REVIEWER in PHILOSOPHY

(Finals)
SOME COMMON FALLACIES:
Fallacies are errors or mistakes in reasoning. Fallacies are of two kinds: the
formal and the informal.
 Fallacy of equivocation- committed when several meanings of a word or
phrase become confused in the context of one argument.
 Fallacy of composition- committed when one reasons from the qualities
of the parts of a whole to the qualities of the whole itself.
 Fallacy of division- the reverse of composition.
 Fallacy of complex question- committed when one asks a question that
contains unproved assumptions.
 Fallacy of false cause- committed when one attributes a wrong cause to
something, which is often due to a mere temporal succession of two
events.
AN EMBODIED SPIRIT:
 Metaphysical approach- focuses on the kinds of substances (or
materials) and capacities that uniquely make up a human person.
 Existential approach- focuses on the kind of life, or mode of existence.
The metaphysical approach examines the essential components of a human
person; the existential approach examines the essential features of the human
way of life.
SPIRIT VIEWS:
 Unspirited body view- this position naturally results from the belief that
humans do not have a spiritual component.
 Disembodied spirit view- this view maintains that the human person has
both body and spirit but claims that it is the spirit that essentially defines
the human person.
 Embodied spirit view- this view believes that each (spirit and body) will
not survive with the absence of the other.
MARKS OF THE MENTAL:
 Consciousness- generally refers to awareness.
 Subjective quality- refers to the particular way that we become
conscious of or experience our own mental states.
  Intentionality- refers to the property of mental states to have contents or
to be about or directed to some objects or states of affairs in the world.
 Mental states are ontologically subjective in that such states exist only as
a person has or experiences them, or generally speaking, is conscious of
them.
 Mental states are private in that such states are only directly knowable to
the person who has them. If I have a toothache, it is only I who can have
direct knowledge of my toothache.

TRANSCENDENCE and LIMITATIONS

 Transcendence comes from the Latin prefix trans-, meaning

"beyond," and the word scandare, meaning "to climb." When you
achieve transcendence, you have gone beyond ordinary
limitations.
 When you transcend your limitations, you achieve a sense of
purpose, fulfillment, and joy. By pushing past your boundaries
and exploring new possibilities, you can achieve your goals and
find success.

UNDERSTANDING HUMAN FREEDOM

 Free will- the will refers to our mental ability to make choices
and do actions to carry out these choices.
 Determinism- is the view that all events that happen in the
world are caused by previous events or conditions along with
the laws of nature.
Determinism is the view that free will is an illusion, and that our behaviour is
governed by internal or external forces over which we have no control.
Consequently, our behaviour is viewed as predictable.
 Libertarianism- rejects determism. It accepts thet while certain
events in the world are caused and thus determined, there are
also some events that are not referring precisely to human
choices.