Lesson 16.

Meiosis
 Learn about It!

• Mitotic phase involves the condensation and the

distribution of the duplicated chromosomes to the daughter
cells.
• Mitotic phase involves the following stages:
o Prophase
o Metaphase
o Anaphase
o Telophase
 Learn about It!

• Sexual reproduction is the mode of reproduction that

involves two parents.
During reproduction, the two parents contribute half of
their genetic material via their sex cells or gametes.

• Sex cells include the sperm cell from male parent and
egg cell from the female parent.
 compare mitosis and
1 meiosis, and their role in
the cell cycle;
Objectives
determine how their
At the end of
phases contribute to the
the lesson, you 2 reproduction of sex cells;
should be able
and
to:
explain the role of meiosis
3 in sexual reproduction.
 Learn about It!

Meiosis
● Meiosis is the type of division
that produces haploid (N) sex
cells or gametes.

● This allows both parents to

contribute genetic material to
the offspring. Sperm cells are haploid cells
that resulted from meiosis
 Learn about It!

Meiosis
● Meiosis is divided into two
rounds.
○ Meiosis I: reductional
○ Meiosis II: equational

Sperm cells are haploid cells

that resulted from meiosis
 Learn about It!

Meiosis I
● Synapsis is a unique event in meiosis I
that involves close association
between homologous.
● The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a
meiosis-specific metaprotein structure
conserved among sexually
reproducing organisms that forms
between homologous chromosomes
during prophase of meiosis I.
Synapsis in diploid organisms
● For diploid organisms, synapsis involve tetrad formation
involves the formation of tetrads.
 Learn about It!

Meiosis I
● Crossing over or genetic
recombination also takes
place during meiosis I.
● Chiasmata is the term used to refer to
the intersecting region of the
chromosomes under genetic
recombination.
• This is the exchange of
genetic material between Synapsis in diploid organisms
involve tetrad formation
the members
homologous pair.
 Learn about It!

Prophase I
● Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus disintegrates.

● Chromosomes condense.

● Synapsis and crossing over

occurs. Prophase I involves the
uniques events in meiosis
 Learn about It!

Stages of Prophase I

• Leptotene
• Zygotene
• Pachytene
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
 Learn about It!

Metaphase I
● Homologous pairs at the
metaphase plate.

● Homologues are oriented

from each other at opposite
poles, and spindle fibers are
attached to their
The members of homologous pairs
kinetochores. are still adjacent with each other
 Learn about It!

Anaphase I
● Spindle fibers pull the
homologous chromosomes
(instead of the sister
chromatids) toward the
opposite poles.

● Chromosomes are still

duplicated. Members of homologous pairs
are separated during Anaphase I.
 Learn about It!

Telophase I
● Members of the duplicated
homologous chromosomes
reaching the opposite poles.

● Cytokinesis occurs alongside with

telophase I.

● Haploid daughter cells are Telophase I takes place

simultaneously with cytokinesis.
formed.
 Learn about It!

Meiosis II

● Meiosis II immediately follows after first meiotic division.

○ Second meiotic division is equational, i.e., there is no
further reduction in chromosome number.
○ It is not preceded by a DNA replication.
○ It begins with the two haploid daughter cells of meiosis I.
○ The process is similar to mitosis which involves the
separation of the sister chromatids.
Learn about It!

Meiosis II ends up producing four daughter cells.

 Learn about It!

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

● Mitosis and meiosis are differentiated from each other by

using the following parameters.
○ Number of daughter cells and cytokinesis involved
○ Chromosome number of daughter cells
○ Types of cell involved
○ Presence of unique events such as synapsis and crossing
over of homologous chromosomes
Key Points

Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces haploid

1 sex cells or gametes.

Meiosis has two stages. The first stage is meiosis I, the

2 reductional phase. The second stage is meiosis II, the
equational stage.

Meiosis I results in 2 daughter cells. Meiosis II involves

3 the 2 daughter cells producing 2 more daughter cells, for
a grand total of 4 daughter cells.
 Key Points

Assignment:

Bring the following materials on Friday, January 12, 2024.

¼ Illustration board
Recyclable materials (straw, yarn, paper plate, popsicle stick)
Scissors
Glue
Key Points
Key Points
 Check Your Understanding

Identify what is described each statement below.

1. This refers to the close association between the maternal and the
paternal members of the homologous pair of chromosomes.
2. This structure or conformation is formed from the close association of
the four chromatids during the first prophase of meiotic division.
3. This refers to the type of chromosomes with the same size, centromere
position, and set of genes.
4. This refers to the point of intersection between the non-sister
chromatid arms of the homologous chromosomes during genetic
recombination.
5. These are the types of cells that are formed after meiotic division.
 Challenge Yourself

What will happen if

the homologues or the
sister chromatids do
not separate correctly?
 Bibliography

Bill W. Tillery, et al. 2010. Integrated Science, 4th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Earth Science. USA: CK-12 Foundation, 2009.

Cecie Starr et al. 2014. BIOLOGY: Today and Tomorrow, 4th edition. Singapore: Cengage Learning Pte Ltd.

Dolores A. Ramirez, Merlyn S. Mendioro, and Rita P. Laude. 2013. Lectures in Genetics, 10th edition.
Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the
Philippines.

Genetic Science Learning Center. "Inventory of Traits". Genetic Science Learning Center, University of
Utah, 2006. Web. 15 Jun. 2018.
<http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/activities/pdfs/InventoryOfTraits.pdf>.
 Bibliography

Genetic Science Learning Center. "A Recipe for Traits". Genetic Science Learning Center, University of
Utah, 2008. Web. 15 Jun. 2018.
<http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/activities/pdfs/A%20Recipe%20for%20Traits_Public.p
df>.

Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece. 2004. Biology, 6th edition. Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia
Pte Ltd.
Neil Campbell, et al. 2013. Biology, 10th edition. Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.

Nolin, Jeanette. "Modeling Mendel’s Pea Experiment". The National Health Museum Activities Exchange.
Web. 15 Jun. 2018. <http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/AEF/1996/nolin_pea.html>

Wohlwill, Arthur . "Meiosis Introductory Activity". OER Commons. Institute for the
Study of Knowledge Management in Education, 24 Oct. 2016. Web. 07 Jun.
2018.https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/17535-meiosis-introductory-activity>.