Mobile journalism

Unit I

Intro about Journalism and its types, Mobile journalism – Definition, Meaning,
Photojournalism - News values for pictures- Photo features -Photo essays – Caption writing.

Journalism

Journalism, the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and
feature materials through such print and electronic media as newspapers, magazines, books,
blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social networking and social media sites, and e-mail as well as
through radio, motion pictures, and television.

The word journalism was originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form,
specifically newspapers, but with the advent of radio, television, and the Internet in the 20th
century the use of the term broadened to include all printed and electronic communication
dealing with current affairs.

What Is the Difference Between Soft News and Hard News?

From online journalism to print media, journalism is divided into two different categories:

Hard news includes politics and business. Hard news journalism refers to breaking news
and up-to-the-minute news about serious, timely, or hard-hitting topics that are timely and
urgent, usually based on facts and rigorous research. Political journalism, business
journalism, and watchdog journalism are forms of hard news.

Soft news primarily focuses on entertainment. Soft news journalism focuses on lifestyle
and entertainment and typically revolves around culture, art, and human interest events.
Soft news includes sports journalism, entertainment journalism, and celebrity coverage.

9 Types of Journalism

Here are the most common journalism career paths:

1. Broadcast journalism: Broadcast journalism is an umbrella term that refers to any
reporting that is broadcast on television, radio, or the internet. Common types of broadcast
journalism include day-to-day breaking news stories, entertainment, investigative, opinion,
and sports journalism.

2. Business journalism: Business journalism aims to keep readers and viewers up-to-date
on the trends and changes in the business world. It can cover many different topics,
including stock trading, economic policy, business mergers, and technological advances.

3. Entertainment journalism: Entertainment journalism covers various topics, including

celebrities, film, music, festivals, and awards ceremonies. This form of journalism also
includes profiling celebrities, actors, and musicians.

4. Investigative journalism: Investigative reporters’ goal is to shine a light on a particular

topic or injustice. The biggest investigative stories stir public debate, inform politics, and
shape history—like investigative journalist Bob Woodward’s reporting on the Watergate
scandal.

5. Opinion journalism: Opinion journalism is a field that showcases the writer’s opinion
rather than solely reporting new data or events. Most opinion journalism pieces center on a
particular subject, which the journalist discusses either briefly or at length before
providing their opinion on the matter. Advice columns, op-eds, reviews, and letters from
the editor all fall under the umbrella of opinion journalism.

6. Photojournalism: Rather than using words to tell a story, photojournalism is the art of
taking pictures to tell news stories—whether it’s a shot of a burning building, a melting
glacier, or a group of people in a warzone. Photojournalism shoots can either be candid,
heat-of-the-moment reporting, or can occur under calmer circumstances, where the
journalist documents action like daily life or environmental changes.
7. Political journalism: Political journalism keeps the readership informed of the political
happenings in a particular area—whether local government, national government, or
international policy.

8. Sports journalism: Sports journalism covers sports-related topics, including coverage

of games and discussion of players and strategy, and profiles that spotlight specific
players, coaches, or teams.

9. Watchdog journalism: Watchdog journalism aims to protect society from illegal

activities or corruption, especially within their governments or economic structures.
Watchdog journalists monitor the actions of particular organizations—from governments
to political campaigns to large corporations—to ensure that illegal activities are not
occurring. If they discover corruption, watchdog journalists will report the findings
immediately to hold the organization responsible.

Mobile journalism

Mobile journalism is a form of multimedia newsgathering and storytelling that enables

journalists to document, edit and share news using small, network connected devices like
smartphones.

Mobile journalists report in video, audio, photography, and graphics using apps on their
portable devices.

Such reporters, sometimes known as mojos (for mobile journalist), are staff or freelance
journalists who may use digital cameras and camcorders, laptop PCs, smartphones or
tablet devices. A broadband wireless connection, satellite phone, or cellular network is
then used to transmit the story and imagery for publication. The term mojo has been in use
since 2005, originating at the Fort Myers News-Press and then gaining popularity
throughout the Gannett newspaper chain in the United States.

Some key benefits of mobile journalism in comparison to conventional methods include

affordability, portability, discretion, approachability, and the ease of access for beginners.
Pros and Cons of Mobile Journalism

The pros of mobile journalism are endless. Mobile journalism allows journalists to be
flexible. This form of journalism also allows journalists to move information in a variety
of fashions. It costs less to have because the journalist won’t have to carry around large,
specialty equipment everywhere they go.

You can’t have something good without it having issues too. There are also cons that come
with mobile journalism. The transmission of information is limited by infrastructure. The
technology hasn’t necessarily caught up to people’s desires. There have also been
problems with quality and the apps work until they don’t.

Mobile Journalism is a beginning of minimalistic journalism era which requires proper

infrastructure and better reachability, i.e. affordable smart-phones and better internet
access. According to the recent data and evident growth in both mobile-phone companies
and internet service providers, India makes a rich and potential state for MOJO to get
started and accepted by Indian media sooner or later.

Mobile Journalism Scope

Growing trends in internet connectivity and smartphone handsets stand as major factors to
support the potential of mobile journalism as an upcoming journalism practice in the
Indian Media. A number of studies show favourable growth conditions which may prove
advantageous for Mobile Journalism to develop in the Indian habitat. Indians are now
moving towards consuming information on their mobile phones. Entertainment, news,
social networking and online communication, all are available on a single affordable
device.

According to Mary Meeker’s research, Indian users/audiences spend an average of 28

hours on their phones per week. On the contrary, an average of 4 hours and 2 hours are
spent on television and print respectively. In addition to this, 62% of the users who own
smart phones surf social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter regularly.
Introduction of affordable smartphones and cheap internet services in Indian markets have
accelerated the process of news consumption on the Mobile Phone, especially, in the past
two years. The growth is not limited to urban areas, in fact, 37.7% internet traffic is
recorded from the rural areas of India with 16% internet penetration which makes them the
areas for future market of growth.

What Is Photojournalism?

Photojournalism is the process of using photographs to tell a story. Whereas conventional

journalists will share their information by employing pen and paper (or maybe a
keyboard), photojournalists use a camera as their medium. A photojournalist will use
images to tell the entire story, from start to finish, and if executed properly a reader may
not even need words to fully understand the message being presented.

As our world today is so interconnected through digital devices, news outlets and media
agencies will pay top dollar for the best, most encompassing and informative pictures
available. Breaking news can change quickly, and distrust and skepticism are not
uncommon as events unfold. Word travels fast, and many search for the most trustworthy
and reliable sources of information.

Photojournalists are on the scene, right beside more traditional journalists; their objective
is to create a story that speaks without words.

What Is the Purpose of Photojournalism?

Simply speaking, a photojournalist’s role is to relate a story through photography. The

goal is not only to take pictures, but to hold the images up to the highest journalistic
standards in an effort to convey the truth. Not every one of a photojournalist’s images will
pass the test, just as every traditional journalist has to pitch multiple stories before one is
accepted.

All in all, photojournalists are simply trying to expose the average person to new and
different stories in an arresting and digestible way.
Ethics in Photojournalism

Since photojournalism is a form of reporting, ethics are central. There is a conscious need
to provide factually accurate information, and photojournalists should seek to convey
objective truth without altering it in a way that might change the meaning behind the
image.

In order to create a standard for this practice, the National Press Photographers
Association provides a code of ethics that photojournalists are expected to follow. Part of
this code states that the NPPA “acknowledges concern for every person's need both to be
fully informed about public events and to be recognized as part of the world in which we
live.”

With that in mind, they endeavour to uphold the strict ethical standards to which
photojournalists must adhere.

Features of Photojournalism

Photojournalism has characteristics that make it different from regular photography. The
qualities that make photojournalism stand out on its own are:

Photographs Must Be Truthful and Unbiased

On the whole, images in photojournalism are not used to create a false narrative. Images
are intended to convey a truthful story about an event, person or place and will attempt to
show all sides of a story no matter how difficult, unpleasant or graphic.

It is a photojournalist’s job to be unbiased when presenting their images. They must adopt
a clear and objective stance, to assure that images will not be staged to create an untruthful
result. Instead, all images should focus on presenting a real snapshot in real time. Every
viewer should be positioned to see an honest version of the story being told, and if the
image is undermined by questions, omissions or biases, it has not been properly executed.

The Context of the Photograph Matters

Photojournalism is journalism, and it seeks to convey the truth. Its goal is to depict
objective reality, and photojournalists must adhere to guidelines similar to those informing
the work of their counterparts who write articles. Photographs are not merely images, but a
lens into a specific situation or event. As such, they should be cantered not just on creating
a beautiful image, but also on illuminating the circumstances surrounding the image.

Photographs Must Be Informative

Photojournalists tell a story that would be difficult to capture with words alone. The
images they present can be vehicles for educating the public. A photo should be able to
convey an entire story, but without words.

Photographs Should Tell a Timely Story

Readers want to see news when it happens, as it happens, and every image needs to be
timely. In short, photojournalism needs to feature something or someone that the world is
currently talking about. The objective is to tell the story at hand using new images rather
than text, and each should work to illuminate the meaning and message of the story.

What is a Photo Essay?

Visual storytelling appeals to everyone who has a sense of sight.

Unlike your typical essay in college, a photo essay is a project where you present a series
of photographs or images to tell a story, share a narrative, or push a theme/agenda. Thus, a
photo essay facilitates picture-led storytelling, which is a creative innovation in
photojournalism.

It is also known as a photographic or picture essay. A great photo essay powerfully evokes
emotions and appeals to the understanding of its intended audience without using words or
with minimal words alongside the series of images.

A perfectly-created photo essay narrates a story using many photographs that take the
viewer along your narrative journey. Indeed, it proves that a picture is worth a thousand
words. In this case, since there are many pictures/images, you could say a photo essay is
rich in words, flavour, and content, yet it does not have words.

How to Create a Photo Essay in a step-by-step format

Here is a step-by-step approach to follow to successfully create a compelling and engaging

photo essay:

Step 1 – Do your Research

If you are to create an attractive and relevant photo essay, begin by researching the best
framework to adopt. Look at what people are doing out there and find out how creatively
you can do it better. There are inexhaustible ideas and concepts that you can explore when
writing a photo essay. If you’ve not chosen a topic, thorough research can help you decide
on a topic and handle it well.

Step 2 - Choose a theme for your photo essay

With the research, you can already identify a specific theme or narrative for your picture
essay. Therefore, highlight the theme or narrative, write some notes about the direction
you will tackle and how you will reach and satisfy your audience.

Step 2 – Choose a topic that aligns with the theme

Following the findings from your research, choose a great topic. You are not that lucky
photo essayist who opportunistically happens upon a story and turns it into a brilliant
photo essay. Therefore, you should choose an attractive, reasonable, short, and memorable
topic. You are free to select any topic that interests you and one that you find fun to work
on. Your chosen theme or narrative can help define the topic for your photo essay.

Step 3 – Pick your subjects

With the theme/narrative and the topic, you can then choose your subjects. These are the
people, things, sceneries, or places of central focus in your photography essay. The
subjects are the ones that give your photo essay a voice, strengthen your narrative, and
engage the audience.

Step 4 – Select your top images

Define the appropriate number of images that you intend to use when telling the story. For
example, if you intend to leave the audience under suspense, choose which images to use
and their order of appearance. Your photo essay project does not have to use all your
images but the best.

The best way to integrate your theme, narrative, and subjects is to create a storyboard that
helps you decide how to tell the story. Then, when you lay your ideas out, a storyboard
helps you focus on what is essential, especially when you have little control over a given
subject.

Step 5 – ask for insights and input from others

After creating the storyboard, choosing the photos, and writing a narrative or theme
statement, you can share it with someone knowledgeable for critique. You should also
invite views and comments from another person. Ensure that you give the entire photo
cache to the person so that they can choose, then compare with your best photos and tweak
your choice accordingly.

Step 6 – Write the captions and text

With everything set, write the accompanying content for your photo essay. As well, make
sure you caption each photo to enhance your visual narrative. Nothing is cast in stone here
because you can also drop using image captions. You can experiment with lighting, tone,
color, composition, angles, and location so that the narrative flows. Also, don’t forget to
create introductory messages and closing messages. You need to have your signature
introductory and closing images well-decided.

Step 7 – Edit your work

Now that you have created a photo essay, it is now time to edit everything. You can ask
for help or rest and do it when you are energetic and objective. If you want a skilled essay
writer to write you an excellent narrative to post alongside your photo essay, you can
always trust our essay website. We can also edit the narrative to maintain a good flow.

Step 8 – Publish/submit your work

If everything else is okay, convert the photo essay to the correct format and submit or
publish it. Remember, photo essays can be a portion of a webpage, a webpage, a
document, fashion publication, photo editorial, collage of images, or mixed media.

Talking of photo essays, Ansel Adams is one of the revered and famous photo essayists.
Other photo essayists include James Nachtwey, Eugene Smith, and Nancy Borowick.

Typical Photo Essay Examples/Genres to inspire your creativity

The daily life photo essay – A Day-in-the-life photo essay tells a story about the day-to-
day life of a given subject. It could be a lawyer, president, celebrity, farmer, industrialist,
pope, student, etc. most of these photographic essays evoke emotions and help the
audience enter into the subject's world.

Transitioning through life photo essay – These are essays that detail photos of how
people transform through life. It can be a photo of a celebrity, president, farmer, or famous
person since they were young to date.

Special events photo essays – As the name suggests, these are photo essays on special
events, festivities, and occurrences. The events can be weddings, burials, art exhibitions,
car shows, auction events, or celebrations. They have very elaborate and relatable
background objects that connect to the main idea.

Family photo essays – These can be photo essays on family members. You can include
photos that show how the family has grown or detailing the family tree. They can also be
family business photos that detail the leader’s assigned roles to family businesses.
Protest photo essays – These are thematic photo essays that detail how protests occurred
and paint a clear picture of the theme of such protests as the Black Lives Matter protests.
When creating a protest photo essay, you should have information about the particular
protest. Focus on incidents and protests that occurred in history.

Sports photo essays – Sports essays can be on sports events such as Olympics,
Wimbledon, football leagues, or about sportsmen and women. For instance, the Skysports’
picture essay on Diego Maradonian titled Diego Maradonian: Images of a football Icon.

Medical Photo Essays – Organizations such as WHO, Universities, or CDC have various
examples of medical photo essays. These visual illustrations focus on medical research,
medical practice, diseases, and medical breakthroughs.

Scientific Photo Essays – Like medical essays, these photo essays detail scientific
encounters, breakthroughs, inventions, etc.

Celebrity photo essays – You can create a photo essay on a celebrity.

Political photo essays are photo essays that capture and narrate political events, history,
and news in a series of photographs and narratives. It could be about leftist and rightist
politics or geopolitics as well as policy-making.

War photo essays – Captures the critical and significant elements of conflict, war, and
peace. There are many samples online.

Time lapse photo essays – These are transformational photo essays that capture the
changes of a subject through time. They might take longer to develop and can be on
buildings, estates, cities, trees, or landscapes.

Relationship photo essays – This photo essay genre captures the interaction between
people, families, and loved ones. It is the most common assignment in journalism class. It
offers an excellent chance to capture emotions like love, family, and friendship.
Poverty photo essays – This genre of photo essays captures poverty from the standpoint
of the subject. They can contain infrastructure, housing, amenities, food, water, etc. They
are very emotional and can use narratives. They are the same as drought photo essays that
capture how the drought has ravaged a geographic region of interest.

City photo essays – These are photographic essays that capture a city's feel, life, and
pleasures. They are thematic in nature and allow you to focus on specific areas, moods,
and feeling that such places evoke.

Education photo essays – Details issues in education. For instance, it can be a photo
essay showing the disparity in access, challenges in education, or infrastructure in
education.

Caption Writing

Captions (or Cutlines) are the words that go with an image to explain what’s happening in
the photo. They are essential to the story. Without a caption, we might get the wrong
information or the wrong impression about what’s going on in the photo.To make sure the
information is clear and accurate, captions for Photojournalism must be written in a
standard way.

The caption style used by the Associated Press is a foolproof method for writing complete,
informative, and clear captions for your photographs.

The goal of a good caption should be to provide information to accompany a photo that
leaves no questions in the mind of a reader. The caption does not need to be “well
written” in the classic sense, but it should be clear and understandable.

Captions should follow this simple formula:

1. The first sentence of the caption describes what the photo shows, in the present tense
and states where and when the photo was made.
2. The second sentence of the caption gives background on the news event or describes
why the photo is significant.

3. Whenever possible, try to keep captions to no more than two concise sentences, while
including the relevant information. Try to anticipate what a newspaper editor or reader
will need.

Avoid “wordiness”; clear and simple is better. Do not make assumptions that can’t be
supported by fact. Write only what you know.

Unit II

Ethical issues in photography – Codes of ethics for photographers, Mobile revolution

in Journalism - Job Opportunities in journalism.

What Is Ethics In Photography?

photographer, I’ve often pondered the question of ethics in my field. It’s important to me
that I capture beautiful and meaningful photographs, but it’s equally important that I do so
without violating anyone’s rights or dignity. So what does “ethics in photography” really
mean?

One key consideration is consent. Do the subjects of your photos know they’re being
photographed? And if so, have you obtained their permission? This can be particularly
challenging in public spaces where people may not expect privacy – but even here, it’s
possible to respect others’ wishes by simply asking before you snap away. Additionally,
when photographing minors or vulnerable populations like the homeless or mentally ill,
extra care should be taken to ensure that their images are used respectfully and not
exploited for personal gain.

Another ethical issue is photo manipulation. In an age when Photoshop has made it easy to
alter reality with just a few clicks, it can be tempting to enhance your images in ways that
misrepresent reality. However, doing so violates the trust of your viewers and undermines
the credibility of both yourself as a photographer and photography as an art form more
broadly. Of course some editing is inevitable – adjusting brightness and contrast levels or
cropping out unwanted elements –but there comes a point at which manipulation crosses
into deception.

Ultimately, ethics in photography requires striking a delicate balance between artistic

creativity and moral responsibility. As photographers we need to remain conscious of our
actions and respectful towards those around us – only then can we truly create work with
integrity that inspires others whilst respecting everybody involved along the way!

Importance of Ethics in Photography

As a photographer, I have always believed that ethics play an integral role in the art of
capturing images. It’s not just about taking beautiful shots and getting the perfect
exposure, it’s about respecting your subjects and representing them in an honest and
truthful way. In the modern era of social media where anyone can be a photographer, it’s
more important than ever to understand the impact that images can have on people’s lives.

Ethics are crucial because photography has the power to shape our perceptions of reality.
A single image can evoke a range of emotions and opinions – from joy to anger, from
admiration to disgust. Therefore, photographers must ensure that their work is accurate
and portrays their subject matter authentically. For example, photojournalists have a
responsibility to document events truthfully without manipulating or altering images for
sensationalism or manipulation purposes. Furthermore, portrait photographers must
respect their clients’ privacy by obtaining consent before publishing any photos publicly.

Moreover, ethics also come into play when dealing with sensitive topics such as poverty or
war-torn areas. Photographers must maintain respect for those who may not want their
struggles displayed for public consumption while still telling important stories through art.

In summary, understanding ethical considerations is essential for any photographer

looking to create meaningful work while maintaining integrity within their chosen genre of
photography regardless if they’re professionals or enthusiasts alike.

Understanding the Impact of Unethical Practices in Photography

Photography is a form of art that seeks to capture the beauty and essence of life. It has an
incredible power to tell stories, evoke emotions, and inspire people. However, it can also
be misused for unethical practices that can harm individuals and communities. As a
photographer who wants to create meaningful work, it is necessary to understand the
impact of unethical practices in photography.
One example of unethical photography practice is photo manipulation or editing without
disclosure. In today’s digital world where everyone has access to photo-editing software, it
is easy for photographers to manipulate images beyond recognition. This can lead to false
representation and misinterpretation of reality, which can have detrimental effects on
society as a whole. For instance, edited photos in journalism or advertising portray
unrealistic expectations that put pressure on people’s self-esteem and body image.
Similarly, manipulated nature photographs undermine conservation efforts by presenting
false information about environmental issues.

Another example is invasion of privacy through voyeurism or hidden surveillance

photography without consent. Photographers may intrude into someone else’s personal
space or private property with the intention of capturing intimate moments without
permission. Such behaviour disregards basic human rights and violates individuals’
dignity by exposing them to unwanted attention or even danger if used unlawfully.

As creative professionals entrusted with the responsibility of telling stories through

images, it’s important we consider our moral obligations when creating content. We must
strive towards ethical practices in order not just preserve, rather present reality with
honesty, dignity while respecting individual privacy. This demands from us complete
transparency when presenting our artwork. A conscious effort needs made toward
comprehensive research, staying up-to-date on ethical standards as well as taking
inspiration from works highlighting social justice movements such as documenting
marginalized communities truthfully. What you do behind your camera has an impact
greater than anyone could ever fathom. Understanding this will guide every action taken
within one professional field. It’s time we own up, to improve upon ourselves so future
generations find their predecessors proud having bestowed upon them such a noble
profession.

Ethical Codes and Guidelines for Photographers

As a photographer, I’ve had my fair share of photo shoots for various clients. One thing
that is always at the forefront of my mind when shooting is the ethical codes and
guidelines that govern photography. These codes and guidelines are essential in ensuring
that photographers conduct themselves professionally while still creating amazing images.

Firstly, one crucial aspect of photography ethics is obtaining consent from subjects before
taking their picture. Unless it’s a public event or location where people expect to be
photographed, asking permission beforehand shows respect for the subject’s privacy and
autonomy. As photographers, we have an obligation to explain how the photos will be
used and obtain written consent if necessary, especially when photographing children or
vulnerable adults who may not understand what they’re consenting to fully. Additionally,
photographers must ensure that they do not exploit their subjects by portraying them in
unfavorable ways or objectifying them as objects rather than people with dignity.

Another critical aspect of ethical photography involves respecting copyright laws and
intellectual property rights. Many photographers make a living through selling their art or
licensing usage rights on images they own obtained legally (i.e., without infringing on
copyrighted material). Hence it’s important for us as professionals to make sure we know
what permissions we need before using someone else’s work in our own creations. Failure
to do so can lead to legal issues such as lawsuits or fines which can harm both our
reputation as well as our wallets.

In conclusion, ethical behaviour should underpin all aspects of photography practice –

from capturing beautiful moments on camera ethically through adhering closely with
regulations surrounding ownerships & usage rights- thus ensuring professionalism within
this industry remains high standards set out by various professional organizations
worldwide

Mobile revolution in Journalism

What makes mobile journalism truly revolutionary from a storytelling perspective is that
members of your audience increasingly have access to a mobile phone. This means you
can include the voices of your community in your storytelling and make your journalism
more inclusive.

Can Mobile Phones Replace Traditional Cameras?

Most modern phones can film in 1080p high-definition video, and can film reasonably
well in low light. Flagship phones like Apple, Samsung, and Google Pixel also offer good
depth of field, camera zooming, a choice of frame-rates, and optical image stabilization
(OIS) so you can capture handheld footage that isn’t too shaky.

If your phone doesn’t have OIS, you can use an external app like Filmic Pro or Open
Camera, which have OIS as a feature – and you can learn about these and other mobile
journalism apps here.

If you want a high level of control over depth of field, or need to film a subject from a
considerable distance, a traditional camera or DSLR will be a better choice, if you can
afford it. That being said, one of the characteristics of a mobile journalist is a willingness
to experiment and see what’s possible, so don’t let a lack of equipment be a barrier!
Journalism Jobs

Journalism primarily involves researching and collecting information about a particular

topic, then interviewing people and reporting these findings to prepare news for print,
digital and broadcast media. The journalism industry includes a range of career options
based on the unique skill set of a candidate. If you have an interest in working in the
journalism sector, learning about different types of journalism jobs can help you make an
informed decision.

1. Freelance writer

National average salary: ₹105 per hour

Primary duties: A freelance writer or journalist is a self-employed professional who

completes contract work, regular assignments and single news pieces for magazines,
newspapers and companies. These professionals choose for whom they write and what
they write. They can write about politics, sports world events or entertainment news based
upon their interest. Freelance journalists sell their services by the hour or on a per-story
basis. After gaining some years of experience on a particular topic, freelance journalists
may write as experts.

2. News copy editor

National average salary: ₹3,08,653 per year

Primary duties: A news copy editor is a professional who proofread, edit and fact-check
news content and script to ensure that the content is free from grammar, syntax and
punctuation errors. They can edit a story's tone, length or word choice. They may also
restructure a news copy to build a better flow to provide clarity to the readers. Copy
editors often work with reporters to ensure the accuracy of news information.

3. Broadcast journalist

National average salary: ₹20,309 per month

Primary duties: Broadcast journalists report information to the public and their audience
through television and media. Broadcast journalists visit the sites of the story and provide
information whenever there is breaking news. These journalists gather information by
interviewing witnesses, victims and other people relevant to a story. They may edit scripts
and tapes using different software to fit into a particular time slot.
Also, a broadcast journalist may attend different press conferences, rank news stories and
ask questions to create relevant and exciting stories. These reporters focus on reporting
specific news depending on their radio station. They can report weather news, politics,
sports and entertainment news.

4. Photojournalist

National average salary: ₹16,827 per month

Primary duties: A photojournalist is a professional who takes photographs and makes edits
to report newsworthy events to the audience. These professionals use editing software
cameras and sharing images with the public. Usually, a photojournalist works with news
editors and writers to communicate breaking news or story accurately. They can work on
social unrest, foreign country issues or any event happening locally. Photojournalists can
work as freelance photographers or may work with magazines, local newspapers and
different photo agencies.

5. News editor

National average salary: ₹23,715 per month

Primary duties: A news editor oversees the publishing process of different news
organisations, media outlets, publishing firms and online media agencies. News editors
oversee the content of each edition and are responsible for assigning stories to reporters
and photojournalists. They also provide training to news reporters on ways to select news
for existing readership. News editors may collaborate with reporters and editors to
facilitate efficient news coverage to build a media outlet's position in the market. They
may also plan and implement communications strategies for offline and online
publications.

6. News producer

National average salary: ₹2,54,231 per year

Primary duties: A news producer is an individual who turns news reports into a cohesive
new broadcast. These professionals gather news, write news copy, interview people,
approve news scripts, develop interactive content and select stories for their social media
and website. They take a day's news reports and arrange them to follow a carefully
constructed program. A news producer oversees the transition from one story to another
and makes sure your broadcast stays on schedule. They are also responsible for editing
news audios, filming new videos, assisting new anchors and reporters to ensure timely
news delivery.

7. News reporter

National average salary: ₹16,485 per month

Primary duties: A news reporter researches stories locally, nationally and internationally
and informs the public about events or news currently happening in a specific area. They
can write for online publications, newspapers and magazines. They mostly gather
information and write stories after interviewing and investigating the stories in-depth. A
news reporter specialises in areas such as food, sports, entertainment, politics or crime.

8. Columnist

National average salary: ₹4,20,988 per year

Primary duties: A columnist writes a regular column in a newspaper, magazine or any

other print media that presents a cohesive argument or analysis of a certain subject within
the overall genre of the column. They may write about different topics like fashion,
politics, films or sports. The length, frequency and content type depend upon the section of
a newspaper within which the column appears.

Interestingly, the work of an established columnist may appear in newspapers across the
globe, while entry-level columnists typically appear in local or national magazines and
newspapers. Often, newspaper columnist writes a weekly column while some may write a
bi-weekly or a monthly column depending upon the requirement of the newspaper and
magazine.

9. Sportswriter

National average salary: ₹17,147 per month

Primary duties: Sportswriter and journalist primarily focus on news related to different
sports and related events. They report standing, score and ranking for different teams or
athletes in different sporting events. These professionals may watch live sporting events
and travel to different places to provide live news on the sporting event. Also, they
interview famous sports personalities to create their write up. These professionals write in
both opinion and investigative style and can work for both print and broadcast media.

10. Copywriter

National average salary: ₹21,928 per month

Primary duties: A copywriter creates persuasive content for both print, internet, television
and radio. They write content to inform a reader about a product or service. Their content
focuses on marketing or advertising a specific product or service. It may also focus on
providing additional information to persuade a customer to make a purchase. Copywriters
may work for a news agency, corporation, digital marketing agency or may prefer
freelance work. When working as a freelance copywriter, they may work with multiple
clients.

11. Communication specialist

National average duties: ₹4,29,275 per year

Primary duties: Communication specialists manage all the external and internal
communication of a company and present it to the outside world. They manage press
releases, information output and advertising efforts for a company. These professionals
cross-verify and check the corporate material before distributing the material. They also
ensure that the written material adheres to the company's tone and aligns with their
branding guidelines.

12. Technical writer

National average salary: ₹5,37,240 per year

Primary duties: A technical writer simplifies technical information by writing manuals,

journal articles, guides and other technical reports. They research to gather information
and determine the best form of documentation for a project. Often, these writers
collaborate with technical professionals to understand complicated procedures and
processes.

Unit III

Field Works of Mobile Journalism- Spot News, General News

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