Chapter I

transfusion reaction
hemolytic
molecule that
-

Packed red cells infusion -occurs when mismatched

trigger defensive whole blood , has
blood
type in fused
attack is antisan
been removed
plasma.
-Donor's RBC will be
attacked by the
restore
Antigen found oxygen-carry
-

recipient's plasma
capacity
,

on surface of antibodies
human classification wells to help
based on
presence
immune system
newgnize self Whole blood transfusion Agslutination
or absence of cells ·

-blood not modified

antigens recipient
-

except for addition antibodies attach

antibodies of an anticoagulant to the donor's
diff
,

humen sented by lymphocytes

when blood loss is rapid RBC and form

blood due to in
response to foreig bridges that
type
cause

wells cells to chr

variations 1
in he

surface makers must be together

compatible
.
-

theat severe anemia

transferring blood
component from
one
person into can be life saving
another

Stem -
Blood
transfusion

Blood

Rh+ carry D ↳
antigen while
in
↓
Rh-not :

Disorder
factor
If Rh-receives
blood from Rht ,

the immune
system
become sentisized Anemia
and begin produced
antibodies -
decrease amount
blood
ofRBC
:

in

blood has low

oxggen carrying
capacity
-symp forms fatigue and
:

chills .

-causes :
blood loss and
destruction of
RBC

lenkimig
-
incoWe WBL

-beging in bone marrow

abnormal WBL
-high number of
-

WBL produced ,
but not functional
-death caused by internal
hemorrhage and infections
 ->
muscular Chapter 2
pump

structure of Heart
↑

important
element in
*
Blood vessels
CV

↑body sswes

I
↑ ↑Y -
lungs

↑ I lunss
-

· Protects and
archor one
heart
↓

X 1) impian

Semilunar

11
Prevent

1
·

overfilling of :

heart with blood

& deoxygenated
⑧ blood .

⑧ oxygenated blood

values
prevent
from moving into
a tria during ventricular
contraction .
Flow of blood

- superior
and
inferior
vena cava
-
right
atrium ->
tricuspid -> wistrice -> pulmonary
value

Mitral ⑧ left ↓
value atrium
pulmonary lungs 8
pulmonary
* arteries
-> Aortic
left - Aorta -
* To organ
ventricle value
and body
tissues

Blood enters :

Pulmonary Systemic
circulation
coronary
circulation circulation

right left · shortest

in
a trium atrium circulation

↳ right
S ·
the body-

supply heart
left
ventricle tissue with whitethe -
ventride
↳ blood : blood vessel

- -
lining

contracting
pulmonary coronary
layer
arteries (north
oxygen-rich
veins
↓
↳
↳
blood) CCOlleC O2 outermost
blood)
lunss
ICO2 leaves
↳ other
poor

blood 02 auteries
corona re
,

enters (
# of
sustene <deliver
blood
pulmonary into atium)
veins
 Cardiac Cycle · all chamber relax

· aortic back flow · blood filled

slams semi lunar
· all eventsassociated with
value
rate diastole
·

blood flow through heart

shut AU values

↳
·

during complete heart

↳
one
open
beat- atria contract
· refill starts ·

·
first 2 atria contract ·
start cycle Ventricular
atrial of blood
, · 20 %
back relaxation added
next ventrice systole to
·
I
dup
,

*
·

ventricle
contract
-

systole dias to le
· ventricle
-
of fully contract Ventricular iso volumic ↑
relaxation . ventricular
·
pressure
contraction ·
push open
heart Innar
ejection contraction
·
AU values close
of semi

muscle value lub'

heart muscle
·

·
blood force
out

-up-dup"
AV ClOStS semilunar
,
value close
·
bermula dai darah masuk
,

lup
dup
Intrinsic control of heartbeat ~ SAN triggers the imprise -

·
Transmits the impulse for both
of the atria
initiates
<passmaker)
del as
fever
Ammatic ·
SA mode
·

transmission continues to AVN and

to make sure both contract /
· bacterial infection heartbeat transmit to bundle of his .

·
faults value Ibicuspid) 85 see And transmit to Purking Fibues
atria contract
0
every
.

reach Ar node
·
impulse
colsec) allows
·
slight delay
finish the contraction
:

atria

B4 reach small Purking e Fibre

·
,

I branches of An bundle

cardiac output ventricle to contract

signal e

travels fro Al node- syme

(4 heart rate)
CO AR XSV parasympathetic
=

* division
↓ ↓ ↓ heart rate)
heart
stroke Exercise neutral ⑮
rate
volume cold , ↓temp factor
I heat ↑ temp
*
⑱
,

#
volume
⑧
&
venous N Temperature *
Ractors
Do epinephrine
return ↑ -
affecting heart and
rate Hormonal thyroxine
·
speed of SVf theart
factor
gender
venous

↳
return ↑ rate .

④
ager Electrolytes
-
low Cast depness
the heart ,
cause

prolonged contraction

of heart
: