08-Jan-2024

Power Systems
Course Code: EE 308
(2-1-0-3)

Electrical Engineering, IIT Indore

 What is Power System?

• A system that deals with the business of generation, transmission and distribution of Electrical
Energy.
• Largest and most complex man-made system.
• Power System provides a vital service to the society.
• It should be operated with the goal of achieving:
▪ Highest reliability standards
▪ Lowest operation cost
▪ Minimum environmental impacts
Power Generation
Sources of Energy
Power Generation Overview in India

https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/overview
Working diagram Thermal power station
Working diagram Hydro electric power plant.`
Nuclear power station
Pressurized water nuclear reactor
 Renewable Sources

Solar Type-III Wind Type-IV Wind

 Challenges with Renewable Sources
Variability
• Varies the Thevenin equivalent.
• Changes the source-
impedance-ratio (SIR).
• Apparent impedance varies
with pre-fault internal voltage
and equivalent source
impedance.
Non-homogeneity Diversity in control schemes Reduced System Inertia
Different converter-control arrangement
Reactive current generation with FRT
Voltage and current during power swing
• A grid-connected renewable • Converter-arrangement varies with • Increases the severity and
plant is considered as a renewable source types. frequency of occurrence of
voltage-controlled current power swing.
• Reactive current generation criteria
source. • Signals are modulated with
changes with grid codes.
• Most of existing CIRPs low frequency components.
• Fault current limitation increases
generate balanced current • Changes the periodicity.
even during asymmetrical the equivalent plant impedance.
faults.
Typical Daily Load curve
 A typical load curve experienced in India

Courtesy: P. Esther Kamala, Director (IRP), Central Electricity Authority

Load Factor, Distribution Factor & Capacity Factor

Average Load
Load Factor =
Maximum Peak Load

Sum of Individual maximum demands

Distribution Factor =
Maximum Load in the system

Actual Energy Produced

Plant Capacity Factor =
Installed Capacity
 Requirement of Single Line Diagram

Generic Power System Present Power System

Will be continued in next lecture ………..