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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

MongoDB

Developer(s) MongoDB Inc.

Initial release February 11, 2009; 14 years ago[1]

Stable release 6.0.7[2] / 28 June 2023，6 months ago

• github.com/mongodb/mongo
Repository
 Written in C++, JavaScript, Python

Operating system Windows Vista and later, Linux, OS X 10.7 and

later, Solaris,[3] FreeBSD[4]

Available in English

Type Document-oriented database

License Server Side Public License or proprietary

Website mongodb.com

MongoDB is a source-available, cross-platform, document-oriented

database program. Classified as a NoSQL database product, MongoDB
utilizes JSON-like documents with optional schemas. MongoDB is developed
by MongoDB Inc. and current versions are licensed under the Server Side Public
License (SSPL). MongoDB is a member of the MACH Alliance.

History[edit]
See also: MongoDB Inc. § History
The American software company 10gen began developing MongoDB in 2007 as a
component of a planned platform-as-a-service product. In 2009, the company
shifted to an open-source development model and began offering commercial
support and other services. In 2013, 10gen changed its name to MongoDB Inc. [5]

On October 20, 2017, MongoDB became a publicly traded company, listed on

NASDAQ as MDB with an IPO price of $24 per share.[6]

On November 8, 2018 with the stable release 4.0.4, the software's license changed
from AGPL 3.0 to SSPL.[7][8]

On October 30, 2019, MongoDB teamed with Alibaba Cloud to offer Alibaba Cloud
customers a MongoDB-as-a-service solution. Customers can use the managed
offering from Alibaba's global data centers.[9]

MongoDB release history

Version Release date Feature notes Refs

[10]
1.0 August 2009
 MongoDB release history

Version Release date Feature notes Refs

• more indexes per collection

• faster index creation
• map/reduce [11]
1.2 December 2009
• stored JavaScript functions
• configurable fsync time
• several small features and fixes
[12]
1.4 March 2010
• production-ready sharding
1.6 August 2010 • replica sets [13]

• support for IPv6

[14]
1.8 March 2011
[15]
2.0 September 2011
[16]
2.2 August 2012
• enhanced geospatial support
• switch to V8 JavaScript engine
2.4 March 2013 • security enhancements [17]

• text search (beta)

• hashed index
• aggregation enhancements
• text-search integration
2.6 April 8, 2014 • query-engine improvements [18]

• new write-operation protocol

• security enhancements
• WiredTiger storage engine support
• pluggable storage engine API
3.0 March 3, 2015 • SCRAM-SHA-1 authentication [19]

• improved explain functionality

3.2 December 8, 2015
3.4 November 29, 2016
• MongoDB Ops Manager
• WiredTiger storage engine by default
• replication election enhancements
• config servers as replica sets [20]
• readConcern
• document validations
• moved from V8 to SpiderMonkey
• linearizable read concerns
• views [21]

• collation
 MongoDB release history

Version Release date Feature notes Refs

[22]
3.6 November 2017
• transactions [23]
4.0 June 2018
• license change effective pr. 4.0.4
[24]
4.2 August 2019
[25]
4.4 July 2020
[26]
4.4.5 April 2021
[27]
4.4.6 May 2021
• future-proofs versioned API
• client-side field level encryption [28][29][30]
5.0 July 13, 2021
• live resharding
• time series support
[31]
6.0 July 2022
[32]
7.0 August, 15 2023

Main features[edit]
Ad-hoc queries[edit]
MongoDB supports field, range query and regular-expression searches.[33] Queries
can return specific fields of documents and also include user-
defined JavaScript functions. Queries can also be configured to return a random
sample of results of a given size.

Indexing[edit]
Fields in a MongoDB document can be indexed with primary and secondary
indices.

Replication[edit]
MongoDB provides high availability with replica sets.[34] A replica set consists of two
or more copies of the data. Each replica-set member may act in the role of primary
or secondary replica at any time. All writes and reads are done on the primary
replica by default. Secondary replicas maintain a copy of the data of the primary
using built-in replication. When a primary replica fails, the replica set automatically
conducts an election process to determine which secondary should become the
primary. Secondaries can optionally serve read operations, but that data is only
eventually consistent by default.
If the replicated MongoDB deployment only has a single secondary member, a
separate daemon called an arbiter must be added to the set. It has the single
responsibility of resolving the election of the new primary.[35] As a consequence, an
ideal distributed MongoDB deployment requires at least three separate servers,
even in the case of just one primary and one secondary.[35]

Load balancing[edit]
MongoDB scales horizontally using sharding.[36] The user chooses a shard key,
which determines how the data in a collection will be distributed. The data is split
into ranges (based on the shard key) and distributed across multiple shards, which
are masters with one or more replicas. Alternatively, the shard key can be hashed
to map to a shard–enabling an even data distribution.

MongoDB can run over multiple servers, balancing the load or duplicating data to
keep the system functional in case of hardware failure.

File storage[edit]
MongoDB can be used as a file system, called GridFS, with load-balancing and
data-replication features over multiple machines for storing files.

This function, called a grid file system,[37] is included with MongoDB drivers.
MongoDB exposes functions for file manipulation and content to developers.
GridFS can be accessed using the mongofiles utility or plugins
for Nginx[38] and lighttpd.[39] GridFS divides a file into parts, or chunks, and stores
each of those chunks as a separate document.[40]

Aggregation[edit]
MongoDB provides three ways to perform aggregation: the aggregation pipeline,
the map-reduce function and single-purpose aggregation methods.[41]

Map-reduce can be used for batch processing of data and aggregation operations.
However, according to MongoDB's documentation, the aggregation pipeline
provides better performance for most aggregation operations. [42]

The aggregation framework enables users to obtain results similar to those

returned by queries that include the SQL GROUP BY clause. Aggregation
operators can be strung together to form a pipeline, analogous to Unix pipes. The
aggregation framework includes the $lookup operator, which can join documents
from multiple collections, as well as statistical operators such as standard
deviation.

Server-side JavaScript execution[edit]

JavaScript can be used in queries, aggregation functions (such as MapReduce)
and sent directly to the database to be executed.
Capped collections[edit]
MongoDB supports fixed-size collections called capped collections. This type of
collection maintains insertion order and, once the specified size has been reached,
behaves like a circular queue.

Transactions[edit]
MongoDB supports multi-document ACID transactions since the 4.0 release in
June 2018.[43]

Editions[edit]
MongoDB Community Server[edit]
The MongoDB Community Edition is free and available for Windows, Linux and
macOS.[44]

MongoDB Enterprise Server[edit]

MongoDB Enterprise Server is the commercial edition of MongoDB and is available
as part of the MongoDB Enterprise Advanced subscription.[45]

MongoDB Atlas[edit]
MongoDB is also available as an on-demand, fully managed service. MongoDB
Atlas runs on AWS, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform.[46]

On March 10, 2022, MongoDB warned its users in Russia and Belarus that their
data stored on the MongoDB Atlas platform will be destroyed as a result of
American sanctions related to the Russo-Ukrainian War.[47]

Architecture[edit]
Programming language accessibility[edit]
MongoDB has official drivers for major programming languages and development
environments.[48] There are also a large number of unofficial or community-
supported drivers for other programming languages and frameworks.

Serverless access[edit]
Management and graphical front-ends[edit]

Record insertion in MongoDB with Robomongo

0.8.5
The primary interface to the database has been the mongo shell. Since MongoDB
3.2, MongoDB Compass is introduced as the native GUI. There are products and
third-party projects that offer user interfaces for administration and data viewing. [49]

Licensing[edit]
MongoDB Community Server[edit]
As of October 2018, MongoDB is released under the Server Side Public
License (SSPL), a non-free license developed by the project. It replaces the GNU
Affero General Public License, and is nearly identical to the GNU General Public
License version 3, but requires that those making the software publicly available as
part of a "service" must make the service's entire source code (insofar that a user
would be able to recreate the service themselves) available under this license. By
contrast, the AGPL only requires the source code of the licensed software to be
provided to users when the software is conveyed over a network.[50][51] The SSPL
was submitted for certification to the Open Source Initiative but later
withdrawn.[52] In January 2021, the Open Source Initiative stated that SSPL is not
an open source license.[53] The language drivers are available under an Apache
License. In addition, MongoDB Inc. offers proprietary licenses for MongoDB. The
last versions licensed as AGPL version 3 are 4.0.3 (stable) and 4.1.4.[54]

MongoDB has been removed from the Debian, Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise
Linux distributions because of the licensing change. Fedora determined that the
SSPL version 1 is not a free software license because it is "intentionally crafted to
be aggressively discriminatory" towards commercial users.[55][56]

Bug reports and criticisms[edit]

Security[edit]
Because of MongoDB's default security configuration, which allows any user full
access to the database, data from tens of thousands of MongoDB installations has
been stolen. Furthermore, many MongoDB servers have been held for
ransom.[57][58] In September 2017, Davi Ottenheimer head of product security at
MongoDB, proclaimed that measures had been taken to defend against these
risks.[59]

From the MongoDB 2.6 release onward, the binaries for the official MongoDB RPM
and DEB packages bind to localhost by default. From MongoDB 3.6, this default
behavior was extended to all MongoDB packages across all platforms. As a result,
all networked connections to the database are denied unless explicitly configured
by an administrator.[60]

Technical criticisms[edit]
In some failure scenarios in which an application can access two distinct MongoDB
processes that cannot access each other, it is possible for MongoDB to return stale
reads. It is also possible for MongoDB to roll back writes that have been
acknowledged.[61] The issue was addressed in version 3.4.0, released in November
2016,[62] and applied to earlier releases from v3.2.12 onward.[63]

Before version 2.2, locks were implemented on a per-server-process basis. With

version 2.2, locks were implemented at the database level.[64] Beginning with
version 3.0,[65] pluggable storage engines are available, and each storage engine
may implement locks differently.[65] With MongoDB 3.0, locks are implemented at
the collection level for the MMAPv1 storage engine,[66] while the WiredTiger storage
engine uses an optimistic concurrency protocol that effectively provides document-
level locking.[67] Even with versions prior to 3.0, one approach to increase
concurrency is to use sharding.[68] In some situations, reads and writes will yield
their locks. If MongoDB predicts that a page is unlikely to be in memory, operations
will yield their lock while the pages load. The use of lock yielding expanded greatly
in version 2.2.[69]

Until version 3.3.11, MongoDB could not perform collation-based sorting and was
limited to bytewise comparison via memcmp, which would not provide correct
ordering for many non-English languages when used with a Unicode encoding.
The issue was fixed on August 23, 2016.

Prior to MongoDB 4.0, queries against an index were not atomic. Documents that
were updated while queries was running could be missed.[70] The introduction of the
snapshot read concern in MongoDB 4.0 eliminated this risk.[71]

MongoDB claimed that version 3.6.4 had passed "the industry's toughest data
safety, correctness, and consistency tests" by Jepsen, and that "MongoDB offers
among the strongest data consistency, correctness, and safety guarantees of any
database available today."[72] Jepsen, which describes itself as a "distributed
systems safety research company," disputed both claims on Twitter, saying, "In
that report, MongoDB lost data and violated causal by default." In its May 2020
report on MongoDB version 4.2.6, Jepsen wrote that MongoDB had only
mentioned tests that version 3.6.4 had passed, and that version had 4.2.6
introduced more problems.[73] Jepsen's test summary reads in part:

Jepsen evaluated MongoDB version 4.2.6, and found that even at the strongest
levels of read and write concern, it failed to preserve snapshot isolation. Instead,
Jepsen observed read skew, cyclic information flow, duplicate writes, and internal
consistency violations. Weak defaults meant that transactions could lose writes
and allow dirty reads, even downgrading requested safety levels at the database
and collection level. Moreover, the snapshot read concern did not guarantee
snapshot unless paired with write concern majority—even for read-only
transactions. These design choices complicate the safe use of MongoDB
transactions.[74]
On May 26, Jepsen updated the report to say: "MongoDB identified a bug in the
transaction retry mechanism which they believe was responsible for the anomalies
observed in this report; a patch is scheduled for 4.2.8."[74] The issue has been
patched as of that version, and "Jepsen criticisms of the default write concerns
have also been addressed, with the default write concern now elevated to the
majority concern (w:majority) from MongoDB 5.0."[75]

MongoDB conference[edit]
MongoDB Inc. hosts an annual developer conference that has been called
MongoDB World or MongoDB.live.[76]

Year Dates City Venue Notes

June 23– New Sheraton Times

2014 [77]
25 York Square Hotel

New Sheraton Times

2015 [78] June 1–2
York Square Hotel

June 28– New New York Hilton

2016 [79]
29 York Midtown

June 20– Hyatt Regency

2017 [80] Chicago First year not in New York City
21 Chicago

June 26– New New York Hilton

2018 [81]
27 York Midtown

June 17– New New York Hilton

2019 [82]
19 York Midtown

In-person event canceled and conference held

2020 [83] May 4–6 Online entirely online because of the COVID-19
pandemic

July 13– Conference held online because of the COVID-

2021 [84] Online
14 19 pandemic

New
2022 [85] June 7–9 Javitz Center
York
See also[edit]

• Free and open-source software portal

• Apache Cassandra
• BSON, the binary JSON format that MongoDB uses for data storage and
transfer
• List of server-side JavaScript implementations
• MEAN, a solutions stack using MongoDB as the database
• Server-side scripting
• Amazon DocumentDB, a proprietary database service designed for
MongoDB compatibility
• Azure Cosmos DB, a proprietary database service suite designed for
multi-database compatibility including MongoDB

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 Bibliography[edit]
• Banker, Kyle (March 28, 2011), MongoDB in Action (1st ed.), Manning, p. 375, ISBN 978-1-
935182-87-0
• Chodorow, Kristina; Dirolf, Michael (September 23, 2010), MongoDB: The Definitive
Guide (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 216, ISBN 978-1-4493-8156-1
• Pirtle, Mitch (March 3, 2011), MongoDB for Web Development (1st ed.), Addison-Wesley
Professional, p. 360, ISBN 978-0-321-70533-4
• Hawkins, Tim; Plugge, Eelco; Membrey, Peter (September 26, 2010), The Definitive Guide
to MongoDB: The NoSQL Database for Cloud and Desktop Computing (1st ed.), Apress,
p. 350, ISBN 978-1-4302-3051-9

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