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GSM Radio Frequ-WPS Office
GSM Radio Frequ-WPS Office
GSM Radio Frequ-WPS Office
GSM radio frequency optimization (GSM RF optimisation) is the optimization of GSM radio
frequencies. GSM network consist of different cells and each cell transmit signals to and
receive signals from the mobile station, for proper working of base station many parameters are
defined before functioning the base station such as the coverage area of a cell depends on
different factors including the transmitting power of the base station, obstructing buildings in
cells, height of the base station and location of base station. Radio Frequency Optimization is a
process through which different soft (Cell Reselect Offset, BTS power) and hard (e.g. Electrical
Tilt, Mechanical Tilt, Azimuth etc.) parameters of the Base transceiver stations are changed in
order to improve the coverage area and improve quality of signal. Besides that there are various
key performance indicators which have to be constantly monitored and necessary changes
proposed in order to keep KPIs in agreed limits with the mobile operator.
Introduction
Optimization is an important step in the life cycle of a wireless network. Drive testing is the first
step in the process, with the goal of collecting measurement data as a function of location.
Once the data has been collected over the desired RF coverage area, it is output to post-
processing software. Engineers can use the collection and post-processing software to identify
the causes of RF coverage or interference problems and determine how these problems can be
solved. When the problems, causes and solutions have been identified, steps are performed to
solve the problems. Network statistics are also an important step in analysis and
troubleshooting of RF issues. Every node (BTS, BSC, MSC) has its own counters some of which
are incremented/decremented on occurrence of different events e.g. a dropped call due to low
signal strength. These statistics are analysed using different graphs and reports and when KPI
from the statistics exceed the limit, extensive analysis is carried out to identify and troubleshoot
the problem.
Technical details
A mobile is informed on a paging channel (PCH) that it has a call or SMS, to which the mobile
station responds with a Random Access Channel (RACH) request. The mobile station is notified
on an Access Grant Channel (AGCH) that it may tune to a specific Stand-alone dedicated control
channel (SDCCH) which is called Immediate Assignment. The user is authenticated and
ciphering commands are received on this channel. After successful authentication the mobile
station is requested to tune to an assigned traffic channel (TCH). This process is called TCH
assignment. Then the user starts to move from one cell to another and the process of smooth
transitioning of call from one cell to the other is called a handover. While on the SDCCH or TCH
a call may get dropped which is accounted to SDCCH drop or TCH drop respectively.
One control channel Multi Frame is made of 51 TDMA frames with a time duration of 235 ms.
Each 51 TDMA frame Multi Frame will have 9 Common Control Channel (CCCH) blocks. Each of
these 9 CCCH block is made of 4 TDMA frames. Each CCCH block can carry Paging Messages
for 2 MS if IMSI based paging is used or 4 MS if TMSI based paging is used. Thus the paging
capacity for one 51 TDMA frame Multi Frame will be 9(number of CCCH blocks available per
Multi Frame) * 4 (when TMSI based paging is used) = 36 mobiles per 235 ms or 9*2 = 18
mobiles per 235 ms when IMSI based paging is used. Thus the paging capacity of a cell is 153
mobiles per second when TMSI based paging are used and 68 mobiles per second when IMSI
based paging are used. This means we can improve the "paging bandwidth" for a cell (if there
are too many "paging discards at the cell level") by using TMSI based paging rather than IMSI
based (at the expense of increased processor load at the BSC and MSC). When the rate of
"paging load" at the BTS becomes higher than what the BTS is able to handle (paging capacity
of BTS), BTS will start discarding pages (check for high "page discard" stats at the cell level).
Once an MS deciphers its paging group, in an idle mode, it will tune in and check for an incoming
page only during broadcast time for its paging group (so further the paging groups are places
across multiple 51 frame multi frames, less frequently it will tune in to check for an incoming
page and longer will be its battery life.
Immediate assignment success rate is a key access counter. It directly reflects the success rate
of the MS accessing the signaling channel and affects the user experience.
The immediate assignment success rate is calculated from traffic statistics. The recommended
formula is as follows: Immediate Assignment Success Rate = (Successful Immediate
Assignments/Immediate Assignment Requests) x 100%
Symptom Description : If the immediate assignment success rate decreases, the following
symptoms may occur: Call setup success rate decreases. Congestion occurs frequently on the
SDCCH Traffic volume on the TCH decreases Short messages cannot be successfully sent.
Degradation of the links (Uplink and Downlink): either degradation of Signal Strength
which falls near or lower than the sensitivity of the base station (around to -110 dBm) or
that of the mobile (around -104dBm) or degradation of quality of the links (Uplink and
Downlink) often due to interference.
Other Reasons.
Optimization process
Optimization process can be explained by below step by step description:
Problem analysis
Analyzing performance retrieve tool reports and statistics for the worst performing BSCs
and/or Sites
Cluster definitions by investigating BSC borders, main cities, freeways, major roads
Checking any fault reports to limit possible hardware problems prior to test
Drive testing
Subjects to investigate
Non-working sites/sectors or TRXs
Disabled GPRS
Coverage holes
Drop Calls
Capacity Problems
Missing Neighbors
One–way neighbors
Ping–Pong Handovers
Equipment Performance
Faulty Installations
Post processing of data Plotting RX Level and Quality Information for overall picture of
the driven area
Recommendations
Defining missing neighbor relations
Proposing new sites or sector additions with Before & After coverage plots
BSIC changes
Attenuation Adds/Removals
MHA/TMA adds