What is research?

Why is research essential in Business, give two

reasons?
Research refers to the systematic and organized investigation of a
particular topic, subject, or problem to generate new knowledge,
improve understanding, and provide solutions to the issue. In
business, research involves collecting and analyzing data to
inform decisions, solve problems, and identify opportunities.

Research is essential in business for several reasons, including:

1. Making Informed Decisions: Research enables businesses to

make informed decisions based on accurate and reliable
information. Through research, businesses can collect data on
their target markets, competitors, industry trends, and consumer
behavior, among others. This information can help businesses
understand their customers better and develop products and
services that meet their needs and preferences. Research can also
inform pricing strategies, marketing campaigns, and expansion
plans, among others.
2. Staying Competitive: In today's fast-paced business environment,
staying competitive is critical. Research enables businesses to stay
up-to-date with the latest industry trends, best practices, and
technological advancements. By continuously researching and
analyzing their markets, businesses can identify emerging trends,
new competitors, and potential threats. This information can help
businesses stay ahead of the curve and adjust their strategies
accordingly.

Overall, research is crucial in business as it provides a foundation

for decision-making and helps businesses stay competitive in
their respective industries.
 List the stages in the Research process.
The research process typically involves the following stages:

1. Identify the research problem or question: This involves

identifying a research topic or question that you want to
investigate.
2. Conduct a literature review: This involves reviewing the existing
research and literature on your chosen topic. This will help you
to identify gaps in the existing knowledge and to formulate your
research questions.
3. Formulate a research hypothesis or research questions: Based on
the research problem, you will need to develop a hypothesis or a
set of research questions that you will attempt to answer through
your research.
4. Design the research methodology: This involves selecting the
appropriate research design, data collection methods, and data
analysis techniques that will be used to answer your research
questions.
5. Collect data: This involves gathering the necessary data through
primary or secondary sources, using the selected data collection
methods.
6. Analyze the data: Once the data is collected, it is analyzed using
the selected data analysis techniques.
7. Interpret the findings: This involves interpreting the results of the
data analysis in the context of the research question or
hypothesis.
8. Draw conclusions: Based on the findings, you will draw
conclusions about the research question or hypothesis.
9. Communicate the results: Finally, you will communicate the
results of your research to others, typically through a research
report, presentation, or publication.
 Discuss the two basic means of obtaining primary Data.
The two basic means of obtaining primary data are:

1. Surveys:

Surveys involve gathering information from a sample of people

or entities through a structured set of questions. Surveys can be
conducted through various methods such as face-to-face
interviews, telephone interviews, online surveys, or mail surveys.
Surveys are a common method for collecting primary data in
market research, social sciences, and many other fields. Surveys
can be designed to collect quantitative data (numeric data that
can be analyzed statistically) or qualitative data (descriptive data
that cannot be analyzed statistically).

Advantages of surveys include their ability to gather data from a

large number of respondents quickly and efficiently, their ability
to gather data from a geographically dispersed sample, and their
ability to collect both quantitative and qualitative data.

2. Experiments:

Experiments involve manipulating one or more variables in a

controlled environment to observe the effect of the manipulation
on a dependent variable. Experiments are commonly used in
scientific research, marketing research, and psychology to test
hypotheses and determine cause-and-effect relationships
between variables.

In experiments, researchers typically have two groups: the

experimental group, which receives the manipulation or
treatment, and the control group, which does not receive the
manipulation or treatment. Researchers then compare the
outcomes of the two groups to determine the effect of the
manipulation.
Advantages of experiments include their ability to establish
causality, their ability to control extraneous variables, and their
ability to produce quantitative data that can be analyzed
statistically. However, experiments can also be expensive, time-
consuming, and sometimes unethical.
 Under what circumstance would you recommend stratified and
cluster probability sampling.
Stratified and cluster probability sampling are two common
methods used to obtain representative samples from a larger
population. The choice between these two methods depends on
the characteristics of the population being studied and the
research objectives.

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into

subgroups or strata based on one or more variables (such as age,
gender, income, education, etc.) and then randomly selecting
participants from each stratum. This method ensures that each
stratum is proportionately represented in the sample and can be
used to improve the precision of the estimates for each stratum.

Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into clusters

or groups based on geographic location or other natural
grouping factors, randomly selecting a few of these clusters, and
then sampling all members of the selected clusters. This method
is useful when the population is large and widely dispersed, and
it is not feasible to sample all individuals or households. Cluster
sampling can also be cost-effective and convenient.

Here are some circumstances under which stratified and cluster

probability sampling would be recommended:

1. When the population being studied is large and geographically

dispersed, cluster sampling can be more efficient than simple
random sampling. For example, in a survey of households in a
country, it may be more practical to divide the country into
clusters of cities or provinces and randomly select a few clusters
to survey rather than trying to survey all households in the
country.
2. When the population being studied has subgroups that vary
significantly in size or characteristics, stratified sampling can be
 more effective than simple random sampling. For example, in a
survey of voters, it may be important to ensure that each age
group is proportionally represented in the sample, as older voters
may have different voting patterns than younger voters.
3. When the research objective is to compare subgroups of the
population based on different variables, stratified sampling can
help ensure that the sample size for each subgroup is large
enough to draw meaningful conclusions. For example, in a study
of healthcare outcomes among patients with different chronic
diseases, stratifying the sample by disease type can help ensure
that there are enough patients in each disease group to draw
meaningful conclusions.

In summary, stratified and cluster probability sampling are

recommended when the population being studied is large and
diverse, or when there are subgroups that vary significantly in
size or characteristics that need to be adequately represented in
the sample.
 Mention two major differences between descriptive type of
research and Exploratory type of research
The two major differences between descriptive research and
exploratory research are:

1. Purpose: Descriptive research is conducted to describe a

phenomenon or a group of phenomena, whereas exploratory
research is conducted to gain an understanding of a problem or
to generate initial insights into a topic.
2. Methodology: Descriptive research involves collecting and
analyzing data that already exists, typically through surveys,
observations, or secondary sources. Exploratory research, on the
other hand, may involve a variety of methods, such as focus
groups, interviews, or observations, to collect qualitative data
that can be used to generate new ideas or theories.

In summary, descriptive research is focused on describing

existing phenomena, while exploratory research is focused on
understanding new phenomena or generating new ideas.
Descriptive research uses quantitative methods to collect and
analyze data, while exploratory research uses qualitative
methods to explore new ideas or theories.
Explain in short about cross-sectional study design.
A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research that
looks at a specific point in time to gather information about a
population or a subgroup of interest.

In a cross-sectional study, researchers collect data on a particular

outcome or variable of interest from a sample of individuals or
groups at a single point in time. The data collected can include
demographic information, health behaviors, health status, and
other relevant factors.

The primary advantage of cross-sectional studies is their

efficiency and convenience in data collection, as they can be
conducted quickly and at a relatively low cost. However, cross-
sectional studies are limited in their ability to establish cause-
and-effect relationships between variables, as they only provide a
snapshot of a population at a specific moment in time, and
cannot account for changes or developments that occur over
time.
What do you understand about extraneous variables?
Extraneous variables are variables that are not of interest to a
study but can have an effect on the outcome of the study. These
variables are typically uncontrolled or unmeasured, and their
presence can obscure or distort the relationship between the
variables of interest.

In experimental research, extraneous variables can be controlled

through randomization, manipulation, or other experimental
design techniques. However, in observational research or other
non-experimental designs, extraneous variables are more difficult
to control for, and their impact on the outcome of the study must
be assessed and accounted for through statistical analysis or
other methods.

Extraneous variables can also be referred to as confounding

variables or third variables. These terms are used
interchangeably, and they all refer to variables that are not part of
the main research question but can affect the relationship
between the variables of interest.
 What are the advantages of internet-based questionnaires from
personal interviewing?
Internet-based questionnaires offer several advantages over
personal interviewing:

1. Cost-effective: Internet-based questionnaires are cost-effective

compared to personal interviewing. Conducting personal
interviews can be time-consuming and require resources like
travel expenses and compensation for interviewers. On the other
hand, internet-based questionnaires can be administered at a
lower cost since they do not require travel or interviewer
expenses.
2. Convenience: Respondents can complete internet-based
questionnaires at their convenience, without the need to schedule
an appointment or have an interviewer present. This makes it
easier for respondents to participate in surveys, especially those
who have busy schedules.
3. Anonymity: Internet-based questionnaires can provide
respondents with anonymity, which can result in more honest
and accurate responses. Respondents may be more likely to
provide truthful answers when they are not face-to-face with an
interviewer.
4. Wide reach: Internet-based questionnaires can reach a larger
number of respondents in a shorter amount of time, especially if
the questionnaire is distributed through social media or email.
This allows for a broader sample size and more diverse
respondent demographics.
5. Reduced interviewer bias: With internet-based questionnaires,
there is no interviewer present to influence or bias the responses
of the respondents. This can help to eliminate interviewer bias,
resulting in more accurate data.

Overall, internet-based questionnaires offer many advantages

over personal interviewing, including lower costs, convenience,
anonymity, a wider reach, and reduced interviewer bias.
What are the scientific differences between nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio scale?
Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales are four different
types of measurement scales used in scientific research. The main
 differences between these four scales are the level of
measurement, the type of data that they represent, and the
mathematical operations that can be performed on the data.

1. Nominal Scale: A nominal scale is the simplest type of

measurement scale. It is used to categorize data into distinct
groups or categories. Nominal data is qualitative in nature and
cannot be measured numerically. Examples of nominal data
include gender, religion, and race. No mathematical operations
can be performed on nominal data.
2. Ordinal Scale: An ordinal scale is used to rank data in a specific
order or sequence. Ordinal data is qualitative in nature and can
be measured numerically. However, the numerical values
assigned to the data only reflect the order or ranking of the data,
not the magnitude of the differences between them. Examples of
ordinal data include rank in a competition, rating scales (e.g.
Likert scale), and level of education. Basic mathematical
operations like addition and subtraction can be performed on
ordinal data.
3. Interval Scale: An interval scale is used to measure data with
equal intervals between the values. Interval data is quantitative
in nature and can be measured numerically. However, the
numerical values assigned to the data do not have a true zero
point. Examples of interval data include temperature in Celsius
and Fahrenheit scales and calendar dates. Basic mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication can be
performed on interval data.
4. Ratio Scale: A ratio scale is used to measure data with a true zero
point, which means that a value of zero indicates the complete
absence of the variable being measured. Ratio data is quantitative
in nature and can be measured numerically. Examples of ratio
data include height, weight, distance, and time. All mathematical
operations, including division, can be performed on ratio data.
In summary, the main differences between these four scales are
the level of measurement, the type of data that they represent,
and the mathematical operations that can be performed on the
data. Nominal data is qualitative and cannot be measured
numerically, ordinal data can be measured numerically but only
reflects the order or ranking of the data, interval data has equal
intervals but no true zero point, and ratio data has a true zero
point and all mathematical operations can be performed on it.

Develop a questionnaire to determine how households plan to

buy and use major appliances. This questionnaire is to be used in
national wide study.
Introduction: This questionnaire is designed to gather
information about how households plan to buy and use major
 appliances. The data collected will be used in a nationwide study
to better understand consumer behavior and purchasing
patterns.

Instructions: Please answer all questions as accurately and

honestly as possible. Your responses will be kept confidential and
anonymous. Thank you for your participation.

1. What type of major appliances are you planning to purchase in

the next year? (Check all that apply) a. Refrigerator b. Washing
machine c. Dryer d. Dishwasher e. Range/Oven f. Microwave g.
Other (please specify)
2. What factors do you consider when choosing a major appliance?
(Check all that apply) a. Price b. Energy efficiency c. Brand
reputation d. Warranty e. Size/capacity f. Features g.
Recommendations from family/friends h. Other (please specify)
3. Where do you typically shop for major appliances? (Check all
that apply) a. Home improvement stores (e.g., Home Depot,
Lowe's) b. Department stores (e.g., Sears, Macy's) c. Electronics
stores (e.g., Best Buy) d. Appliance stores (e.g., Appliance
Connection) e. Online retailers (e.g., Amazon) f. Other (please
specify)
4. How important is energy efficiency when choosing a major
appliance? a. Very important b. Somewhat important c. Not very
important d. Not at all important
5. How important is brand reputation when choosing a major
appliance? a. Very important b. Somewhat important c. Not very
important d. Not at all important
6. How important is price when choosing a major appliance? a.
Very important b. Somewhat important c. Not very important d.
Not at all important
7. Do you usually purchase major appliances with cash, credit, or
financing? a. Cash b. Credit c. Financing
8. How often do you replace major appliances? a. Every 5 years or
less b. Every 6-10 years c. Every 11-15 years d. Every 16-20 years
e. More than 20 years
9. Have you ever purchased a major appliance online? a. Yes b. No
10. What are the most important features you look for in a major
appliance? (Check all that apply) a. Energy efficiency b.
Durability c. Style/appearance d. Size/capacity e. Convenience
features (e.g., self-cleaning, smart features) f. Other (please
specify)
11. How much do you expect to spend on your next major
appliance purchase? a. Less than $500 b. $500-$1,000 c. $1,000-
$2,000 d. $2,000-$3,000 e. More than $3,000
12. What do you plan to do with your old major appliance when
you replace it? a. Sell it b. Donate it c. Recycle it d. Throw it away
e. Other (please specify)

What is research hypothesis? What are the good qualities of a

hypothesis? Give one example of a hypothesis
A research hypothesis is a statement or prediction that suggests
the possible relationship between variables, which can be tested
through research. It is an educated guess about what the
researcher expects to find out or observe in the research process.
 A hypothesis helps researchers to design experiments or studies
and to collect and analyze data systematically.

Good qualities of a hypothesis include:

1. Testable: A hypothesis must be falsifiable and testable through

empirical data.
2. Specific: A hypothesis should be clear and specific in identifying
the variables and their relationships.
3. Relevant: A hypothesis must be relevant to the research question
or problem and based on existing literature and knowledge.
4. Plausible: A hypothesis should be reasonable and logically
consistent with existing theories and evidence.
5. Predictive: A hypothesis should have predictive value, i.e., it
should be able to make predictions about future observations or
outcomes.

Example of a hypothesis: "Increased physical activity leads to a

decrease in body weight among adults." This hypothesis is
specific, testable, relevant, plausible, and predictive. It suggests
that there is a relationship between two variables (physical
activity and body weight) and that this relationship can be tested
through an experiment or study.

List and scrutinize any four probability sampling methods with

their relative merits and drawbacks.
Probability sampling is a method of selecting a subset of
individuals from a larger population based on the principle of
random selection. Here are four common probability sampling
methods:
1. Simple Random Sampling: This method involves selecting
individuals from a population at random. Each individual has an
equal chance of being selected, and the selection of one
individual does not affect the selection of others. Merits: It is
simple to implement and eliminates any bias that may be
introduced through non-random methods. Drawbacks: It can be
expensive and time-consuming to identify all members of the
population and ensure they have an equal chance of being
selected.
2. Systematic Sampling: This method involves selecting every nth
individual from a list of the population. The value of n is
determined by dividing the total population size by the desired
sample size. Merits: It is simple and easy to implement and is
more efficient than simple random sampling because it does not
require identifying and selecting every individual in the
population. Drawbacks: If there is a pattern or cycle in the
population, the sample may not be representative of the
population.
3. Stratified Sampling: This method involves dividing the
population into subgroups based on certain characteristics, such
as age, gender, or income level. Then, individuals are randomly
selected from each subgroup to create a sample that represents
the entire population. Merits: It ensures that the sample
represents the population in terms of the characteristics being
studied, and can reduce sampling error. Drawbacks: It requires
prior knowledge of the population to create the subgroups and
can be more complex and time-consuming to implement.
4. Cluster Sampling: This method involves selecting groups or
clusters of individuals from a population, rather than individual
members. The clusters are selected randomly, and then all
individuals within the selected clusters are included in the
sample. Merits: It is more efficient and cost-effective than other
methods because it only requires identifying and selecting a
limited number of clusters. Drawbacks: If the clusters are not
representative of the population, the sample may not be
representative either, and it may be more prone to sampling
error.

In summary, each of these probability sampling methods has its

own merits and drawbacks, and the appropriate method to use
depends on the specific research question and the characteristics
of the population being studied. Researchers should carefully
consider these factors when selecting a sampling method to
ensure the sample is representative and provides reliable results.

Prepare a research proposal on Pune based households about

their interest in home gardening.
Title: Investigating the Interest of Pune-based Households in
Home Gardening: A Quantitative Study

Introduction: Home gardening has become a popular trend in

recent years due to its numerous benefits such as reducing
carbon footprint, improving mental and physical health, and
promoting food security. Pune, being one of the fastest-growing
 cities in India, is also witnessing a surge in interest in home
gardening. However, there is limited research on the factors that
influence the interest of Pune-based households in home
gardening. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the interest
of Pune-based households in home gardening and the factors
that influence this interest.

Research Questions:

1. What is the level of interest of Pune-based households in home

gardening?
2. What are the factors that influence the interest of Pune-based
households in home gardening?
3. What are the most common types of plants grown by Pune-based
households in their home gardens?
4. What are the benefits perceived by Pune-based households in
practicing home gardening?

Methodology: This study will use a quantitative research design,

where a survey questionnaire will be used to collect data from
Pune-based households. The questionnaire will consist of four
sections, which include demographic information, gardening
practices, factors influencing the interest in home gardening, and
benefits of home gardening. The survey will be distributed
through online platforms and physical copies distributed to
households within Pune.

Sampling: The sample for this study will be selected using a

random sampling technique. The population of interest for this
study is households within Pune city. The sample size will be
determined using the formula: n = Z²pq/e², where n is the
sample size, Z is the standard normal deviate, p is the estimated
proportion of households interested in home gardening, q is the
complement of p, and e is the margin of error. Assuming a 95%
confidence level and a margin of error of 5%, the sample size is
estimated to be 385.

Data Analysis: The data collected from the survey will be

analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive
statistics will be used to summarize the demographic
characteristics of the sample, types of plants grown, and benefits
of home gardening. Inferential statistics such as chi-square test
and regression analysis will be used to test the relationship
between the factors influencing interest in home gardening and
the level of interest.

Conclusion: The results of this study will provide insights into

the interest of Pune-based households in home gardening, the
factors influencing their interest, and the most common types of
plants grown. The findings will also highlight the benefits of
home gardening perceived by households. The study's results
will be beneficial to policymakers, urban planners, and
environmentalists in promoting home gardening as a sustainable
urban agriculture practice in Pune city.

Develop suitable sample design for the following situation. i) To

study work-life balance of working women in IT-Industry of
Pune. ii) To study employee satisfaction among the employees of
small scale company of 100 employees about employee welfare
policies.
2/2
i) Sample design for studying work-life balance of working
women in IT-Industry of Pune:
1. Identify the population: Working women in the IT industry in
Pune.
2. Determine the sample size: Based on the population size and
desired level of precision, a suitable sample size can be
determined using a sample size calculator or statistical formulas.
3. Sampling method: Stratified random sampling can be used to
ensure representation of different segments of the population,
such as different age groups, job roles, and experience levels.
4. Data collection: Data can be collected using a survey
questionnaire or structured interviews. The questionnaire should
include questions related to work-life balance, such as the
amount of time spent on work and personal activities, work-
related stress, support from supervisors and colleagues, etc.
5. Data analysis: Descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the
data collected, and inferential statistics can be used to test
hypotheses and draw conclusions about the population.

ii) Sample design for studying employee satisfaction among the

employees of a small-scale company of 100 employees about
employee welfare policies:

1. Identify the population: Employees of a small-scale company of

100 employees.
2. Determine the sample size: Based on the population size and
desired level of precision, a suitable sample size can be
determined using a sample size calculator or statistical formulas.
3. Sampling method: Simple random sampling can be used to
ensure that each employee has an equal chance of being selected.
Alternatively, stratified sampling can be used if there are
subgroups within the population that need to be represented.
4. Data collection: Data can be collected using a survey
questionnaire or structured interviews. The questionnaire should
include questions related to employee satisfaction with different
aspects of employee welfare policies, such as compensation,
benefits, work-life balance, job security, etc.
5. Data analysis: Descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the
data collected, and inferential statistics can be used to test
hypotheses and draw conclusions about the population. The
results of the study can be used to identify areas where the
company's employee welfare policies can be improved to
enhance employee satisfaction and retention.

Define sample. b) Define sampling frame. c) List the steps

involved in the process of Business Research. d) Write any two
example of ukert scale. e) Define Hypothesis. f) What are the type
of descriptive Research? g) Define Research Design.
a) In statistics, a sample is a subset of a population. It is a group
of individuals, items, or events that are selected from a larger
population for the purpose of studying and making inferences
about the population.
 b) A sampling frame is a list or a set of items or individuals from
which a sample is drawn. It is a complete list of all the members
of a population that is available for sampling.

c) The steps involved in the process of business research are:

1. Problem Identification: Define the research problem and establish

research objectives.
2. Research Design: Develop a research plan and select a research
method.
3. Sampling: Identify the sampling technique and the sampling size.
4. Data Collection: Collect data from various sources, including
primary and secondary data sources.
5. Data Analysis: Analyze and interpret the data collected.
6. Reporting: Report the research findings and draw conclusions.
7. Implementation: Implement the recommendations resulting from
the research.

d) Examples of ukert scale include:

1. Likert scale: A scale that measures attitudes and opinions,

typically with five or seven response options ranging from
strongly agree to strongly disagree.
2. Semantic differential scale: A scale that measures the connotative
meaning of objects or concepts, using pairs of adjectives such as
good/bad, happy/sad, or weak/strong.

e) A hypothesis is a statement or assumption about a population

that is tested through research. It is a tentative explanation for an
observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be
tested by further investigation.

f) The types of descriptive research are:

1. Case study research: It involves an in-depth analysis of a

particular case or situation.
2. Survey research: It involves collecting data from a sample of
respondents using a structured questionnaire.

g) Research design refers to the overall plan or strategy for

conducting a research study. It outlines the procedures and
methods that will be used to collect and analyze data, and it
determines how the research results will be interpreted and
reported. The research design is based on the research objectives
and the nature of the research problem. It includes details about
the sampling technique, data collection methods, data analysis
methods, and the research instruments that will be used.

Differentiate between descriptive research and exploratry

research.
Descriptive research and exploratory research are two types of
research methods used in various fields such as psychology,
social sciences, and market research. While both methods are
used to gather information, they have different goals and
approaches.

Descriptive Research: Descriptive research is a method of

research that aims to describe or define a phenomenon or a
population. The goal of this type of research is to provide a clear
and accurate picture of the subject under study. Descriptive
research is used to answer questions such as "what is," "how
much," or "how many." Descriptive research usually involves
collecting data through surveys, questionnaires, observations, or
interviews. The data collected is then analyzed to provide an
overall description of the subject under study. Examples of
descriptive research include studies on the prevalence of a
disease in a particular population, or the characteristics of a
particular group of people.

Exploratory Research: Exploratory research is a method of

research that is used when the researcher is not sure about the
nature of the problem or phenomenon under study. The goal of
this type of research is to generate ideas or hypotheses that can
be further tested through additional research. Exploratory
research is used to answer questions such as "what are the
possible causes of a problem" or "what are the potential solutions
to a problem." Exploratory research usually involves collecting
data through focus groups, interviews, or case studies. The data
collected is then analyzed to identify patterns or trends that can
help the researcher generate hypotheses or ideas. Examples of
exploratory research include studies on consumer behavior or the
effects of a new drug on a particular population.

In summary, descriptive research is used to describe or define a

phenomenon, while exploratory research is used to generate
ideas or hypotheses. Descriptive research is usually used when
the researcher has a clear idea of the subject under study, while
exploratory research is used when the researcher is not sure
about the nature of the problem or phenomenon under study.
 Differentiate between Nominal & internal scale with example
Nominal scale and interval scale are two types of measurement
scales in statistics. The main difference between them lies in the
nature of the data they measure and how they can be analyzed.

1. Nominal Scale: The nominal scale is a categorical scale where the

data is sorted into distinct categories without any particular
order or ranking. In other words, it is a naming scale where the
data is divided into categories or groups based on certain
characteristics, but the numbers assigned to these categories do
 not imply any numerical order or value. For example, the colors
of a rainbow can be considered as nominal data, as each color is a
distinct category without any inherent ranking. Other examples
include gender (male, female), religion (Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, etc.), or marital status (single, married, divorced).
2. Interval Scale: The interval scale is a numerical scale where the
data is measured on a scale of equal intervals, where the
difference between each value is equal. In other words, it is a
scale where the numbers have a meaningful value and can be
compared with each other. For example, the temperature scale in
Celsius or Fahrenheit can be considered as an interval scale
because the difference between each value (1 degree) is equal and
meaningful. Another example is the IQ score, where the
difference between an IQ score of 110 and 120 is the same as the
difference between 90 and 100.

In summary, the main difference between nominal and interval

scales is that nominal data is categorical, while interval data is
numerical and has a meaningful value.

Example: Suppose we are conducting a survey of favorite colors

among a group of people. The data we collect can be classified
into two types of scales:

 Nominal scale: The colors selected by each individual are a

nominal scale. For instance, someone may say their favorite color
is red, while another person may say their favorite color is blue.
These answers cannot be ordered or ranked based on any
inherent value.
 Interval scale: If we asked people to rate their preference for each
color on a scale of 1-10, with 1 being the least preferred and 10
being the most preferred, this would be an interval scale. In this
case, we would have numerical data that has a meaningful value
and can be compared with each other.
 Suggest suitable sample design for identifying the pricing
strategy used by FMCG product company
To identify the pricing strategy used by an FMCG product
company, you could use the following sample design:

1. Define the target population: Identify the FMCG product

company whose pricing strategy you want to study.
2. Determine the sample size: The sample size should be large
enough to ensure that the results are statistically significant. A
good rule of thumb is to have a sample size of at least 30.
3. Choose a sampling method: There are several sampling methods
you can use, but the most appropriate one for this study would
 be purposive sampling. This method involves selecting
participants who have a specific characteristic or experience, such
as those who have purchased products from the company.
4. Select the participants: Identify customers who have purchased
products from the FMCG product company, and who can
provide insights into the pricing strategy used by the company.
5. Collect data: Collect data through surveys, interviews, or focus
groups. Surveys can be conducted online, over the phone, or in-
person. Interviews and focus groups can be conducted in-person
or online.
6. Analyze the data: Once the data has been collected, analyze it to
identify the pricing strategy used by the FMCG product
company. Look for patterns and trends in the data that can
provide insights into the company's pricing strategy.
7. Draw conclusions: Based on the data analysis, draw conclusions
about the pricing strategy used by the FMCG product company.
Identify strengths and weaknesses in the pricing strategy, and
make recommendations for improvement if necessary.

Overall, the sample design for identifying the pricing strategy

used by an FMCG product company should be tailored to the
specific company and its products. By using a targeted sampling
method and collecting data through surveys, interviews, or focus
groups, you can gain valuable insights into the company's
pricing strategy and make recommendations for improvement.
 Develop a questionair for collecting perception on swatch Bharat
Abiyan form your society members.
Sure, here is a sample questionnaire for collecting perceptions on
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan from society members:

1. How aware are you of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign? a)

Highly aware b) Somewhat aware c) Not aware at all
2. Have you participated in any Swachh Bharat Abhiyan activities
or initiatives in your community? a) Yes b) No
3. What is your overall opinion of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
campaign? a) Highly effective b) Somewhat effective c)
Ineffective d) Don't know
4. Do you think Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has made a difference in
your community in terms of cleanliness and sanitation? a) Yes b)
No c) Don't know
5. In your opinion, what are the biggest challenges faced by Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan in achieving its objectives in your community? a)
Lack of public participation b) Lack of adequate infrastructure c)
Insufficient funding d) Other (Please specify)
6. How can Swachh Bharat Abhiyan be made more effective in your
community? a) Increasing public awareness b) Providing better
infrastructure c) Encouraging more public participation d) Other
(Please specify)
7. How important do you think Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is in
achieving a cleaner and healthier India? a) Extremely important
b) Somewhat important c) Not very important d) Not at all
important
8. Would you be willing to actively participate in Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan activities in your community in the future? a) Yes b) No
c) Don't know

Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire.

Your responses will help us better understand the perceptions
and opinions of society members on Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
Prepare an hypothesis (null & alternal) for following situations. i)
Researcher wants to understand whether income is associated
with qualification. ii) Company wants to understand the impact
of Covid 19 on increased attention rate.
i) Hypotheses for understanding the association between income
and qualification:

 Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant association between

income and qualification.
 Alternative hypothesis (HA): There is a significant association
between income and qualification.
 ii) Hypotheses for understanding the impact of Covid 19 on
increased attention rate:

 Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant impact of Covid 19

on increased attention rate.
 Alternative hypothesis (HA): There is a significant impact of
Covid 19 on increased attention rate.

Develop a research proposal for an Airline company in India

operating domestically wants to find out customer satisfaction
level.
Title: Customer Satisfaction Analysis of Domestic Airline Services
in India: A Case Study of XYZ Airline

Introduction: In recent years, India's aviation industry has

witnessed a significant growth in domestic air travel. As
competition among airlines intensifies, it has become increasingly
important for airlines to understand their customers' needs and
preferences to improve their service quality and customer
satisfaction. The purpose of this research proposal is to analyze
the customer satisfaction level of XYZ airline, which is one of the
 leading domestic airlines in India, and identify the factors that
influence their satisfaction.

Research Questions:

1. What is the level of customer satisfaction with the services

provided by XYZ airline?
2. What are the key factors that influence customer satisfaction with
the services provided by XYZ airline?
3. How does customer satisfaction with XYZ airline compare with
other domestic airlines in India?

Methodology: This study will use a quantitative research design,

employing a survey questionnaire as the primary data collection
tool. The questionnaire will be distributed to a sample of XYZ
airline's domestic passengers across various flight routes and
classes. The sample size will be determined using the appropriate
statistical sampling techniques to ensure that the results are
representative of the population. Data analysis will involve both
descriptive and inferential statistics, including means, standard
deviations, t-tests, and regression analysis.

Expected Results: The study's expected results are to provide

insights into the factors that influence customer satisfaction with
domestic airline services in India. It will provide an overview of
XYZ airline's service quality and customer satisfaction level, as
well as identifying areas that need improvement. The study will
also compare XYZ airline's customer satisfaction with other
domestic airlines in India, highlighting areas where XYZ airline is
performing well and areas that need improvement.

Conclusion: This research proposal aims to investigate customer

satisfaction levels in the Indian domestic airline industry,
focusing on XYZ airline. By analyzing the factors that influence
customer satisfaction, the study will provide valuable insights
that will help XYZ airline and other domestic airlines improve
 their service quality and customer satisfaction levels. The results
will be beneficial for the airline industry in India as a whole,
providing insights into the current state of customer satisfaction
and ways to enhance it.

Under what circumstance would you recommend qualitative and

quantitative research. Explain with suitable example.
Both qualitative and quantitative research have their unique
strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of research method
depends on the research question, the nature of the data, and the
objectives of the study. Here are some circumstances where I
would recommend qualitative and quantitative research:

Qualitative research:

1. When exploring complex phenomena: Qualitative research is

useful when exploring complex social phenomena that require an
in-depth understanding of the context and the perspectives of the
participants. For example, a study on the experiences of cancer
patients may involve conducting in-depth interviews with
 participants to gain a nuanced understanding of their emotional,
social, and physical challenges.
2. When generating new ideas: Qualitative research is also useful
when generating new ideas or hypotheses. For example, a study
exploring the reasons for declining voter turnout in a particular
region may involve conducting focus groups to understand the
different perspectives and attitudes of the participants.
3. When studying small groups: Qualitative research is also ideal
for studying small groups or communities that may be difficult to
access or understand using quantitative methods. For example, a
study on the culture and practices of a remote indigenous
community may involve conducting participant observation and
in-depth interviews to gain a holistic understanding of their way
of life.

Quantitative research:

1. When testing hypotheses: Quantitative research is useful when

testing specific hypotheses or relationships between variables.
For example, a study examining the relationship between
smoking and lung cancer may involve collecting data from a
large sample of participants and using statistical analyses to test
the hypothesis.
2. When generalizing findings: Quantitative research is also useful
when the aim is to generalize findings to a larger population. For
example, a study on the prevalence of mental health disorders in
a particular country may involve conducting a national survey to
collect data from a representative sample of the population.
3. When studying trends over time: Quantitative research is ideal
for studying trends over time, such as changes in demographic
patterns or shifts in public opinion. For example, a study on the
changing attitudes towards same-sex marriage in a particular
country may involve analyzing survey data collected over several
years to understand the evolving trends.
In summary, both qualitative and quantitative research have
their unique strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of
research method depends on the research question, the nature of
the data, and the objectives of the study.