumunuan ng mga
dato
➢ Maraming barangay sa loob ng bawat
bayan, at magkakahiwalay
pinamumunuan ng mga ito.
Dato
➢ Pinuno ng bawat barangay na siya ring
namumuno sa bawat digmaan
➢ Lubos na iginagalang at kinikilala
➢ Nagtutulungan ang bawat dato tuwing
may digmaan (Alyansa)
URING PANLIPUNAN
1) Maharlica
➢ Hindi nagbabayad ng buwis sa mga dato
➢ Kailangan suportahan ang digmaan sa
sariling ari arian
➢ Malayang namumuhay
➢ mga dughpong-bughaw ngayon.
2) Aliping Namamahay
➢ Pinakakasal at pinagsisilbihan ang
kanilang mga amo dato man o hindi
➢ May sariling bahay ari arian at ginto
➢ Maaring manahin ng kanilang anak ang
kanilang ari arian
➢ Hindi maaring ipagbili bilang alipinin
ang mga anak
3) Aliping Saguiguilir (Slaves)
➢ Hindi kayang magbayad ng utang at
bilanggo ng digmaan.
➢ Maaring maging namamahay kung
makakapagbayad ng kaukulang halaga
ng ginto (madalas ay higit sa 5 taels).
➢ Pinagsisilbihan ang kanilang mga amo
at sinasaka ang lupain nito. Paminsan ay
nabibiyayaan sa kinikitang sakahan,
nakabatay ito sa kagustuhan ng amo.
➢ Maaring ipagbili ngunit ang mga
ipinapanganak sa bahay ng
nagmamay-ari sa kanila, bihira o hindi
kailaman na ipagbibili.
➢ A property of their masters.
Caste System sa atin - dynamic.
Ang mga datu ay nabibilang sa maginoo.
Masyadong strict ang Caste System sa Spain.
SOSYO-EKONOMIKO
Paghahati sa Lupain
na
➢ Hinahati ng dato sa kanyang
nasasakupan ang mga lupaing mainam
pagtaniman.
➢ Hindi ito maaring pagtaniman ng hindi
kasapi ng barangay, maliban kung ito ay
binili o minana.
➢ Tingues ang bahagi ng barangay sa mga
kabundukan na pagmamayari ng buong
pamayanan at walang isang maaring
umangkin.
➢ May ilang dato sa ilang barangay ang
may sariling palaisdaan sa mga ilog. Ang
mga kasapi ng kanyang barangay
lamang ang maaring manghuli at
 makipagkalakal dito , maliban kung
magbayad para sa nasabing gawain.
KINSHIP
➢ May problema kapag ang isang prinsipe
ay nainlove sa isang alipin.
➢ Kung ang parehong magulang ay
Maharlica nananatili sa uring ito ang
isang indibidwal.
➢ Sakaling magkaron ng anak ang
maharlica sa kanyang mga alipin , ang
anak at ang inang alipin ay magiging
malaya.
➢ Kung nagkaron ng anak sa alipin ng iba ,
dapat bayaran ng ina ang nagmamay ari
sa kanya dahil sa panganib ng
pagbubuntis.
➢ Kung kilalanin ng ama ang bata sa
pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng pagkain,
ang kalahati ng bata ay malaya . Kung
hindi naman , alipin ito sa kabuuan.
➢ Kung ang isang malayang babae ay may
anak sa isang alipin, malaya ang mga ito.
Maliban na lang kung kinasal siya sa
alipin.
DOWRY
➢ Ibinibigay sa anak na lalaki sa
pagpapakasal nito, at binibigay naman
sa magulang ng babaeng pakakasalan.
➢ Kung buhay ang mga magulang,maari
nila itong pakinabangan.
➢ Kung walang nabubuhay na pamilya ang
asawang babae, maari niya itong
pakinabangang mag-isa.
➢ Ang diborsyo ay pinahihintulutan.
➢ Kung mag-aasawa ng iba ang babae, ang
lahat ng dowry at iba pang halaga ay
mapupunta sa asawa.
➢ Kung hindi siya nagpakasal sa
iba,ibabalik sa kanya ang dowry.
➢ Kung ang lalaki naman ang
nakipaghiwalay, kalahating dowry ang
ibabalik sa kanya.
➢ “Kapag may kinuha, mayroong
ibabalik”.
HUSTISYA
➢ Ang anumang paglilitis ay isinasagawa
ng dato sa harap ng kanyang mga
nasasakupan.
➢ Maaring magtalaga ng arbiter na
nagsisilbing hukom, tulad kung may
hidwaan sa dalawang dato na gusting
iwasan ang digmaan at kung ang mga
sangkot sa paglilitis ay mula sa
magkaibang barangay
MGA BATAS:
➢ Kamatayan para sa mga aliping
magsasabi ng hindi maganda sa pamilya
ng dato.
➢ Kamatayan sa mapapatunayang
mangkukulam.
➢ Hindi parusa ang pangaalipin, maliban
kung kinakailangan. Halimbawa, ay
kung hindi nabayaran ang utang.
PANANAMPALATAYA
Walang mga templo para sa mga ritwal ngunit
ang terminong simbahan ay kadalasang
tumutukoy sa malaking bahay ng dato na
nagsisilbing tagpuan ng pandot o pagdiriwang
ng pagsama sa kanilang mga Diyos.
➢ Nilalagyan ng mga sorhile o maliliit na
pailaw ang bawat haligi ng bahay
habang sa gitna ay malaking pailaw.
➢ Nagkakaisa ang buong barangay sa
pagsamba o nag-aanitos.
➢ Sibi - isang pansamantalang lugar,
binubuo ng parte ng tirahan ng Datu, na
ginagamit upang maging lugar ng
pagtitipon ng mga ka-barangay.
ILAN SA MGA SINASAMBA:
1) Badhala/Bathala – pinaka
makapangyarihan at may likhang lahat
2) Sila’y sumasamba sa araw, buwan, bituin
(tala) at patay na indibidwal na may espesyal na
kakayahan at matapang na nakipaglaban upang
protektahan sa oras ng pangangailangan.
3) Mapolon – pagpapalit ng panahon
4) Balatic – “Greater bear” sa Espanya
5) Lic-ha – mga larawan na may iba’t ibang
hugis
6) Dian Masalanta – patron ng mga
nag-iibigan at henerasyon
7) Lacapati at Idianale – patron ng mga
sinasakang lupa at mga asawang lalaki
8) Buaya – upang hindi masaktan ng mga ito
MGA URI NG PARI (Saserdote ng
Demonyo)
1) Catalonan
➢ Paring may katungkulan na nagsisilbing
tagapangasiwa ng paghahandog para sa
 kapistahan at mga pagkaing kakainin na
iaalay sa diyablo.
2) Mangangauay
➢ Witches
➢ Nagpapanggap na nagpapagaling ng
may mga sakit upang makapanglinlang.
3) Manyisalat
➢ Paring nagbibigay ng mga pamamaraan
upang mapaghiwalay ang mag-asawa.
4) Mancocolam
➢ Bumubuga ng apoy na hindi napapatay
5) Hocloban
➢ hindi na gumagamit ng instrumento
upang pumatay. Maari din nilang
pagalingin ang mga may sakit.
Catanduanes Island
6. Silagan
➢ kinakain ang atay ng sinumang
nakabalot ng puting tela. Catanduanes
Island.
7) Magtatanggal
➢ nagpapakita sa gabi nang walang ulo at
bituka at bumabalik rin
kinaumagahan.Catanduanes Island
8) Osuang
➢ lumilipad at kumakain ng laman ng tao.
Visayas.
9) Mangagayoma
➢ Gumagamit ng mga pamamaraang
panlilinlang at palamuti upang akitin
ang kanilang nagugustuhan.
10) Sonat
➢ preacher. Huling nagbibigay ng basbas
sa mamamatay na. Maaari din nilang
malaman kung ang kaluluwang
tinutulungan nilang mamatay ay
maliligtas o hindi.
11) Pangatahojan
➢ nakakahula sa hinaharap
12) Bayoguin
➢ mga lalaking nagbibihis at kumikilos
babae
Ayon kay Placencia, ang Mangagauay at
Mangagayoma ay maituturing na paniniwalang
pang Diyablo.
Kinilala niyang sila ay kapwa “Mangkukulam”
na gumaganap sa mga mapanlinlang na
pamamaraan ng pagpapagaling.
● Isang pahatol na ginawa ng isang
tagalabas na walang alam tungkol sa
pagiging kumplikado ng katutubong
pagiisip.
● Ang hindi niya napagtanto ay sa
tradisyunal na kulturang tagalog, na ang
mga tinatawag na “masamang”
kasanayan ay isang mahalagang bahagi
ng mga paniniwala ng katutubong
Pilipino.
PAGLILIBING
➢ Ang bangkay ay nilalagak sa gilid ng
bahay.
➢ Kung ito ay dato, gumagawa ng maliit na
silong para lang dito.
➢ Kung ang bangkay ay mandirigma,
buhay na alipin ang itatali sa kanyang
katawan hangggang sa mamatay ito.
➢ Hugis bangka ang pinaglalagakan ng
mga bangkay.
➢ Pinagluluksaan sa loob ng apat na araw.
➢ May kasamang inuman at kainan ang
pagluluksa.
Aetas o Negritos
➢ Naghuhukay ng malalim na butas at
inililibing ang bangkay nang nakatayo at
nakalabas ang ulo nito. Nilalagyan ang
ibabaw nito ng bao ng buko bilang
panangga.
➢ Hahanap sila ng mga indios upang
patayin bilang kapalit ng namatay na
Aeta.
KABILANG BUHAY
● Maca – Paraiso
● Casanaan – Impyerno.Narito ang mga
demonyo o sitan.
● Vibit – kaluluwa
● Tigbalaang – multo
● Patianac – Kung namatay ang babae
sa panganganak, pinarurusahan siya at
ang kanyang anak.
PAMAHIIN
➢ Mga tanda sa mga pangyayaring
nasaksihan nila.
➢ (hal. Habang naglalakbay at may
bumahing, may daga, ahas na dumaan o
Tigmamanuguin umaawit, uuwi siya o
sila na puno ng takot at maaring
mabalot ng kasamaan o hindi
magandang pangyayari ang kanilang
paglalakbay kung ipagpapatuloy).
 ➢ Ang Tigmamanuguin (isang asul na
malaking ibon, na kasing laki ng pagong
na parang kalapati) na ang kanta nito ay
nangangahulugang, maaring maganda o
masamang pangitain.

KAHALAGAHAN SA KASAYSAYAN
➢ Malinaw na nailalarawan ng akda ang
buhay ng mga sinaunang Pilipino.
➢ Pinatutunayan nito na mayroon nang
mataas na antas na pamumuhay ang
mga sinaunang Pilipino taliwas sa
paniniwalang ang mga dayuhan ang
nasibilisa sa ating mga ninuno. Mayroon
na tayong paniniwala sa nakatataas na
nilalang sa atin at ang paggalang natin
sa ating kapaligiran.
➢ Dumami ang mga misyunerong
nagkaroon ng interes sa pagpapalaganap
dahil sa akdang ito ni Plasencia. Bagay
na nagdulot ng malakihang pagkalat ng
Kristyanismo sa bansa.
➢ Sa huli, naipapakita nito ang mga
kaugaliang hindi naman nawala sa atin
ang dumating ang mga dayuhan.
Maaring ito ang panibagong simula ng
paniniwala na ang bawat Pilipino ay
magkakaugnay. Nabigyan lamang ng
pagkakahati sa pamamagitan ng
pamamahala ng mga dayuhan.