1-Structural Design Concept by Zain

“Scientists investigate that which already is; Engineers create
that which has never been.”

- Albert Einstein
Field of emerging ideas and their

implementation in real life
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Structural Engineering is the Science and Art of
*designing and constructing, with economy & elegance,
buildings, bridges, frameworks, and other structures so
that they can safely resist the forces to which they may
be subjected.
A Civil Engineering structure is an assemblage of

individual members. The basic function of any structure
is to support loads i.e. providing them a safe load path.
This can be done in a variety of ways and depend upon
the purpose for which the structure has been built.
*Design process involves the selection and or detailing of the components that make up the Structural System.
The main role of a building structure
is to support and transmit the building
loads and forces to the ground.
Photos courtesy Tilt-up Concrete Association

• Forces acting on building can cause several phenomena to occur which are
detrimental to structural integrity.
• They can lead to instability of the structure (collapse, overturning, settlement
or translation), and they can lead to local failure of structural members or
assemblies.

• During earthquake shaking, inertia forces are mobilized in
buildings and travel along different paths, called load paths,
through different structural elements, until they are finally
transferred to the soil through the foundation (Load Path is the
term used to describe the path by which loads are transmitted
to the foundations).
• Different structures have different load paths
• Some structures have only one path.
• Some have several (redundancy good).

• The load path in a moment frame building starts from the slabs, and goes along
beams, beam-column joints, columns and foundations to the soil underneath.
• Structures with convex geometries are preferred to those with concave
geometries (bending of load paths - results in stress concentrations at all points),
as the former (convex shaped buildings have direct load paths for transferring
earthquake shaking induced inertia forces to their bases) demonstrate superior
earthquake performance. Discontinuity in load path should be avoided
Simple
Complex
Structural Designing Course

Two geometries of architectural forms
Build-Tech Consultants Pvt .Ltd (a) convex and (b) concave
Reinforced Concrete Building Elements
.
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Reinforced Concrete Building Elements
.
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In the design of a new building, the Architect is the team leader and
the Structural Engineer a team member. And, in the design of
retrofit of an existing building, the Structural Engineer is the team
leader, and the architect a team member.
.What is actually needed is that both the

architect and the Structural Engineer
work together to create the best design
(Good seismic configuration to perform
well in earthquake event) with good
interaction at all stages of the process
of the design of the building

Design Process Conception
Client
Dealing
Analysis
Coordination
Structural
Structural
Princip Designer
Designer
Principle
le
Design
Office Design
Management Management Detailing
Costing

Build-Tech Consultants Pvt .Ltd "Unless Structural Design follows a strategy, inefficiency results"
 Conception
 Modeling
 Analysis
Integrated Design
 Design Process
 Detailing
 Drafting
 Costing

Structure Design Process
Final Design
Structural Detailing
System
Connection
Trial Sections Design
Yes
Revise No
Modeling Acceptable
Sections
Member
Analysis
Design

Engineer
Activity Conception – Analysis – Design – Detailing ...
Structure Buildings – Bridges – Trusses – Shells – Towers ...
Code American – British – European – Japanese ...
Material Concrete – PSC – Steel – Timber ...

2D Frame/Truss – 3D Frame/Truss – Full 3D FEM
Model
....
Linear Static – NL Static – Linear Dynamic – Large
Analysis
Disp. ....
Equation Solution – Finite Elements – Programming
Solution
...

Conception Analysis Design
Detailing Integrated Expert Systems
Others

Aside to the fact that a non-technical interview question like introducing yourself and how
many years of experience you had is a given question already, here are the five possible
technical interview question or topics in structural engineer’s post that an interviewer will ask
you about :
• Sketch the Shear and Bending Moment Diagram
The interviewer will give you sets of free body diagrams for you to sketch the shear and bending moments.
• What are the Structural Engineering Softwares that you use in Structural Design?
ETABS, SAFE , STAAD.Pro, PROKON & Other Structural Engineering Software like SAP2000, TEKLA,
RAM Structural, Robot Structural Analysis, Midas, ADAPT etc.
• What are the Governing Design Codes & local code and their Use?
structural design are the ACI 318 code or BS8110 for the design of concrete structures and IBC, UBC 97 or
ASCE-7 for design loadings and combinations as well as wind and seismic analysis.
• Provide a Manual Design Calculations

Load on a column, punching shear principles, a design of beams or footings
• Detailing and Sketching

Typical details of beam reinforcements, footings, wall, to raft reinforcement details, wall sections and pile
foundations
 Structural Analysis
 Fairly General, Unified
 Output: Element/ Member Actions, Displacements , SFD and BMD...
 Structural Design
 Structural Material (RC, PSC, HRS, CFS, timber ... )
 Design Code (ACI, UBC, BS Codes, Euro Code... )
 Design Approach (working stress, ultimate strength... )
 Structural Members (beams, columns, slabs, footings ... )
 Local Construction Techniques and Practices
 Output: Element/ Member Cross-section, Reinforcement ...

• A code is a set of Technical Specifications and standards that controls important
details of design and construction.
• The purpose is to produce sound structure so that public is protected from poor
and inadequate design and construction.
• The use of the design codes is depending on the location of the project. This is
a very important part of the design but it usually dictates by the local authority.
The usual codes we are using are the ASCE-7, IBC, and UBC-97 for the
seismic and wind load combinations, ACI 318 and BS8110 for member design
not to mention the governing local codes which is available in your area.
• Two types of codes exist, first the Structural Code which is originated and
controlled by specialist who are concerned with the proper use of specific
material or involved with safe design of a particular type or class of structure.
For structural engineer, important codes are:
 ACI Building code requirements for structural concrete ACI 318-
08. It covers the design and construction of reinforced concrete
buildings
 AISC (American institute of steel construction) Specifications
cover the design and construction of steel buildings
 AASHTO (American association of state highways and
transportation). It covers the design of highway bridges
 AREA (American railroad engineers association) It covers the
design of railroad bridges
 UBC (Uniform Building Code - 1997) It deals with design of
building for earthquake loading. Earthquake load are applied as
horizontal load depending upon earthquake intensity and
building type.
 The second type of code is called Building Code and is
established to cover construction in a given region, often a
city. The object is to protect the public by accounting for the
influence of local environmental conditions on construction.
For example, Quetta Municipal Authority may specify
provisions to account for earthquake and snow.
 National structural code are generally incorporated into local

building codes. Pakistan building code published by Ministry
of Housing lays down different specifications for construction
of buildings in Pakistan. In addition certain bylaws have been
formulated by various metropolitan corporations and
Municipal authorities like CDA, LDA, FDA etc.
 Contains provisions covering all aspects of reinforced
concrete manufacture, material specification, design, and
construction.
 Specification include quality, details on mixing and placing,
design assumptions for analysis of continuous structures
and equations for proportioning members for design forces.
 Code is based on many years of research and field
experience.
 Code gives the MINIMUM standard required to produce a
safe, strong, durable and serviceable design of concrete
structure.

• We need to determine the Response of the
Structure to Excitations
Analysis
so that:
Design
• We can ensure that the structure can

sustain the excitation with an acceptable
level of response
• “Structural Design is the process of
proportioning the structure to safely resist the
applied forces in the most cost effective and
friendly manner”
Member Sizes
Load Effects
Design Material Specs
Requirements
Reinforcement
Constraints
Details

• Structural idealization into load bearing frame
elements for analysis and design
• Estimation of loads
• Structural analysis
• Design of sections and reinforcement for
beams, column, slabs and etc.
• Production of arrangement and detail
drawings and bar schedules
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION Displacements
Loads
Strains
Vibrations
Stress
Settlements
pv Stress Resultants
Thermal Changes
Structural
Model

• In a ductile building, the structural members and the materials used
therein can stably withstand inelastic actions without collapse and
undue loss of strength at deformation levels well beyond the elastic
limit. Ductility helps in dissipating input earthquake energy through
hysteretic behavior.
The image shows three structures which possess different levels of ductility and hence
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Earthquake-resistant design of buildings relies heavily on ductility for accommodating
the imposed displacement loading on the structure.
Lateral strength of buildings: Maximum internal resistance offered by buildings under

increased displacement loading (a) Buildings having different strengths, but same
ductility, and (b) Buildings having different strengths and different ductility
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Steel by nature is far more ductile than even confined concrete. Further, mild
steel with its lower carbon content and simple manufacturing process is more
ductile than high strength steel.
Material ductility: Stress strain curves of structural materials in reinforced concrete

member - (a) concrete (unconfined and confined) and (b) reinforcing steel
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 Working Stress Design
 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
OR
 Working Stress Design (WSD)
 Ultimate Strength Design

 Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
 Performance Based Design

 Pushover Analysis
 Capacity Based Design

 Prime Concern: “Balance external actions with
Internal stress resultants with adequate margin for
safety”
 And Check for

 Deflections, Deformations, Vibrations, Crack Width
 Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical Attacks
 Ductility and Other special considerations

A = Actions due to loads
S = Strength of member
FOS = Factor of safety S>A
S
A
FOS S  A FOS
S
Working Strength Design
 A FOSL
FOSs Load Factor Design
•Ultimate Strength Design

•Limit State Design
•Partial FOS Design

Design Member Type Φ
Tension-controlled sections 0.90
Compression-controlled Section - Spiral 0.75
reinforcement
Compression Controlled Section- others 0.70
Shear and Torsion Design 0.75
Bearing on concrete (except for posttensioned 0.70
anchorage zones and strut-and-tie models)
Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85
Strut-and-tie models, and struts, ties, nodal zones, 0.85
and bearing areas in such Models
[ACI 318-11]
 Loads
 Load Cases
 Load Combinations
 Design Envelopes
 Design Actions

 Load cases are defined by the user and used for
analysis purpose only.
 Static Load Cases
 Dead Load
 Live Load
 Wind Load
 Earthquake Load Cases
 Response Spectrum Load Cases
 Time History Load Cases
 Static Non-Linear Load Cases

Resultant (inertia) earthquake
force distribution  Time History method
 Linear (elastic) or nonlinear (inelastic)
 Apply acceleration history directly to base of
numerical model of structure
 Response Spectrum method
 Linear (elastic) approach to calculate the modal
(peak values) responses
 Modal responses combined (using SRSS or
CQC) to give design values
Ground
acceleration
 Equivalent Static-Force method
time
 Linear approach (assume response
dominated by 1st mode response)
Earthquake  Nonlinear approach used for rehabilitation
acceleration (“Push-over” analysis)
Complexity
The equivalent static force procedure is a simplified response spectrum method in that it only uses the first fundamental period to determine the peak response.
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UBC-97 Table
16-I
 Seismic Importance Factor, I = 1.0
Seismic Seismic
(Assumed non-essential facility) Zone Zone
Factor Z
 Location is in Seismic Zone 3
0 0
 Seismic Zone Factor, Z = 0.3 1 0.075
 Shear velocity = 3,000 ft/sec. 2A 0.15
 Soil Profile Type is SB i.e., rock 2B 0.2
3 0.3
UBC-97 Table 16-J 4 0.4
• Seismic Coefficients: CV = 0.3, Ca = 0.3
UBC-97 Table 16-Q UBC-97 Table 16-R

UBC-97 Table 16-N
Response modification factor:
 Non-load bearing shear
wall, recommended
highest R-value is 5.5
 Height limit is
240 ft > 35 ft (OK)
V (kips)
Estimation of Total Base Shear 1,109.7

804.5
C I  (0.3)(1.0)
V   V W  5,900  1,109.7kips
 RT  (5.5)(0.29)
194.7
But need not be greater than 0.29
Period (sec)
 2.5C a I  2.5(0.3)(1.0)
V  W  5,900  804.5kips
 R  (5.5)
But need to be at least
V  0.11C a IW  0.11(0.3)(1.0)5,900   194.7 kips
 design base shear = 804.5 kips

Vertical Distribution of the Earthquake Forces.
Level x Story Story Wxhx x 103 Seismic force
height hx weight wx at each level
(ft) (kips) (kips.ft) Fx (kips)
3 35 1,700 59.5 351.7

2 24 2,000 48.0 283.7
1 13 2,200 28.6 169.1
Σ 5,900 136.1 804.5
351.7 kips Level 3
283.7 kips Level 2
169.1 kips Level 1

Flat plate floor slab carried directly by columns
without beams or girders.
Flat slab floor slab without beams but slab thickness

increased at the columns and with flared column tops

Structural systems shall be classified as one of the types listed in Table 16-N and
defined as.
1629.6.2 Bearing wall system. A structural system without a complete vertical load-
carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support for all or
most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced
frames.
1629.6.3 Building frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete
space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or
braced frames.
1629.6.4 Moment-resisting frame system. A structural system with an essentially

complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Moment-resisting frames
provide resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of members.

1629.6.5 Dual system. A structural system with the following features:
1. An essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads.
2. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames and
moment-resisting frames (SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF or
steel OMRF). The moment-resisting frames shall be designed to independently
resist at least 25 percent of the design base shear.
3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shear in
proportion to their relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system at
all levels.

• Structures that are more ductile generally experienced lower response,
stresses and deformation. This is due to the dissipation of the
earthquake energy through nonlinear structural behavior. To account for
the beneficial effects of nonlinear building response, a response
reduction factor is introduced.
• Need to consider the inherent ability of the structure to reduce the

earthquake forces through overstrength, ductility and damping.
• A response reduction factor or R-factor is introduced to account for the

beneficial effects of nonlinear building behavior.
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• UBC-97 categories 7
basic structural
systems with
R-values varying
from 2.2 to 8.5
• These are maximum

values for each
structural system
type; lower value can
be used if required.
• Great care must be

exercised in selecting
the R-value!
UBC-97 Table 16-N
Common structural systems employed in buildings
(a) Moment frames, (b) Moment frames with structural walls, and (c) Braced moment
frames.

Moment Frame Systems
Two basic Load Types on Moment Frames (a)

Gravity Loads, and (b) Lateral Loads

Moment Frame Systems
Behavior of Moment Frames: Bending moment, shear force and axial force diagrams in
building having moment frames
Structural Wall-Frame Systems
When lateral displacement is large in a building with moment frames only, structural
walls, often commonly called shear walls, can be introduced to help reduce overall
displacement of buildings, because these vertical plate-like structural elements have large
in-plane stiffness and strength.
Structural walls should be provided throughout the height of buildings for best
earthquake performance. Also
Their location in a building governs the overall response of the building. Structural
walls are most effective when placed at the periphery of buildings.

Structural Wall-Frame Systems

Braced Frame Systems
Braces help in reducing overall lateral displacement of buildings, and in reducing

bending moment and shear force demands on beams and columns in buildings.

BENDING MOMENTS in buildings with no braces, global braces and structural wall: Maximum reduction in bending moment demand on columns is
achieved by global braces
DEFORMATION PROFILES in buildings with no braces, global braces and structural wall: Lateral displacement is least in building with global
braces, while it is maximum in (bare) moment frame buildings
Slender building in earthquake event undergo Large lateral displacements,
causing significant non-structural damage, structural damage and even second
order P-Δ effects that lead to collapse of buildings. Due to this phenomenon codes
have restricted the lateral displacement of building structures in the form of Drift
limits.


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“Scientists investigate that which already is; Engineers create

that which has never been.”

Field of emerging ideas and their

A Civil Engineering structure is an assemblage of

Photos courtesy Tilt-up Concrete Association

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

• Different structures have different load paths

• Some structures have only one path.

• Some have several (redundancy good).

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course

.What is actually needed is that both the

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Activity Conception – Analysis – Design – Detailing ...

Structure Buildings – Bridges – Trusses – Shells – Towers ...

Code American – British – European – Japanese ...

Material Concrete – PSC – Steel – Timber ...

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

• Provide a Manual Design Calculations

• Detailing and Sketching

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

 National structural code are generally incorporated into local

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

• We can ensure that the structure can

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Lateral strength of buildings: Maximum internal resistance offered by buildings under

Material ductility: Stress strain curves of structural materials in reinforced concrete

 Ultimate Strength Design

 Performance Based Design

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

 And Check for

 Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical Attacks

 Ductility and Other special considerations

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

•Ultimate Strength Design

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

 Static Non-Linear Load Cases

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

• Seismic Coefficients: CV = 0.3, Ca = 0.3

UBC-97 Table 16-Q UBC-97 Table 16-R

Estimation of Total Base Shear 1,109.7

 design base shear = 804.5 kips

3 35 1,700 59.5 351.7

351.7 kips Level 3

283.7 kips Level 2

169.1 kips Level 1

Flat slab floor slab without beams but slab thickness

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

1629.6.4 Moment-resisting frame system. A structural system with an essentially

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page

• Need to consider the inherent ability of the structure to reduce the

• A response reduction factor or R-factor is introduced to account for the

• These are maximum

• Great care must be

Structural Designing Course Facebook Page