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 You can think
Yourself
to greatness
if you take action

-Paul
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Cummings
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OBJECTIVES
• Define a joint.
• Describe the structural and functional basis for the classifications of
joints.
• Explain the importance of ligaments at joints.
• Describe the anatomical components of the joint and the movements that
can occur at this joint.
• Describe the structure and functions of the three types of cartilaginous
joints.
• Describe the structure of synovial joints.
• Outline the structure and function of bursae and tendon sheaths.
• List the six types
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• Clinical connection.
A joint (an articulation or arthrosis(
• A joint : Is a point of contact between two or more bones that have
varying functions and range from immovable to highly movable
junctions.
• Arthrology :The scientific study of joints is termed.
• kinesiology :The study of motion of the human body is called.
• Ligaments: are dense irregular or dense regular connective tissue
structures that bind one bone to another bone. They stabilize joints and
limit the range of motion at a joint.
• Bones actually do not contact one another directly. Some other
connective tissue is always present between the surfaces of the
bones that contact one another to make up joints such as your knees,
ankles, wrists, and elbows.
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 Joint Classifications
A- The structural classification: is based on the:
1- Presence or absence of a synovial cavity.
2- Presence of a solid mass of connective tissue.
● Solid connective tissue joints can have either:
1- Cartilage (cartilaginous joints) OR
2- Dense connective tissue (fibrous joints) as the joining tissue.
B- Functional classification: joints are classified as:
1- synarthroses (immovable).
2- amphiarthroses (slightly movable).
3- diarthroses (freely movable).
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 1- Fibrous Joints
• The bones of fibrous joints are held together by dense irregular connective
tissue.
•These joints include:
1- Immovable sutures: in adults (found only between skull bones.
2- Immovable to slightly movable syndesmoses: there is a greater distance
between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than
in a suture, (such as roots of teeth in the sockets in the mandible and maxilla and
the distal tibiofibular joint).

3- Slightly movable interosseous membranes: (found between the radius and

ulna in the forearm and tibia and fibula in the leg).
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Fibrous Joints

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 2- Cartilaginous (Synchondroses) joint
A synchondrosis (chondro-=cartilage):
is a slightly movable to immovable.
1- Hyaline cartilaginous joint in which the
connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
An example of the cartilaginous junction of
the first rib with the manubrium of the
sternum.
● immovable hyaline cartilage epiphyseals
cartilages (epiphyseal or growth plates
between the diaphysis and epiphyses of
growing bones).
2- slightly movable fibrocartilage
symphyses:
All symphyses occur in the
midline of the body. EX:
A- At the intervertebral
joints between the bodies of
vertebrae. A portion of the
intervertebral disc is made up
of fibrocartilage.
B- Pubic symphysis.

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2- Cartilaginous (Synchondroses) joint

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3- Structure of Synovial Joints
•(diarthroses)
Synovial joints (diarthroses): contain:
1- Synovial cavity: a space between bones called the.
2- articular cartilage: covering the adjacent surfaces of bone.
3- Articular capsule: made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner
synovial membrane.
4- synovial fluid: a thin, viscous film over the articular cartilages and other
surfaces.
5- Accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular).
6- Articular discs or menisci.
7- A labrum: is a fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the
joint socket and helps deepen the socket.
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8- Bursae: are saclike structures, alleviate friction.
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 Types of Synovial Joints
Types of synovial joints are:
2- Hinge:
1- Plane:
Articulating surfaces are flat, and the the convex surface of one bone
bones glide back-and-forth and fits into the concave surface of
side-to-side (many are biaxial, but another, and the motion is angular
some that also permit rotation are around one axis (uniaxial).
triaxial).

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 Types of Synovial Joints….CON
3- Pivot: 4- Condyloid:
• A round or pointed surface of • An oval projection of one bone
one bone fits into a ring formed fits into an oval cavity of
by another bone and a ligament, another, and motion is angular
and movement is rotational around two axes (biaxial).
(uniaxial).

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 Types of Synovial Joints….CON
5- Saddle:
6- Ball-and-socket:
• The articular surface of one bone • The ball-shaped surface of one
is shaped like a saddle and the bone fits into the cuplike
other bone fits into the saddle like depression of another; motion is
a sitting rider; motion is angular around three axes (triaxial).
around three axes (biaxial). Examples include the shoulder and
hip joints.

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Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
1. Gliding movement: the nearly flat surfaces of bones move back-and-
forth and side-to-side.
2. Angular movements: a change in the angle between bones occurs.
Examples are flexion–extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, and
abduction–adduction.
3- Circumduction refers to the movement of the distal end of a body part
in a circle and involves a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction,
extension, adduction, and rotation.
4. Rotation: a bone moves around its own longitudinal axis.

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Types of Movements at Synovial
Joints….CON
4. Special movements occur at specific synovial joints. Examples are:
A-Elevation–depression.
B- Protraction– retraction.
C. Inversion–eversion.
D. Dorsiflexion–plantar flexion.
C. Supination–pronation.
D. Opposition.

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Factors Affecting Contact and Range of
Motion at Synovial Joints
1. The ways that articular surfaces of synovial joints contact one
another determines the type of movement possible.
2. Factors that contribute to keeping the surfaces in contact and
affect range of motion are structure or shape of the articulating bones,
strength and tension of the ligaments, arrangement and tension of the
muscles, contact of soft parts, hormones, and disuse.

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 Selected Joints of the Body
1- The temporomandibular joint 2- . The shoulder (humeroscapular or
(TMJ): glenohumeral):
• Is between the condyle of the • Joint is between the head of the
mandible and mandibular fossa and humerus and glenoid cavity of
articular tubercle of the temporal the scapula.
bone. • A dislocated shoulder: the head of the
• A dislocated mandible :(anterior displacement) humerus becomes displaced inferiorly
may occur. When the mandible is displaced in this
manner, the mouth remains wide open and the person is
unable to close it.

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 Selected Joints of the Body…..CON
4- The hip (coxal) joint: is
3- The elbow joint: is formed by between the head of the femur and
parts of three bones: humerus, ulna, acetabulum of the hip bone.
and radius.
Tennis elbow: most commonly
refers to pain at or near the lateral
epicondyle of the humerus, usually
caused by an improperly executed
backhand.

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 Selected Joints of the Body…..CON
• 5- The knee (tibiofemoral) joint: is between
the patella and patellar surface of the femur; the
lateral condyle of the femur, the lateral
meniscus, and the lateral condyle of the tibia;
and the medial condyle of the femur, the medial
meniscus, and the medial condyle of the tibia.
• Torn cartilage: The tearing of menisci in the
knee, occurs often among athletes. Such
damaged cartilage will begin to wear and may
cause arthritis to develop.

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 Selected Joints of the Body…..CON
6- The ankle (talocrural) joint: is formed by the distal end of the tibia and its
medial malleolus with the talus and the lateral malleolus of the fibula.
● The ankle is the most frequently injured of the major joints of the body.
Ankle sprains: the most common ankle injuries, often occur in sports that
involve running and jumping.

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Aging and Joints
• With aging, a decrease in synovial fluid, thinning of articular
cartilage, and decreased flexibility of ligaments occur. Most
individuals experience some degeneration in the knee, elbow, hip,
and shoulder joints due to the aging process

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CLINICAL CONNECTION
• Ankle Sprains the most common ankle injuries, often occur in sports
that involve running and jumping.
• Arthroplasty: severely damaged by diseases such as arthritis, or by
injury.
• Partial hip replacements: involve only the femur.
• Total hip replacements: involve both the acetabulum and head of
the femur.
• Knee replacements are actually a resurfacing of cartilage and, like hip
replacements, may be partial or total.

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CLINICAL CONNECTION
• Bursitis: An acute or chronic inflammation of a bursais usually caused
by irritation from repeated, excessive exertion of a joint, may also be
caused by trauma, an acute or chronic infection (including syphilis and
tuberculosis), or by rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms include pain,
swelling, tenderness, and limited movement.

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CLINICAL CONNECTION
• Rheumatism: is any painful disorder of the supporting structures
of the body—bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles—that is not
caused by infection or injury.
• Osteoarthritis: is a degenerative joint disease in which joint
cartilage is gradually lost. It results from a combination of aging,
obesity, irritation of the joints, muscle weakness, and wear and
abrasion.

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References
• Tortora G. J. & Nielsen M. (2017). Principles of human anatomy 14th
edition (14th ed.). Wiley. CHPTER 9
• VANPUTTE C. I. N. N. A. M. O. N. R. E. G. A. N. J. E. N. N. I. F. E. R. R.
U. S. S. O. A. N. D. R. E. W. (2021). Ise seeley's essentials of anatomy and
physiology. MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. CHPTER 1
• Schünke Michael Schulte E. & Schumacher U. (2020). Thieme atlas of
anatomy. general anatomy and musculoskeletal system (Third edition Latin
nomenclature). Thieme. CHPTER 4
• Peate I. (2022). Anatomy and physiology for nursing and healthcare
students at a glance (Second). Wiley-Blackwell. CHPTER 10

• Netter F. H. (2023).
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Netter atlas of human
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anatomy: a systems
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approach
(Eighth edition. Standard). Elsevier. CHPTER 3