Internet Protocol Version 4

(IPv4)

Chapter 7
Position of IP in TCP/IP Protocol Suite

2
IP Datagram

3
 Fragmentation

IP datagram

Header MTU Trailer

Maximum length of data that can be encapsulated in a frame
Frame

Flags Field

4
Protocol Field

5
Header Checksum

Receiver
Section 1 n bits
Section 2 n bits
..............
Checksum n bits
..............
n bits Section k n bits
Checksum
Packet Sum n bits
Complement
If the result is 0, keep;
n bits otherwise, discard.
Result

6
Service Type

x x x 0 0 0 x x x x x 0
Precedence x x x x 1 1
interpretation
x x x x 0 1
Differential service
interpretation

7
 Options

Option Format

8 bits 8 bits Variable length

Type Length Value

Number

Class 00000 End of option

00001 No operation
Copy 00 Datagram control 00011 Loose source route
01 Reserved 00100 Timestamp
0 Copy only in first fragment 10 Debugging and management 00111 Record route
1 Copy into all fragments 11 Reserved 01001 Strict source route

8
No-Operation Option

9
End-of-Option Option

10
 Record-Route Option

 Used to record the routers that handle the datagram

11
 Record-Route Example

Source: 67.34.30.6 Destination: 138.6.25.40

7 15 4 7 15 8 7 15 12 7 15 16
140.10.6.3 140.10.6.3 140.10.6.3
200.14.7.9 200.14.7.9
138.6.22.26

67.34.30.6 138.6.25.40
67.14.10.22

138.6.22.26
200.14.7.14
140.10.6.3

140.10.5.4

67.0.0.0/24 140.10.0.0/16 200.14.7.9 200.14.7.0/24 138.6.0.0/16

Network Network Network Network

12
 Strict-Source-Route Option

 Used to predetermine a route for the datagram

 All routers in the list must be visited by the datagram
 A router must not be visited if it is not listed

13
 Strict-Source-Route Example

Source: 67.34.30.6 Destination: 138.6.25.40

Source: 67.34.30.6 Source: 67.34.30.6 Source: 67.34.30.6 Source: 67.34.30.6

Destination: 67.14.10.22 Destination:140.10.5.4 Destination:200.14.7.14 Destination:138.6.25.40
137 15 4 137 15 88
137 137 15 12
137 12 137 15 16
137 16
140.10.5.4 67.14.10.22 67.14.10.22 67.14.10.22
200.14.7.14 140.10.6.3
200.14.7.14 140.10.6.3
140.10.5.4 140.10.6.3
140.10.5.4
138.6.25.40 200.14.7.14
138.6.25.40 200.14.7.9
138.6.25.40 200.14.7.14
200.14.7.9
138.6.25.40 138.6.25.40 138.6.22.26
67.34.30.6 138.6.25.40
67.14.10.22

138.6.22.26
200.14.7.14
140.10.6.3

140.10.5.4

200.14.7.9
67.0.0.0/24 140.10.0.0/16 200.14.7.0/24 138.6.0.0/16
Network Network Network Network

14
 Loose-Source-Route Option

 Similar to strict source route, but more relaxed

 Each router in the list must be visited by the datagram
 Datagram can visit other routers as well

15
 Timestamp Option

 Used to record the time of datagram processing by a

router

16
Use of Flags in Timestamp

17
 Timestamp Example

Source: 67.34.30.6 Destination: 138.6.25.40

68 28 5 0 1 68 28 13 0 1 68 28 21 0 1 68 28 29 0 1
140.10.6.3 140.10.6.3 140.10.6.3
36000000 36000000 36000000
200.14.7.9 200.14.7.9
36000012 36000012
138.6.22.26
36000020

67.34.30.6 138.6.25.40
67.14.10.22

138.6.22.26
200.14.7.14
140.10.6.3

140.10.5.4

200.14.7.9
67.0.0.0/24 140.10.0.0/16 200.14.7.0/24 138.6.0.0/16
Network Network Network Network

18