QUARTER 2

LESSON 3
LESSON 3: Formulating Assertion and Opinion
What is Assertion? (Ano ang ASSERTION?)
Ang "assertion" ay isang pahayag o pangungusap na
naglalaman ng sariling opinyon, pananaw, o paniniwala ng isang
tao tungkol sa isang partikular na bagay. Ito ay isang malinaw at
tiyak na pahayag na naglalaman ng kanyang opinyon o paniniwala
hinggil sa isang isyu, ideya, o paksa. Sa kalaunan, maaaring
suportahan ang assertion na ito ng mga ebidensya, halimbawa, o
lohika upang palakasin ang pahayag at gawing mas makatwiran.

Halimbawa ng assertion:
"Ang climate change ay isang malubhang suliranin na kinakaharap
ng ating lipunan. Kailangang agarang kumilos ang pamahalaan
at ang bawat isa sa atin upang mapabawas ang epekto nito sa
ating kalikasan at hinaharap."
Sa halimbawang ito, ang assertion ay ang pahayag na "Ang climate
change ay isang malubhang suliranin." Ito ay naglalaman ng
malinaw at tiyak na opinyon tungkol sa isang pangunahing
isyu.
READ COMPREHENSIVELY that you may absorb the lesson and find learning in it. At the end,
you shall answer the questions below:

QUIZ 3. Instruction: On a sheet of clean INTERMEDIATE PAPER (yellow paper will not be accepted),
answer the following questions. To be passed on Thursday, (January 11, 2024). Each question is
equivalent to 10points. Late submission: 5points each item.
1. What’s the difference between Bias and Prejudice? Explain.
2. What is Citation? Explain.
3. Why is it important to cite sources? Explain.
4. If you are given the chance to have an Impromptu Speech, what would you wish to speak
about? Explain.

LESSON 1.1: BIAS AND PREJUDICE

Bias is an unfair personal opinion that influences your

judgment.

Bias: Imagine you have a favorite color, let's say blue. If

someone asks you to pick the best color, you might
choose blue because it's your favorite. That's okay when
it comes to colors, but sometimes people have similar
preferences or opinions about certain groups of people.
Bias is when someone has a preference or opinion for or
against a person or a group of people, even before
 knowing them. It's like having a favorite without really
giving the other options a fair chance.

Prejudice is an opinion or judgment that disregards the

facts.

Prejudice: Now, think about meeting someone new. If you

decide you don't like them just because they're wearing
glasses or have a different accent, that's prejudice.
Prejudice is when you judge or form an opinion about
someone based on things like their appearance,
background, or beliefs without really knowing them. It's
like deciding not to be friends with someone because of
something superficial rather than getting to know who
they truly are.
THERE ARE SEVEN(7) FORMS OF BIAS
Let's delve into the definitions and explanations of each bias:

1. Invisibility:
- Definition: Invisibility bias occurs when certain groups or individuals are overlooked or not
considered in a given context.
- Explanation: Imagine if a history book only talked about one group of people and ignored the
contributions and experiences of others. Invisibility bias can lead to neglecting or forgetting the
importance of different perspectives, making it seem like certain people or ideas don't matter.

2. Stereotyping:
- Definition: Stereotyping is when people assume that everyone in a particular group is the same or
shares the same characteristics.
- Explanation: For instance, thinking that all people from a specific country are good at math is a
stereotype. Stereotyping oversimplifies and can lead to unfair judgments or expectations
based on someone's background or identity.

3. Imbalance and Selectivity:

- Definition: Imbalance and selectivity bias involve presenting information in a way that favors one
side or selectively highlights certain aspects.
- Explanation: If a news report only tells part of a story, leaving out key details, it can create an
imbalanced view. This bias can manipulate how people perceive a situation by not providing
the full picture.

4. Unreality:
- Definition: Unreality bias occurs when information is distorted or presented in a way that doesn't
accurately reflect reality.
- Explanation: If someone exaggerates or distorts facts to make a situation seem worse (or better)
than it actually is, it can create an unreal perception. This bias can contribute to
misunderstandings and false beliefs.

5. Fragmentation & Isolation:

- Definition: Fragmentation and isolation bias happen when information or ideas are separated from
their broader context, leading to a narrow understanding.
- Explanation: If you only focus on one part of a story without considering the larger picture, it's like
looking at a puzzle piece without seeing the whole puzzle. This bias can limit understanding by
isolating details from their overall context.

6. Linguistic Bias:
- Definition: Linguistic bias involves using language that favors or disadvantages particular groups,
reinforcing stereotypes or unequal power dynamics.
 Ito ay maaaring magkaruon ng iba't ibang anyo, at maaaring maging sanhi ng hindi patas na trato o pagsusuri
batay sa wika ng isang tao o grupo ng tao. Narito ang ilang halimbawa ng linguistic bias:

1. Accent Bias:
- Halimbawa: Sa ilang kultura, ang isang partikular na uri ng accent o diwa ng pagsasalita ay maaaring maging
basehan ng diskriminasyon. Ang mga taong may ibang accent mula sa pangkalahatan ay maaaring
maipagkaitan ng oportunidad o maipagkumpara ng hindi makatarungan.

2. Dialect Bias:
- Halimbawa: Ang pagtingin na isang partikular na diyalekto o dayalekto ay mas mataas o mas mababa kaysa
sa iba. Halimbawa nito ay ang pagtingin sa mga regional na dayalekto bilang "mas mababa" kaysa sa
pangunahing wika ng isang bansa.

3. Language Proficiency Bias:

- Halimbawa: Ang hindi pagkilala sa kakayahan ng isang tao na magtaglay ng kasanayan sa ibang wika o hindi
pangunahing wika. Maaaring ito ay magdudulot ng maling pagsusuri sa isang tao o hindi pagbigay-halaga sa
kanyang kasanayan dahil lamang sa hindi niya pangunahing wika.

4. Standard Language Bias:

- *Halimbawa: Ang pagbibigay ng mas mataas na halaga sa standard na wika kaysa sa mga di-
standardsadong pagsasalita. Ito ay maaaring magkaruon ng implikasyon na ang standard na wika lamang ang
dapat ituring na "tama" o "maganda."

5. Naming Bias:
- *Halimbawa: Ang hindi pagkilala o hindi pangangalaga sa tamang pagbigkas o pagsusuri ng mga pangalan
na may ibang orihinal na wika. Ito ay maaaring maging dahilan ng hindi tamang pagsulat o pagsasalita ng mga
pangalan.

Ang mga halimbawang ito ay nagpapakita kung paano maaaring maging sanhi ang linguistic bias ng hindi
makatarungan o hindi patas na trato batay sa wika. Mahalaga ang pag-unlad ng kamalayan tungkol dito upang
mapanagot ang pangangailangan ng pantay-pantay na pagtingin sa lahat ng wika at diwa ng pagsasalita.

- Explanation: Using words that carry negative connotations about certain groups can perpetuate
bias. For example, using words that suggest one gender is more capable than another in a
certain field contributes to linguistic bias.

7. Cosmetic Bias:
- Definition: Cosmetic bias occurs when superficial or external features are overemphasized,
influencing judgments about a person's abilities or character.
- Explanation: Judging someone based on their appearance, such as clothing, hairstyle, or physical
features, without considering their actual qualities or abilities is cosmetic bias. This bias can
lead to unfair assumptions and missed opportunities for understanding individuals on a deeper
level.
Cosmetic bias is a marketing strategy that creates the illusion of equity and diversity in a text or material. It's a
relatively new bias that suggests a text is bias-free, but bias persists beyond the attractive covers, photos, or
posters.

Understanding these biases is essential for promoting fairness, inclusivity, and a more
accurate representation of different perspectives and experiences.

LESSON 1.2: ACKNOWLEDGING CITATIONS

An article is valid when it is considered true by experts. Reliability of the article’s content
means citing the authorized source of the information found in the article. We can say that what we
read is accurate when it contains facts and information without bias or opinionated ideas. Adequate
information means providing the right amount of data or details that article calls for.

The American Psychological Association (APA) provides guidelines for formatting bibliographic
information, commonly used in academic and scholarly writing. Here's a basic format for some
common types of references in APA style:

1. Book:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle*. Publisher.

Example:
Smith, J. A. (2008). *The Power of Positive Thinking*. Random House.
2. Journal Article:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. *Title of Journal, volume number*(issue number),
page range.

Example:
Johnson, M. B. (2014). Effects of sleep on memory consolidation. *Journal of Sleep Research, 8*(2),
123-135.

3. Webpage:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of webpage. Website Name. URL

Example:
Smith, P. (2020, June 15). How to manage stress in challenging times. Health and Wellness
Magazine. https://www.healthmagazine.com/stress-management

4. Edited Book:
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle*. Publisher.

Example:
Brown, S. (Ed.). (2012). *Advancements in Neuroscience Research*. Academic Press.

5. Magazine Article:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of article. *Title of Magazine, volume
number*(issue number), page range.

Example:
Anderson, K. (2019, September 5). The future of artificial intelligence. *Tech Today, 15*(3), 45-50.

6. Electronic Book:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle*. Publisher. DOI or
URL

Example:
Roberts, L. M. (2017). *Leadership in the Digital Age*. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1234/example

7. Newspaper Article:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of article. *Title of Newspaper*, page range.

Example:
Miller, J. (2021, February 20). Climate change and its global impact. *The New York Times*, A5.

Remember, these examples provide a basic structure. Depending on the type of source and its
unique characteristics, you might need to adjust the format accordingly. Always consult the latest
edition of the APA Publication Manual for the most accurate and detailed information.

LESSON 1.3: WRITING AN IMPROMPTU SPEECH

Impromptu Speaking is a form of public speaking where you are asked to speak on a topic or
answer a question without any prior preparation. It's a spontaneous and extemporaneous style
of speaking that challenges your ability to think on your feet and communicate effectively
without the benefit of research or rehearsal.
In college or academic settings, impromptu speaking might occur in various situations, such as class
discussions, spontaneous presentations, or even during interviews.
Impromptu speaking is a valuable skill that goes beyond academic settings. It's applicable in
professional situations, job interviews, and even casual conversations. Developing this skill
enhances your ability to communicate effectively in various contexts and under different
circumstances.
Congratulations for reading this far! It’s time to answer the question. 🥳

QUIZ 3. Instruction: On a sheet of clean INTERMEDIATE PAPER (yellow paper will not be accepted),
answer the following questions. To be passed on Thursday, (January 11, 2024). Each question is
equivalent to 10points. Late submission: 5points each item.
5. What’s the difference between Bias and Prejudice? Explain.
6. What is Citation? Explain.
7. Why is it important to cite sources? Explain.
8. If you are given the chance to have an Impromptu Speech, what would you wish to speak
about? Explain.