Maths formula Sheet

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

First Order Differential Equations of Homogeneous Nature

dy æyö
• The differential equation of the form = f(x, y) = g ç ÷ is said to be homogeneous
dx èxø
differential equation. These equations are solved by putting y = vx, where v º v (x) is a
dy dv
function of x, so that =v+x and the differential equation becomes
dx dx
dv y
ò g(v) - v = log x + logc = logcx . After integrating, we replace v by x and obtain the
general solution.
Equations Reducible to the Homogenous Form
dy ax + by + c
• Equations of the form = (aB ¹ Ab) can be reduced to a homogenous
dx Ax + By + C
form by changing the variables x, y to X, Y by writing x = X + h, y = Y + k; where h, k are
constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation homogenous. We have
dt bt + Bc (A + b)t + AC + Bc
=A+ = .After integrating, we replace t by Ax + By and
dx t+C t+C
obtain the general solution.
First Order Linear Differential Equation
dy
• The differential equation of the form + Py = Q, where P, Q are functions of x alone,
dx
is called a linear differential equation.
P dx
Multiplying by e ò on both sides, we get
y.e ò Pdx = f(x ) + c , where f¢(x) = Q × e ò
Pdx - Pdx
or y = e ò (
× Q eò
ò
Pdx
) - Pdx
dx + c × e ò
which is the required solution of the given differential equation.
The factor e ò
Pdx
is called the integrating factor.
Extended Form of Linear Differential Equations
Bernoulli's equation
dn
+ (1 - n ) n.P = Q(1 - n) . It is a linear differential equation.
dx

General Form of Linear Differential Equation:

(i) d(x + y) = dx + dy (ii) d(xy) = y dx + x dy
æ x ö y dx-x dy æ y ö x dy-y dx
(iii) dç ÷= (iv) dç ÷=
èyø y2 èxø x2
ydx + xdy æ y ö ( xdy - ydx )
(v) d(ln xy) = (vi) d ç ln =
xy è x ÷ø xy
æ1 x + y ö xdy - ydx æ y ö x dy-y dx
(vii) d ç ln ÷= 2 (viii) d ç tan-1 ÷ = 2
è2 x-yø x - y2 è xø x + y2
 Maths formula Sheet
xdx + ydy
(ix) d æç x 2 + y 2 ö÷ =
è ø x2 + y2