Prof M.

Rashid Khan
 MDCAT Physics Unit: WORK and ROTATORY MOTION
Q. If 10 N force acting on a body at certain angle 𝛉 displaces
WORK it through 5m and perform 25 J of work. Find 𝛉
It is said to have work done “when force displaces a body
along its direction or stop displacing a body from its W=F d cosθ
1
opposite direction”. It is scalar denoted by W. 25 = 10× 5 cosθ ⟹ 𝛉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 60𝑜
2
Measurement
Work is measured by product of

F⊥ = F sinθ
magnitude of force which is along W=F d cosθ = 𝐅 ∙ 𝐝 = Fx dx + F𝑦 d𝑦 + F𝑧 d𝑧
displacement and magnitude of
Q.A force F = 2 𝐢Ƹ + 3 𝐣Ƹ N, has its point of application moved
displacement.
from point A(1,3)m to the point B(5,7)m. Find Work done.
W= (F cosθ) d=Fd cosθ
F∥ = F cosθ d = 𝐫𝐁 − 𝐫𝐀 = 5𝐢Ƹ + 7 𝐣Ƹ − 𝐢Ƹ + 3𝐣Ƹ = 4𝐢Ƹ + 4𝐣Ƹ m
Case I: If F = 0 then W = 0
W = Fx dx + F𝑦 d𝑦 + F𝑧 d𝑧
Case II: If d = 0 then W = 0
W = (2)(4) + (3)(4) + (0)(0)
CaseIII: If F ∥ d then θ = 0𝑜 ⟹ W = F d (Max) W = 8 + 12 + 0 = 20 J
CaseIV: If F ⊥ d then θ = 90𝑜 ⟹ W = 0 (Min)
CaseV: If F d then θ = 180𝑜 ⟹ W = - F d (Max)
⇄

Negative work mean work done by force opposite to displacement

𝟎𝒐 ≦ 𝛉 < 𝟗𝟎𝒐 , W = +ve and 𝟗𝟎𝒐 < 𝛉 ≦ 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐 , 𝐖 = − ve
 Graphical Measurement Of Work
Q. A force F acting on an object varies with distance x as
In case of work done by constant force F, F-d graph is a shown in fig. Calculate work done by the force as the
straight line parallel to d-axis as shown in Fig. object moved from x = 0 to x = 6 m.
F

F cosθ
F-d graph
F cosθ − d

(When 𝛉 = 𝟎𝐨 ) d (When 𝛉 > 𝟎𝒐 ) d

Area under F-d gp = area of rectangle
=Lxb=Fxd=W
In case of work done by variable force, F-d graph is an
incline straight line or curve of any shape as shown in Fig. W = Area under F-d graph = area of trapezium
F 1
F = (sum of ∥ sides) ( distance b/w ∥ sides)
2
1
= 4 + 6) ( 5)
(
2
= 25 J

d d
 W = 𝐅∙𝐝
Power W 𝐅∙𝐝 𝐝
Power is rate of doing work of an agency. or P= = = 𝐅 ∙ = 𝐅 ∙ 𝐯 = F v cos𝜃
t t t
W
P= ( SI unit is J s−1 = watt − W ) Q. A car propelling with uniform speed 45 km 𝐡−𝟏 with
t
An other commonly used unit for power is horse power its engine thrust of 1000 N. What is power consumed in
1 h p = 746 W road friction?
Q. 600 𝐦𝟑 of water is pumped from a reservoir into a 45000
P = F v cosθ = 1000 × cos 180o
tank 10 m higher than reservoir in 10 min. What is 3600
power delivered by pump? P = −12.5 kW
W mgh ρVgh 103 × 6 × 102 × 10 × 10 In case of uniform power W-t is W
P= = = =
t t t 10 × 60 an incline straight line as shown.
P = 100 kW Slope of W-t gp = tanθ = = P
W
t
t
Q. A 50 kg boy runs up long flight of stairs in 5 s. The
vertical height of the stairs 4.5 m. What is power Measurement of work done in terms of power
output? W = P × t (SI unit is W s)
J
W mgh 50 × 10 × 4.5 1 W s = 1 s = 1J
s
P= = = J
t t 5 1 W h = 1 3600 s = 3.6 × 103 J = 3.6 kJ
s
P = 450 W 1000 J
1 kW h = 1 3600 s = 3.6 × 106 J = 3.6 MJ
s
(Commercial Unit of energy)
 Mechanical Energy
Ability of a body to do work, is called mechanical energy. It has two forms
Kinetic Energy (K.E) Potential Energy (P.E)
Energy due to motion of a body, is called K.E Energy due to position of a body in the field force ( G.F, E.F,..)
K.E is measure of work done on a body to move it. Or is called P.E. Energy due to constrained state.
1
K.E = W = 𝑚𝑣 2 P.E is a measure of work done on a body in displacing it,
2
opposite to the field force.
2m K.E = P 2
P2 P.E in gravitational field = P.E = W = m g h
P = 2 m K. E or K. E =
2m P.E in electric field = P.E = W = q V
Q. If K.E of a body increases Q. If momentum of a body 1
P.E in elastic field = P.E = W = Kx 2
by 300 % then what is %age increases by 20 % then what 2
increase in its momentum? is %age increase in its K.E?
Q. Proton and 𝜶 − particle Q. Proton and 𝜶 − particle
∆K. E = 300 % = 3 K. E ∆P = 20 % = 0.2 P
are moving with same K.E. and neutron are moving
K. E / = K. E + ∆K. E = K. E + 3 K. E P / = P + ∆P = P + 0.2P = 1.2 P
= 4 K.E What is ration of their with same momenta.
K. E ∝ P 2 momenta? Which one has least K.E?
P∝ K. E
K. E/ = 1.44 K. E
P / = 2P P = 2 m K. E P2 1
%age ∆P =
∆P
× 100% %age ∆K. E =
∆K.E
× 100% K. E = ⟹ K. E ∝
P K.E P∝ m 2m m
2P − P 1.44K. E − K. E mp < mn < mα
= × 100% = 100 % = × 100% = 44 % Pp mp 1 1
P K. E
= = =
P𝛂 m𝛂 4 2 𝐾. 𝐸p > K. E𝑛 > K. E𝛼
 Work Energy Principle
Work done on a body equals the change in mechanical energy ( K,E or P.E). Or
W = ∆KE W = ∆PE
1 1
F d cosθ = mvf2 − mvi2 W = −(mghf − mghi )
2 2
1 W= −mg(hf − hi )
F d cosθ = m(vf2 − vi2 )
2 W= mgh
Q. A car of mass 1600 kg, moving with speed 50 m𝒔−𝟏
Q. How much work is required to lift a 50 kg bag of
is brought at rest by applying breaks. What is distance
books through a vertical height of 50 cm?
covered by the car If retarding force is 1000 N?
1
F d cosθ = m(vf2 − vi2 )
2 W= mgh
1
-Fd= m(−vi2 )
2 W= mgh = 50 × 10 × 0.5 = 250 J
1 1 16×25×104
d= mvi2 = 1600(50)2 = = 2000 m
2F 2×1000 2×103

Q. A car moving with speed 50 m𝒔−𝟏 is brought at rest Q. How much work is required to stack five bricks
by applying breaks and it covers 10 m distance. What is each of mass 2.5 kg and thickness 3 cm on a table?
distance covered by the car if its speed is doubled for ℎ1 +ℎ2+ℎ3 +ℎ4 +ℎ5 3+6+9+12+15 45
same retarding force? < ℎ >= = = = 9𝑐𝑚
5 5 5
1 = 0.09 𝑚
- F d = m −vi2 ⟹ d ∝ vi2
2 W = mg <h>
d/ = 40 m
 Interconversion Of P.E and K.E
P.E and K.E are mutually interconvertible but total mechanical energy E remain conserved. Or
E = P.E + K.E = constant

𝐏𝐄𝐀 = mg𝐡𝐀 vA = 0 vA = 0
𝐊𝐄𝐀 = 0 A m A A

𝐏𝐄𝐁 = mg𝐡𝐁
𝟏
𝐊𝐄𝐁 = 𝐦𝐯𝐁𝟐 m
𝟐 B vB = 2𝑔(ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 ) B
= 𝐦𝐠(𝐡𝐀 − 𝐡𝐁 )
hA
C

hB
hC
𝐏𝐄𝐆 = 0
𝟏
𝐊𝐄𝐆 = 𝟐 𝐦𝐯𝐆𝟐 m vG = 2ghA
= 𝐦𝐠𝐡𝐀 G
a a
EA = PEA + KEA EB = PEB + KEB EG = PEG + KEG
EA = mghA +0 EB = mghB + mg(hA − hB ) EG = 0 + mgh𝐴
EA = mghA = PEA EB = mghA = EA EG = mghA = KEG
At A total energy E is PE At A total energy E is partially PE and At G total energy E is KE= PEA
Partially KE but total M.E is same.
 Thus,
Ignoring Air drag: PEA = KEG and Including Air drag: PEA = KEG + Wf
1 1
mghA = mvG2 mghA = mvG2 + f hA
2 2

Q. A brick of mass 2.0 kg is dropped from rest position
10 m above the ground. What is its velocity at height
7 m above the ground?
vB = 2g(hA − hB ) = 2 × 10 × (10 − 7) = 60 = 7.7 ms −1
Q. An object of mass m falls from rest position 10 m
above the ground. What is ratio of its kinetic energies
at height 7 m and 3 m above the ground?
K. EB 12mv2B vB2 2g(hA − hB ) (10 − 7) 3
= = = = =
K. EC 12mvC2 vC2 2g(hA − hC ) (10 − 3) 7

Q. What is ratio of potential A

energies of the object at
points B and C as shown in
Fig?

10 m= hA
B
P. EB mghB hB 7
= = =
P. EC mghC hC 3 C 7 m=hB

3 m=hC
 CIRCULAR MOTION
Motion of a particle around a fixed axis along circular path, is called circular motion.
Angular Displacement Angular Velocity Centripetal Force
θ෠ Force needed to bend normally straight
ω path of a particle into circular path.
L r It is always directed toward center O of
circle and is denoted by 𝐅c .
θ1
P2 θ2 mv 2
2
𝐅c = − = −mω2 r
1 P1 r
t1 = t v2 2r
Time rate of angular displacement covered, 𝒂 c = − = −ω
Angle subtended by an arc of circle r
at center of circle. θ is defined as angular velocity.
Q. Two satellites orbiting around
It is vector directed along change in
For smaller angle, θ is a vector along earth in orbital radii 400 km and 100
angular displacement/ axis of rotation & is
axis of rotation. km complete their one rotation for
S denoted as ω.
θ= (SI unit is rad) Δθ θ2 −θ1 same length of time. What is ratio of
r ω= = −1
( SI Unit is rad 𝑠 )
∆t t2 −t1 their centripetal force ?
Other commonly used unit for θ are
sec, min, deg, rev Relation between v, 𝛚 and r 𝐅c = −mω2 r
𝐯 = 𝛚×𝐫
2π T1 = T2 = T ⟹ ω1 = ω2 = ω
𝟏𝐫𝐞𝐯 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨 = 𝟐𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝 v=ωr= T r
v∝ω∝T
1
for r = constant
𝐅c ∝ r
1rad = 57o v∝r for ω =constant
F1 r1 400 4
= = =
F2 r2 100 1
 Uniform Circular Motion Uniform Accelerated Circular Motion
ω = constant ⟹ α = 0 ω = variable ⟹ α ≠ 0
v = variable
θ P = variable
ω 1
τ = Iα ≠ 0
K.E=2 mv 2 = variable
L at = α r ≠ 0 α≠0
v2
ar = ac = r variable
r τ = Iα ≠ 0 r
L = I ω = variable 𝐯1 =v1vෝ1
𝐯1 = v vෝ1
In this case particle P experience a force F at an angle Φ < 90o
In this case particle P experience centripetal force 𝐅𝑐 .
Or Φ > 90o with v. F has two rectangular components; one
𝐅c is perpendicular to tangential velocity v of P.
along velocity Ft and other along perpendicular to velocity Fr .
𝐅c does not affect magnitude(speed) of v. Thus,
Ft is along tangent to circle, called tangential component and
v = constant Fr is along radius of circle called radial component. Tangential
P = constant Any angular component Ft changes magnitude of v from v1 to v2 during
1 2
K.E= mv = constant 𝐯 ∥ 𝐏 an interval ∆t = t 2 − t1 and produces tangential component
2
quantity is
𝐅c ⊥ 𝐯 of acceleration at , given by
at = α r = 0 perpendicular
𝐅c ⊥ 𝐏 v2 − v1 ω2 r − ω1 r ω2 − ω1 r ∆ω
v2 to any linear
ar = ac = = constant 𝐅c ↿⇂ 𝐫 at = = = = r=αr
r quantity. t 2 − t1 ∆t ∆t ∆t
τ = Iα = 0 𝐚𝐭 = 𝛂 × 𝐫
L = I ω = constant
Radial component F𝑟 changes direction of v from 𝑣 ෞ1
All linear vector quantities 𝐅c , v, P, 𝐚𝐫 , r in circular motion to ෞ
𝑣2 during an interval ∆t = t 2 − t1 and produces radial
changes their direction instantly and are variable. component of acceleration ar .
Angular quantities θ, ω, α, τ, L are directed along axis of rotation and their direction can be determined by right
hand rule, stated as:
Hold axis of rotation in your right hand in such a way that curling of fingers is along rotation
of the particle P so that thumb will be along angular quantity.
On curling of fingers if thumb point towards you, the angular quantity will be anti-clock wise and if thumb point
away from you, the angular quantity will be clock wise.
Anti-clock wise angular quantity is taken as +ve and clock wise angular quantity is taken as –ve.

Linear Analogous Angular Linear Kinematics Equations Kinematics Angular Equations

Quantity Quantity θ = ωt
S=vt
d θ
vf = vi + at ωf = ωi + αt
v ω 1
1
a α S = vi t + at 2 θ = ωi t + αt 2
2 2
m I=m r 2 2 a S = vf2 − vi2 2 α θ = ω2f − ω2i
F=ma τ = Iα
P=mv L = Iω
1 1
KE = mv 2 KErot = I ω2
2 2
I=F t I=τt
W=F d Wrot = τ θ
P=𝐅∙𝐯 Prot = 𝛕 ∙ 𝛉
Orbital Velocity
Tangential velocity of satellite
in an orbit around the Earth,
is called its orbital velocity. vo
c
It is expressed as:
GMe GMe
vo = =
r (R e + h)
1
vo ∝
r
Orbital velocity of satellite is inversely proportional to
square root of orbital radius but is independent of mass,
volume and density of satellite
Q. Two satellites orbiting around earth in orbital radii
400 km and 100 km. What is ratio of their orbital
speed ?
1
vo ∝
r
vo1 r2 100 1
= = =
vo2 r1 400 2
Geostationary Orbit Putting these values in above expression, we get
Orbit of satellite around the r ≈ 42000 km
Earth in which it seems to be h = r − R e = 42000 km − 6400 km
stationary to the inhabitants, = 36000 km
is called Geostationary Orbit.
Orbital velocity of geostationary satellite is
In geostationary orbit, the motion
of satellite is geosynchronized.
GMe 6.67×10−11×6×1024
TOMS = TSME = 24 h = 86400 s = 1 D vo = = = 3.1 km s −1
r 4.2×107
ωs = ωe
We know that
v=ωr Orbital speed of satellite orbiting closely to the Earth
v∝ r h≈ 400 km , r≈ R e = 6400 km, is
Since, r > Re vo = gR e = 7.9 km s−1
So, vs > ve
Expression of radius of the geostationary orbit is
1
GMe 2
T 3
r=
4π2

G = 6.67× 10−11 N m2 kg −2
Me = 6× 1024 kg
T = 1 D = 24 h = 86400 s