THYROIDECTOMY PROCEDURE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course

NCM 31112L (Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluids and Electrolytes,
Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberration, Acute and
Chronic-RLE)

A Case Study submitted to:

COLLEGE OF NURSING

Submitted by:
Abrian, Rouie Bjorn
Soberano, Sean Trevor

SEPTEMBER 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction

II. Pathophysiology

III. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures

IV. Drug Studies

V. Nursing Care Plans

VI. Prognosis
I. INTRODUCTION

Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all (total thyroidectomy) or part (partial

thyroidectomy) of your thyroid gland—the butterfly-shaped organ located posterior to the
sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles, wrapping around the cricoid cartilage and tracheal rings.
To treat thyroid problems, doctors perform thyroidectomy. These include malignancy,
noncancerous thyroid enlargement (goiter), and overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).
Thyroidectomy is a relatively risk-free treatment. However, like any other surgery, it includes the
potential of complications. According to Caulley et al. (2017), patients who underwent inpatient
total thyroidectomy had significantly higher rates of postoperative pneumonia, pulmonary
embolism, respiratory failure, urinary tract infection, cerebrovascular accident (CVA)/stroke,
myocardial infarction, blood transfusion, sepsis, septic shock, and death than patients who
underwent outpatient total thyroidectomy. Hence, the goal of this case study is to assist the
reader better comprehend the thyroidectomy operation from a nursing standpoint.
II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
III. LABORATORY TESTS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

Before undergoing this procedure (thyroidectomy), several laboratory tests and diagnostic
procedures are generally conducted to evaluate the thyroid gland and determine the necessity and
extent of the surgery. These tests and procedures help in the diagnosis, staging (in case of
cancer), and surgical planning for individuals requiring a thyroidectomy. After surgery, some of
these tests (especially thyroid function tests and thyroglobulin levels) are used for ongoing
monitoring and management.

A. LABORATORY TESTS
● Thyroid Function Tests
I. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone): Evaluates the pituitary’s response to
thyroid hormone levels in the blood.
II. Free T4 (Free Thyroxine): Measures the unbound (active) form of thyroxine in the
blood.
III. Free T3 (Free Triiodothyronine): Measures the unbound form of triiodothyronine,
which is the more active form of thyroid hormone.

● Thyroid Antibodies
I. TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase) Antibodies: Commonly elevated in Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis and other autoimmune thyroid disorders.
II. Tg (Thyroglobulin) Antibodies: May be raised in autoimmune thyroid disease.
III. TSI (Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins): Elevated in Graves’ disease.

● Thyroglobulin Level: This protein can be a marker for certain types of thyroid cancer.
After a thyroidectomy for cancer, thyroglobulin levels are monitored to check for cancer
recurrence.

● Calcium and Parathyroid Hormone: To evaluate parathyroid function, as the parathyroid

glands can be affected during thyroid surgery.
B. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
● Ultrasound of the Thyroid: The primary imaging technique used to evaluate thyroid
nodules’ size, location, and characteristics. It also helps guide decisions about which
nodules to biopsy.

● Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNA): Uses a thin needle to take a sample of tissue from
the thyroid nodule. The sample is then examined under a microscope to check for cancer
cells.

● Radioactive Iodine Uptake and Scan: Evaluates the function of the thyroid and its
nodules. Patients are given a small amount of radioactive iodine, and its uptake in the
thyroid is measured. Overactive areas (hot nodules) and underactive areas (cold nodules)
can be identified.

● CI or MRI Scan: Used less commonly and usually reserved for large goiters that extend
into the chest or if there's a concern about invasion into nearby structures.

● Laryngoscopy: A procedure to examine the voice box, specifically looking at the vocal
cords. This can be essential before surgery, especially if the patient has voice changes, as
it provides a baseline. The recurrent laryngeal nerve, which controls the vocal cords, is
near the thyroid and can be at risk during surgery.
IV. DRUG STUDIES

GENERIC NAME: MECHANISM OF

Propranolol ACTION:
SIDE EFFECTS/ NURSING
Propranolol is a ADVERSE RESPONSIBILITI
nonselective β-adrenergic REACTIONS ES
receptor antagonist.
BRAND NAME:
Blocking of these
Inderal
receptors leads to
vasoconstriction,
inhibition of angiogenic
factors like vascular
endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) and basic growth
factor of fibroblasts
(bFGF), induction of
apoptosis of endothelial
cells, as well as down
regulation of the
renin-angiotensin-aldoster
one system.
DRUG ILLUSTRATION: INDICATION: ● Agranulocytosis, ● Consult with
thrombocytopeni physician
Propranolol is indicated to a. about
treat hypertension. ● Bradycardia, withdrawing
Propranolol is also cardiac failure, drug if
indicated to treat angina AV block. patient is to
pectoris due to coronary ● Visual undergo
CLASSIFICATION:
atherosclerosis, atrial disturbances, dry surgery
fibrillation, myocardial eye, (withdrawal
Beta blockers
infarction, migraine, conjunctivitis. is
essential tremor, ● Nausea, controversial
hypertrophic subaortic vomiting, ).
stenosis. diarrhea, ● Provide
constipation, dry continuous
DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/R CONTRAINDICATION mouth. cardiac and
OUTE : ● Lethargy, regular BP
fatigue. monitoring
Oral Solution History of bronchial ● Hypersensitivity, with IV
● 4.28 mg/mL asthma, bronchospasm anaphylactic form.
(Hemangeol) chronic obstructive reactions. Change to
(pediatric) airways disease, ● Dizziness. oral form as
● 20mg/5mL bradycardia, cardiogenic soon as
● 40mg/5mL shock, hypotension, possible.
metabolic acidosis, sick ● Give oral
sinus syndrome, drug with
uncontrolled heart failure, food to
Prinzmetal’s angina. facilitate
absorption.
GENERIC NAME: MECHANISM OF
Methimazole ACTION:
SIDE EFFECTS/ NURSING
Methimazole's primary ADVERSE RESPONSIBILITIE
mechanism of action REACTIONS S
appears to be interference
BRAND NAME:
in an early step in thyroid
Tapazole
hormone synthesis
involving thyroid
peroxidase (TPO),
however the exact method
through which
methimazole inhibits this
step is unclear.

DRUG ILLUSTRATION: INDICATION: ● Black, tarry ● Monitor

stools. response for
methimazole is indicated ● bleeding gums. symptoms of
for the treatment of ● bleeding under hyperthyroidis
hyperthyroidism in the skin. m or
patients with Graves' ● bloody or thyrotoxicosis
disease or toxic cloudy urine. (tachycardia,
CLASSIFICATION:
multinodular goiter for ● burning, palpitations,
whom thyroidectomy or crawling, nervousness,
Antithyroid drugs
radioactive iodine therapy itching, insomnia,
are not appropriate numbness, fever,
treatment options. prickling, diaphoresis.
 Methimazole is also "pins and ● Assess for
indicated for the needles", or development
amelioration of tingling of
hyperthyroid symptoms in feelings. hypothyroidis
preparation for ● chills. m (intolerance
thyroidectomy or ● difficulty in to cold,
radioactive iodine therapy breathing. constipation,
● dizziness or dry skin,
DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/R CONTRAINDICATION lightheadednes headache,
OUTE : s. listlessness,
tiredness, or
Mild: 15 mg/day PO divided ● Methimazole is weakness).
q8hr initially contraindicated if Dose
there is adjustment
hypersensitivity to may be
the drug or any of required.
its components. ● Assess for skin
● It is relatively rash or
contraindicated swelling of
during pregnancy. cervical lymph
nodes.
Treatment may
be
discontinued if
this occurs.
GENERIC NAME: MECHANISM OF
Levothyroxine ACTION:
SIDE EFFECTS/ NURSING
ADVERSE RESPONSIBILITI
T4 is the major hormone REACTIONS ES
secreted from the thyroid
BRAND NAME:
gland and is chemically
identical to the naturally
Eltroxin, Ermeza, Euthyrox,
secreted T4: it increases
Levo-T,
metabolic rate, decreases
thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) production
from the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland, and, in
peripheral tissues, is
converted to T3.

DRUG ILLUSTRATION: INDICATION:

CLASSIFICATION:
synthetic T4 hormone
Monitor and report
Levothyroxine is indicated ● weight loss
signs of excessive or
as replacement therapy in ● heat
inadequate dosing.
primary (thyroidal), sensitivity
Excessive doses
secondary (pituitary) and ● excessive
mimic
tertiary (hypothalamic) sweating
hyperthyroidism, as
congenital or acquired ● headache
indicated by
hypothyroidism. It is also ● hyperactivity
nervousness, weight
indicated as an adjunct to ● nervousness
 surgery and radioiodine ● anxiety loss, muscle wasting,
therapy in the management ● irritability tachycardia, and heat
of thyrotropin-dependent ● mood swings intolerance.
well-differentiated thyroid ● trouble Inadequate doses
cancer. sleeping mimic
● tiredness hypothyroidism, as
DOSAGE/FREQUENCY/R CONTRAINDICATION: ● tremors indicated by
OUTE lethargy, weight
Levothyroxine sodium is gain, bradycardia,
1.7 mcg/kg or 100-125 mcg contraindicated in patients and cold intolerance.
PO qDay; not to exceed 300 with untreated
mcg/day thyrotoxicosis or an
apparent hypersensitivity to
thyroid hormones.
Levothyroxine sodium is
also contraindicated in the
patients with uncorrected
adrenal insufficiency.
V. NURSING CARE PLANS

A. Actual Problems

Problem No. Problem

1 Impaired comfort related to postsurgical pain, discomfort,

and throat soreness

2 Ineffective airway clearance

3 Impaired verbal communication

B. Potential Problems

Problem No. Problem

1 Risk for impaired skin integrity related to surgical incision

2 Risk for aspiration

3 Risk for injury

Actual Problem No. 1

ASSESSMENT DIAGNO SHORT LONG INTERVENTI RATIONA EVALUATI
SIS TERM TERM ONS LE ON
PLAN PLAN
SUBJECTIVE: Impaired After After nursing Administer To alleviate SHORT
“My throat hurts, I comfort nursing intervention, prescribed pain and TERM:
find it hard to rest related to intervention the patient pain discomfort
‘cause of it” as post-surgi , the patient will be able medications that the After nursing
verbalized by the cal pain, will be able to promote timely and patient feels intervention,
patient with a pain discomfort to alleviate healing, evaluate their and to the patient
scale of 8 out of , and acute prevent effectiveness. ensure their was able
10 throat post-surgica complication effectivenes to alleviate
soreness l pain and s, and ensure s acute
OBJECTIVE: discomfort sustained throughout post-surgical
and ensure comfort over taking the pain and
● Irritability patient the weeks medication discomfort.
● Facial comfort following
grimace within the surgery. Regularly Regular
● Restlessnes next 24 to assess pain assessment LONG
s 72 hours. levels using an helps in TERM:
● Paleness appropriate titrating
pain scale. pain After nursing
medications intervention,
 effectively the patient
to was able
determine to promote
the healing,
effectivenes prevent
s of the complication
intervention s, and ensure
and adjust sustained
dosages or comfort
medications following the
as surgery.
Encourage necessary.
pain relief
methods, such These
as relaxation techniques
techniques, can reduce
and muscle
positioning. tension and
alleviate
pain
Sean Trevor Soberano, SN
Actual Problem No. 2

Assessment Diagnosis Short-term Long-term Interventions Rationale Evaluation

Plan Plan

Subjective: “She’s Ineffective The patient will The patient will Independent: 1. This sets a ● The patient
been struggling to airway keep and demonstrate 1. Keep track of baseline for was able to
breathe ever since clearance preserve a patent increased air the patient’s the patient’s keep and
she was transferred airway. exchange by vital signs, health preserve a
here.” as verbalized achieving and paying special status and patent
by the patient’s maintaining attention to aids in the airway.
guardian. oxygen respiratory planning of ● The patient
saturation level function appropriate has
Objective: within the measures such care. demonstrat
● RR: 25 normal range as depth and 2. The degree ed
breaths per during rest and rate. of airway increased
minute activity. 2. Observe any obstruction air
● Wheezing unexpected may be exchange
● Ineffective sounds, such determined by
cough as crackles, by the achieving
wheezes, existence of and
rhonchi, and adventitiou maintainin
others, upon s breath g oxygen
 auscultation of noises. Any saturation
breath sounds. result level
Record these should be within the
observations. recorded normal
3. Evaluate the and utilized range
patient to see as a during rest
whether they reference. and
have stridor, 3. These are activity.
crowing (more suggestive
pronounced of laryngeal
during spasms and
inspiration), may require
or any an
difficulty emergency
breathing. referral. A
4. Teach the laryngeal
patient how to spasm is a
support the serious
head and neck condition
during that can be
movements fatal.
placing the 4. This action
 hands behind prevents
the neck and additional
slowly strain on
moving when the suture
needed. line,
5. Teach the decreasing
patient the pain
proper deep perception
breathing, while
coughing, and allowing
positioning the patient
themselves mobility on
while paying the head
close attention and neck.
to prevent the This move
suture line also helps
from ensure that
experiencing the patient
undue tension. has a patent
airway,
Dependent: improved
6. Suction the ventilation,
 patient’s and gas
mouth and exchange.
trachea if 5. Clearing
necessary. the airway
Make sure of mucus
that the proper sometimes
facility with a
procedures are cough and
followed and deep
that the breathing
sputum’s can assist.
characteristics Breathing
are recorded. exercises
7. Encourage are
steam occasionall
inhalation y suggested
therapy. If to clear
needed, secretions,
transfer the albeit they
patient to a are not
room where typically
humidified air done for
 is available. patients
8. In case it’s who have
required, get had a
ready to thyroidecto
provide my.
oxygen and 6. Suctioning
other aids in the
pharmacologi removal of
c treatments. viscous
9. Patients with secretions
serious airway from the
issues that airway and
other makes air
conservative exchanges
methods are easier.
unable to treat 7. Steam
should be inhalation
prepared to provides
need a relief from
tracheostomy. soreness of
the trachea
and tissue
 edema. It
also helps
to liquefy
secretions,
making it
easier to
expel them.
8. Oxygen and
medication
may be
used to ease
gas
exchange
and airway
blockage.
9. When other
methods are
unsuccessfu
l, a
tracheosto
my is
performed
 to open an
airway and
make
breathing
easier for
the patient.

Rouie Bjorn Abrian, SN

Actual Problem No. 3

Assessment Diagnosis Short-term Long-term Interventions Rationale Evaluation

Plan Plan

Subjective: “She Impaired The patient will The patient will 1. Evaluate the 1. Determine ● The patient
finds it hard to talk.” verbal be able to ensure being patient’s whether was able to
as verbalized by the communication communicate understood by verbal and there is a communic
patient’s guardian. more effectively. others by using written communica ate more
efficient communicatio tion issue effectively.
Objective: communication n skills by ● The patient
● Dysphonia techniques. following contrasting was able to
● Stuttering surgery. the patient’s ensure
and slurred 2. Maintain brief verbal being
speech and communica understood
 straightforwar tion by others
d abilities by using
communicatio after the efficient
n with the surgery. It communic
patient. is important ation
3. Offer the to analyze techniques.
patient various and
communicatio properly
n tools, such record
as writing symptoms
papers, small like
whiteboards, hoarseness
and of voice
letter/picture and sore
signage. throat.
4. Include the 2. The patient
patient’s can relax
family in the their voice
care plan, and the
particularly demand on
with regard to his speech
communicatio is lessened
 n. as a result.
5. Visit the 3. Utilizing
patient these
frequently and strategies
pay attention enables the
to nonverbal patient to
signs to convey his
anticipate demands
their more
requirements. clearly,
lessens the
strain
associated
with using
his voice to
speak, and
promotes
further
relaxation.
4. This
promotes
continuity
 of treatment
and aids the
family in
adjusting to
any
short-term
or
long-term
changes in
communica
tion styles.
5. As a result
of not
having to
verbally
explain
themselves,
the patient
has less
tension and
worry.
Because
 they won’t
have to
shout for
help as
often,
anticipating
their
requirement
s also
encourages
calm.

Rouie Bjorn Abrian, SN

Potential Problem No. 1

ASSESSMEN DIAGNOSI SHORT LONG INTERVENTI RATIONALE EVALUATI
T S TERM TERM ONS ON
PLAN PLAN
OBJECTIVE: Risk for After After Regularly Early detection After
● Rednes impaired nursing nursing inspect the of any nursing
s and skin intervention, interventio surgical site abnormality can intervention,
swellin integrity n, the for signs of lead to prompt
 g in the related to the patient patient will redness, treatment and the patient
incision surgical will be able be able swelling, prevent further was able
site incision. to maintain to promote discharge, or complications. to promote
● Elevate the integrity complete wound complete
d body of the healing of separation. healing of
tempera surgical the surgical the surgical
ture incision, and site, Clean the Reducing site, prevent
(38.7 prevent prevent incision as microbial load scar-related
C) complication scar-related prescribed, at the incision complicatio
s in the complicati maintaining site minimizes ns, and
immediate ons, and aseptic the risk of ensure the
post-operativ ensure the technique. infection. return of
e period for return of normal skin
the first few normal Position the integrity.
days. skin patient in a Reducing
integrity in manner that tension
the weeks minimizes promotes
to months tension on the wound healing
following incision and by preventing
surgery. avoids stress on the
prolonged suture line.
 pressure on
the area.

Educate the
patient about Touching or
the scratching can
importance of introduce
not scratching microbes,
or touching leading to
the surgical infection and
site. further
impairing skin
integrity.
Sean Trevor Soberano, SN

Potential Problem No. 2

Assessment Diagnosis Short-term Long-term Interventions Rationale Evaluation

Plan Plan

Note: A risk Risk for The patient will The patient will Independent: 1. Whether ● The patient
diagnosis is not aspiration demonstrate not experience 1. Keep the head self-feeding was able to
evidenced by signs appropriate aspiration as of the bed , assisting demonstrat
and symptoms as the techniques to observed by elevated after with e
problem has not yet prevent clear lung feeding. feeding, appropriate
occurred, and the aspiration. sounds, 2. Implement administeri techniques
goal of nursing unlabored other feeding ng to prevent
interventions is breathing, and techniques. medications aspiration.
aimed at prevention. oxygen 3. Consult with or tube ● The patient
saturation speech feedings, doesn’t
within normal therapy. the head of experience
limits. 4. Position the bed aspiration
properly. should as
5. Request remain observed
medication elevated for by clear
formulation 30 min–1 lung
changes as hour after. sounds,
necessary. 2. Patients unlabored
6. Provide mouth who require breathing,
care. assistance and
with oxygen
Dependent: feeding saturation
7. Keep should be within
suctioning fed small normal
equipment at bites limits.
 the bedside. slowly.
8. Perform Allow rest
suctioning as before
necessary. feeding
9. Follow diet times as
modifications. this may
decrease
the patient’s
difficulty
with
swallowing.
Do not
distract or
allow the
patient to
talk while
chewing or
swallowing.
3. If
swallowing
is impaired,
the patient
requires
further
screening.
A
speech-lang
uage
pathologist
(SLP) can
test
swallowing
with
different
foods and
liquids.
They can
also teach
the patient
techniques
to reduce
swallowing
such as the
“chin-tuck”
 maneuver.
4. Patients
with
drooling or
uncontrolle
d secretions
should be
placed
side-lying
to allow
secretions
to drain and
not pool in
their
mouths.
Patients on
continuous
tube feeds
should
always
have the
head of the
 bed
elevated at
least 30
degrees.
5. Patients
who cannot
swallow
pills may
need
medications
in liquid,
IV, or
powder
form. Some
pills cannot
be crushed
and may
not come in
other forms
and the
patient may
tolerate
 swallowing
by placing
the pill in
applesauce
or pudding.
6. Mouth care
prior to
meals
increases
the desire
to eat while
oral care
following
meals
removes
any residual
food that
could cause
aspiration.
7. Patients at
an
increased
 risk for
aspirating
should have
functioning
suctioning
equipment
at the
bedside for
immediate
use.
8. Patients
with a large
amount of
secretions
or who
cannot clear
them
themselves
may require
frequent
suctioning.
9. Use
 thickening
agents as
ordered and
ensure the
use of
proper diet
modificatio
ns such as
pureed or
mechanical
soft foods
as thicker
foods and
liquids are
less likely
to be
aspirated.

Rouie Bjorn Abrian, SN

Potential Problem No. 3

Assessment Diagnosis Short-term Long-term Interventions Rationale Evaluation

Plan Plan
Note: A risk Risk for injury The patient will The patient will 1. Observe the 1. In the ● The patient
diagnosis is not exhibit no determine the patient’s vital course of has
evidenced by signs evidence of factors that signs and keep partial exhibited
and symptoms as the injury and increase their track of any thyroidecto no
problem has not yet further risk for injury cyanosis, my, the evidence
occurred, and the complications and will tachycardia, gland may of injury
goal of nursing are controlled. demonstrate high fever, or be and further
interventions is behaviors to other irregular manipulate complicati
aimed at prevention. avoid injury. heartbeats. d, which ons are
2. Regularly could cause controlled.
assess a thyroid ● The patient
reflexes. storm due was able to
Check for to increased determine
neuromuscula hormone the factors
r irritability by release. that
looking for 2. Hypocalce increase
twitching, mia with their risk
numbness, tetany for injury
paresthesias, (typically and has
positive transitory) demonstrat
Chvostek’s may appear ed
and 1–7 days behaviors
 Trousseau’s, after to avoid
and seizure surgery, and injury.
activity. is an
3. Place the indication
patient in a of
room near the hypoparath
nurses’ yroidism,
station. which can
4. Keep the be brought
airway at the on by
bedside, bed accidental
at a low injury to or
position, and partial–total
the side rails excision of
lifted and the
padded. Stay parathyroid
away from gland(s)
using during
constraints. surgery.
5. Check the 3. Moving the
calcium levels patient’s
in the blood. room closer
6. To reduce the to the nurse
risk of the station
patient allows the
accidentally health care
falling, invite provider to
family closely
members or observe
close friends patients at
to stay with high risk
them. for injury
7. Encourage the and falls
patient to and
express their promptly
feelings and provide
worries about intervention
environmental s.
dangers. 4. Lessens the
possibility
of injury in
the event of
seizures.
5. Patients
 who have
levels of
less than
7.5 mg/100
mL
typically
need
supplement
ation
therapy.
6. This is to
keep the
patient safe
from harm,
falls, and
other
mishaps.
Family
members of
hospitalized
patients
have an
 important
impact in
assuring
safety and
defending
their loved
ones from
harm.
7. By
expressing
their
understandi
ng of the
patient’s
information
and
concerns,
the nurse
can validate
the patient’s
experience.
Additionall
y, it
enhances
the bond
between the
nurse and
the patient.

Rouie Bjorn Abrian, SN

VI. PROGNOSIS

Survival of patients with PTC was not significantly influenced by the extent of
thyroidectomy. The survival after partial thyroidectomy was similar to total thyroidectomy
within both the low- and high-risk prognostic groups. In low-risk patients, 10-year survival after
total thyroidectomy was 89%, compared with 91% after partial thyroidectomy (adjusted hazard
ratio for death, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.28–2.33; P < .001); older age, male sex, larger
tumor, lymph node metastases, and lack of radioactive iodine were associated with higher
mortality. In high-risk patients, 10-year survival after total thyroidectomy was 72%, compared
with 78% after partial thyroidectomy (adjusted hazard ratio for death, 1.46; 95% confidence
interval, .89–2.40; P < .14); older age, distant metastases, larger tumors, and lack of radioactive
iodine were associated with higher mortality. (Haigh et al, 2004)
 REFERENCES

Thyroidectomy. (2022, September 8). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2023 from:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/7016-thyroidectomy
Allen E., Fingeret A. (2023, September 8) Anatomy, Head and Neck, Thyroid. National
Library of Medicine. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2023 from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470452/
Thyroidectomy. (2022, September 3). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2023 from:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/thyroidectomy/about/pac-20385195
Caulley L., Johnson-Obaseki S., Luo L., Javidnya H. (2017, February 3). Risk factors for
postoperative complications in total thyroidectomy. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved
Sept. 11, 2023 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5293415/
Haigh P.I., Urbach D.R., Rotstein L.E. (2004, December 27). Extent of Thyroidectomy Is
Not a Major Determinant of Survival in Low- or High-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer. National
Library of Medicine. Retrieved Sept. 10, 2023 from:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15827782/#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20Survival%20of%20pa
tients%20with,and%20high%2Drisk%20prognostic%20groups.