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Chukchi people 60 languages

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Cultural history
"Chukcha" redirects here. For the breed of dog, see Siberian Husky.
Subsistence
The Chukchi, or Chukchee (Chukot: Ԓыгъоравэтԓьэт, О'равэтԓьэт, Ḷygʺoravètḷʹèt, O'ravètḷʹèt), are a
Chukchi
Relations with Russians Siberian ethnic group native to the Chukchi Peninsula, the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea ԓыгъоравэтԓьэт, о'равэтԓьэт
Soviet period region of the Arctic Ocean[4] all within modern Russia. They speak the Chukchi language. The Chukchi
Luoravetlan
originated from the people living around the Okhotsk Sea.
Jokes regarding

References According to several studies on genomic research conduct from 2014 to 2018, the Chukchi are the
Further reading closest Asian relatives of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas as well as of the Ainu people and other
East Asian people, being the descendants of settlers who neither crossed the Bering Strait nor settled the
External links
Japanese archipelago.[5][6]

Cultural history [ edit ]

The majority of Chukchi reside within Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, but some also reside in the
neighboring Sakha Republic to the west, Magadan Oblast to the southwest, and Kamchatka Krai to the
south. Some Chukchi also reside in other parts of Russia, as well as in Europe and North America. The
total number of Chukchi in the world slightly exceeds 16,000.[7]

The Chukchi are traditionally divided into the Maritime Chukchi, who had settled homes on the coast and Chukchi family and their Siberian Husky, early
lived primarily from sea mammal hunting, and the Reindeer Chukchi, who lived as nomads in the inland 20th century

tundra region, migrating seasonally with their herds of reindeer. The Russian name "Chukchi" is derived Total population
from the Chukchi word Chauchu ("rich in reindeer"), which was used by the 'Reindeer Chukchi' to 16,241
distinguish themselves from the 'Maritime Chukchi,' called Anqallyt ("the sea people"). Their name for a Regions with significant populations
member of the Chukchi ethnic group as a whole is Luoravetlan (literally 'genuine person').[8] Russia 16,200[1]
Chukotka 13,292[1]
In Chukchi religion, every object, whether animate or inanimate, is assigned a spirit. This spirit can be
Ukraine 30[2]
either harmful or benevolent. Some of Chukchi myths reveal a dualistic cosmology.[9][10]
Estonia 11[3]
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the state-run farms were reorganized and nominally privatized. Languages
This process was ultimately destructive to the village-based economy in Chukotka. The region has still Russian, Chukchi
not fully recovered. Many rural Chukchi, as well as Russians in Chukotka's villages, have survived in Religion
[when?]
recent years only with the help of direct humanitarian aid. Some Chukchi have attained university
Shamanism, Russian Orthodoxy
degrees, becoming poets, writers, politicians, teachers and doctors.[11]
Related ethnic groups
other Chukotko-Kamchatkan peoples
Subsistence [ edit ]

In prehistoric times, the Chukchi engaged in nomadic hunter gatherer modes of

existence. In current times, there continue to be some elements of subsistence
hunting, including that of polar bears,[12] seals, walruses, whales, and reindeer.
There are some differences between the traditional lifestyles of the coastal and
inland Chukchi. The coastal Chukchi were largely settled fishers and hunters,
mainly of sea mammals. The inland Chukchi were partial reindeer herders.[13]

Beginning in the 1920s, the Soviets organized the economic activities of both
coastal and inland Chukchi and eventually established 28 collectively run, state-
owned enterprises in Chukotka. All of these were based on reindeer herding, with
the addition of sea mammal hunting and walrus ivory carving in the coastal areas.
Chukchi were educated in Soviet schools and today are almost 100% literate and
fluent in the Russian language. Only a portion of them today work directly in
reindeer herding or sea mammal hunting, and continue to live a nomadic lifestyle
in yaranga tents.[14]

Relations with Russians [ edit ]

Russians first began contacting the Chukchi when they reached the Kolyma River
(1643) and the Anadyr River (1649).[15] The route from Nizhnekolymsk to the fort
at Anadyrsk along the southwest of the main Chukchi area became a major trade
route. The overland journey from Yakutsk to Anadyrsk took about six months.
[citation needed]
Resettlement of the Chukchi in the Far Eastern Federal District by
urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census
The Chukchi were generally ignored for the next fifty years because they were
warlike and did not provide furs or other valuable commodities to tax. Armed
skirmishes flared up around 1700 when the Russians began operating in the Kamchatka Peninsula and
needed to protect their communications from the Chukchi and Koryak. The first attempt to conquer them was
made in 1701. Other expeditions were sent out in 1708, 1709 and 1711 with considerable bloodshed but little
success and unable to eliminate the local population on the large territory. War was renewed in 1729, when the
Chukchi defeated an expedition from Okhotsk and killed its commander. Command passed to Major Dmitry
Pavlutsky, who adopted very destructive tactics, burning, killing, driving off reindeer, and capturing and killing
women and children.[16]

In 1742, the government at Saint Petersburg ordered another war in which the Chukchi and Koryak were to be The approximate distribution of
"totally extirpated". The war (1744–7) was conducted with similar brutality and ended when Pavlutsky was Chukchi clans at the end of the 19th
century
killed in March 1747.[16] It is said that the Chukchi kept his head as a trophy for a number of years. The
Russians waged war again in the 1750s, but a part of Chukchi people did survive this extermination plans on
the very far North East (see on the right a map for population territories during the extermination activity by the
Russian Empire).[citation needed]

In 1762 with a new ruler, Saint Petersburg adopted a different policy. Maintaining the fort at Anadyrsk had cost
some 1,380,000 rubles, but the area had returned only 29,150 rubles in taxes, so the government abandoned
Anadyrsk in 1764. The Chukchi, no longer attacked by the Russian Empire, began to trade peacefully with the
Russians. From 1788, they participated in an annual trade fair on the lower Kolyma. Another was established
in 1775 on the Angarka, a tributary of the Bolshoy Anyuy River. This trade declined in the late 19th century
Representation of a Chukchi family
when American whalers and others began landing goods on the coast.[17]
by Louis Choris (1816)

The first Orthodox missionaries entered Chukchi territory some time after 1815. The strategy worked, trade
began to flourish between the Cossacks and the Chukchi. As the annual trade fairs where goods were
exchanged continued, a common language between the two peoples was spoken. The natives, however,
never paid yasak, or tributes, and their status as subjects was little more than a formality. The formal
annexation of the Chukotka Peninsula did not happen until much later, during the time of the Soviet Union.[18]

Newlyweds Meet the Sun. Painting

A Chukchi man Laminar armor from of Chukchi by Nikolai Getman
hardened leather with
pauldrons reinforced by
wood, worn by native
Siberians

Soviet period [ edit ]

Apart from four Orthodox schools, there were no schools in the Chukchi land until the late 1920s. In 1926, there were 72 literate Chukchis. The Soviets
introduced a Latin alphabet in 1932 to transcribe their language, replacing it with Cyrillic in 1937. In 1934, 71% of the Chukchis were nomadic. In 1941,
90% of the reindeer were still privately owned. So-called kulaks roamed with their private herds up into the 1950s. After 1990 and the fall of the Soviet
Union, there was a major exodus of Russians from the area because of the underfunding of the local industry.[citation needed]

Population estimates from Forsyth:

1700: 6,000
1800: 8,000–9,000
1926: 13,100
1930s: 12,000
1939: 13,900
1959: 11,700
1979: at least 13,169

Jokes regarding [ edit ]

Main article: Russian jokes § Chukchi

Chukchi jokes are a form of ethnic humor. They are portrayed as primitive yet clever in a naive way.[19][20]

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a b "Национальный состав населения" . Federal State Statistics
Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
2. ^ State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of
population, 2001 census . Ukrainian Federal State Statistic Service
3. ^ RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011
Statistics Estonia
4. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chukchi" . Encyclopædia Britannica.
Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 323.
5. ^ Reich, David (2018). Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA
and the New Science of the Human Past. New York: Pantheon Books.
6. ^ Kura, Kenya; Armstrong, Elijah L.; Templer, Donald I. (1 May 2014).
"Cognitive function among the Ainu people" . Intelligence. 44: 149–154.
doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.04.001 . ISSN 0160-2896 . Journal. 7 (1): 3–21. Archived from the original
7. ^ "At the End of the Earth: Three Days with the Chukchi – Passion
Passport" . Retrieved 11 August 2023.
8. ^ "Collins Dictionary" .
9. ^ Zolotarjov, A.M. (1980). "Társadalomszervezet és dualisztikus
teremtésmítoszok Szibériában". In Hoppál, Mihály (ed.). A Tejút fiai.
Tanulmányok a finnugor népek hitvilágáról (in Hungarian). Budapest:
Európa Könyvkiadó. pp. 40–41. ISBN 963-07-2187-2. Chapter means:
"Social structure and dualistic creation myths in Siberia"; title means: "The
sons of Milky Way. Studies on the belief systems of Finno-Ugric peoples".
10. ^ Anyiszimov, A. F. (1981). Az ősközösségi társadalom szellemi élete (in
Hungarian). Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó. pp. 92–98. ISBN 963-09-
1843-9. Title means: "The spiritual life of primitive society". The book is
composed out of the translations of the following two originals: Анисимов,
Ф. А. (1966). Духовная жизнь первобытново общества (in Russian).
Москва • Ленинград: Наука. The other one: Анисимов, Ф. А. (1971).
Исторические особенности первобытново мышления (in Russian).
Москва • Ленинград: Наука.
11. ^ "Real People: Will They Survive in the 21st Century?" .
www.culturalsurvival.org. 23 September 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
12. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus,
Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
. 13. ^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New
York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 429. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
14. ^ "Amazing Life of Chukchi" . English Russia. Archived from the original
on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
15. ^ Forsyth, James (1992) A History of the Peoples of Siberia, for this and
the next section
16. ^ a b Shentalinskaia, Tatiana (Spring 2002). "Major Pavlutskii: From History
to Folklore" (PDF). Slavic and East European Folklore Association
(PDF) on 17 July 2011.
Retrieved 18 July 2009.
17. ^ Zhukov, Pavel (16 June 2020). "Russia's bloody struggle against the
terrifying Chukchi aboriginals" . www.rbth.com. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
18. ^ Zhukov, Pavel (16 June 2020). "Russia's bloody struggle against the
terrifying Chukchi aboriginals" . www.rbth.com. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
19. ^ "Gendai Sobieto shakai no minshuu-denshoo to shite no Chukuchi-
jooku."("Chukchee jokes as a form of modern Soviet folklore", transl. by
Hiroshi Shoji). – Kotoba-asobi no minzokushi. Ed. by EGuchi Kazuhisa.
Tokyo 1990, 377–385
20. ^ Бурыкин А.А., Анекдоты о чукчах как социокультурное явление in:
Анекдот как феномен культуры. Материалы круглого стола 16 ноября
2002 г. СПб.: Санкт-Петербургское философское общество, 2002.
С.64–70(retrieved March 10, 2015)

Further reading [ edit ]

Patty A. Gray (2005). The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous Movement: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North. Cambridge. ISBN 0-
521-82346-3.
Anna Kerttula (2000). Antler on the Sea. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3681-8.
"The Chukchis" . The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.
"All Things Arctic" . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013.
Ĉukĉ, Even, Jukaghir. Kolyma: Chants de nature et d'animaux. Sibérie 3. Musique du monde.

External links [ edit ]

Bogoraz, Waldemar (1904). The Chukchee. Vol. 11 Part 1: Material culture (PDF). Memoirs of the Wikimedia Commons has
American Museum of Natural History. Leiden • New York: E. J. Brill ltd • G. E. Stechert & Co. media related to Chukchi
people.
Bogoraz, Waldemar (1907). The Chukchee. Vol. 11 Part 2: Religion (PDF). Memoirs of the American
Museum of Natural History. Leiden • New York: E. J. Brill ltd • G. E. Stechert & Co.
Bogoraz, Waldemar (1909). The Chukchee. Vol. 11 Part 3: Social organization (PDF). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History.
Leiden • New York: E. J. Brill ltd • G. E. Stechert & Co.
Bogoraz, Waldemar (1910). Chukchee Mythology (PDF). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. Leiden • New York: E. J. Brill ltd •
G. E. Stechert & Co.
Siimets, Ülo (2006). "The Sun, the Moon and Firmament in Chukchi Mythology and on the Relations of Celestial Bodies and Sacrifices" (PDF).
Electronic Journal of Folklore. Estonian Folklore. 32: 129–156. doi:10.7592/fejf2006.32.siimets .

· · Ethnic groups in Russia [show]

Authority control databases [show]

Categories: Chukchi people Indigenous peoples in the Arctic Eskimos Ethnic groups in Russia Ethnic groups in Siberia
Indigenous peoples of North Asia Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East Modern nomads
Nomadic groups in Eurasia People from Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Bering Sea Chukchi Sea Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

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