1 Grinding Milling machine used in Pulverizing for pharmaceutical drug powder

Nakach, M., Authelin, J. R., Chamayou, A., & Dodds, J. (2004). Comparison of various milling
technologies for grinding pharmaceutical powders. International Journal of Mineral Processing,
74, S173-S181.

This paper examines fine grinding techniques in current use in the pharmaceutical industry.
Experimental results are given for fine grinding of vitamin C, chosen as a model substance
representative of pharmaceutical products, using eight different grinding mills chosen amongst
those in current use in the pharmaceutical industry. The results are evaluated in terms of
product quality expressed as particle size and distribution and also in terms of operating criteria
applicable in the pharmaceutical industry such as ease of setting up,

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1.2 Types of Grinding Milling machines that are used for fine grinding

Beke, B. (2012). The process of fine grinding (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media.

2Vlanuals of mineral dressing or more precisely those of comminution-classifi cation treat in

particular the mechanics of the machines, and generally their handling. In this way the plant
engineer becomes acquainted with the equip ment but is given no help in learning something of
the processes taking place in the material to be comminuted even though the purpose of the
operation is to enhance wanted and to avoid unwanted physical or physico-chemical processes.
Neglecting the description or representation of generally used and well known equipment the
object of this monograph is to supply information on the processes taking place in grinding
installations. It explains the sometimes complicated phemonena by applying quite simple
means; it requires only an elementary knowledge of mathematics, mechanics and physical
chemistry. The ideas are applicable to the grinding of all brittle raw materials or semi finished
industrial products. The special problems of cement grinding and thm; e of hall mills are
explained in more detail; in cement grinding we have to meet special requirements with regard
to ball mills apart from other con siderations-, since these now demand the greatest overall
energy consumption. Currently disputed problems are dealt with, and naturally the views of the
author are given in detail, but contrary views are also mentioned and the ample list of references
ensures that these opposing views can be considered.

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+milling+powder#d=gs_qabs&t=1702831655206&u=%23p%3DzvPjr74YlBcJ
1.3 Grinding Mills Behaviour in terms of industrial production

Van Nierop, M. A., & Moys, M. H. (1997). Measurement of load behaviour in an industrial
grinding mill. Control Engineering Practice, 5(2), 257-262.

A dynamic non-linear model was fitted to the grind curve data of an industrial semi-autogenous
grinding (SAG) mill by means of a step-wise procedure. Grind curves give the steady-state
values of the performance variables throughput, power draw, and grind in terms of the mill filling
and critical mill speed. The grind curves indicate the operable region of the grinding mill. An
analysis and dynamic simulation of the model show that the model captures the main dynamics
of the grinding mill. Further simulations demonstrate that the model represents the full range of
steady-state conditions defined by the grind curves. In other words, the dynamic model is
quantitatively accurate as it settles at the correct steady-state for the operable region of the
grinding mill. Therefore, the model is suitable as a simulator to test and develop optimizing
control strategies for global operating conditions rather than only for local operating conditions.

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2.1 Hammer Mill in terms of effectiveness

Ojomo, O. A., & Fawohunre, A. J. (2020). Development of a hammer mill with double sieving
screens. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 5(5), 617-621.

A hammer mill with double sieving device was designed and fabricated from locally available
materials for grinding grains and other agricultural products. The conceptual design was based
on the principle of design by analysis. The test carried out on the machine showed that the
crushing capacity of the machine is 51.5 Kh/hr. The moisture content, machine speed and the
interaction between them had significant effect on the milling power and specific energy
requirement at 5% level of significance. Milling power and specific energy requirement of the
machine increased with increase in moisture content. The maximum crushing efficiency of
79.3%, minimum milling power and specific energy requirement of 0.09 Kw and 3.04 Kwh/mg
respectively were obtained at moisture content of 8%(wb) and machine speed of 2000 rpm.
Regression models that could be used to express the relationship existing between the hammer
mill performance indices, product moisture content and machine speed were established. The
machine has dual purpose for either electric motor or petrol engine.

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2.2 Hammer Mill as a stone crusher

Sulaiman, I., Egbe, E. A. P., Abdullahi, M., Saraki, Y. A., & Shehu, I. A. (2021). Design and
Performance Evaluation of a Stone Crusher. UNIOSUN J. Eng. Environ. Sci, 3(2).

Crushers are essential machines in several industries for particle size reduction. They are
invaluable in laboratories (higher institutions and research centres), the mining and construction
industries. Available crushers are imported and very expensive. This has pushed some workers
around Nigeria to crush stones with crude materials and manual labour, to meet the demand of
the various sectors while neglecting the hazards involved. A hammer mill has been designed
with due considerations to standard design requirements, local content and cost. The power
required to crush granite with the desired through put of 400 kg/h was found to be 5.5 kW.
Major factors considered for the material selection are the mechanical properties, wear of
materials, fabrication requirement and cost. The machine was fabricated using locally available
materials. The fabricated stone crusher was tested and the actual capacity was found to be 301
kg/h with a through-put efficiency of 75.4%. The crushed products were well graded with 1.89
coefficient of gradation and uniformity coefficient of 10.22. The machine was produced at a
cost of two hundred and forty-five thousand, two hundred naira (₦ 245,200.00 {US $595.15}).

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2.3 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACT HAMMER MILL FOR LIMESTONE
CRUSHING FOR ACIDIC SOIL

Tefera, G. M., Berhanu, S. P., Abera, S. P., & Getachew, F. P. (2020). DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION
AND EVALUATION OF IMPACT HAMMER MILL FOR LIMESTONE CRUSHING FOR ACIDIC SOIL
(Doctoral dissertation).

Soil acidity becomes a serious threat to crop production in most highlands of Ethiopia
particularly in Western parts of Oromia. Frequent tillage, removal of crop residues and mono-
cropping and heavy rainfall contributes to soil acidification by leaching of cations. Agricultural
limestone raises soil pH and reduces solubility of potentially toxic elements such as hydrogen,
aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn) at optimum nutrient uptake by crops. In an effort to
alleviate the problems associated with soil acidity, a motorized agricultural limestone crusher
was designed and fabricated. The prototype of limestone crusher machine has a feed table,
hammer plate, concave sieve, discharge chute, and supporting frame. Pertinent physical and
mechanical properties of the limestone revealed that the mean major, intermediate and minor
diameters for the limestone before crush were 42.27, 35.49 and 28.09 mm, respectively. The
mean geometric diameter, arithmetic diameter, bulk densities, moisture content for the
limestone were found to be 33.89 mm, 35.28 mm, 2088 kg/m3 and 3.871%, respectively.
Performance of the prototype hammer mill machine, in terms of crushing capacity (kg/h),
crushing efficiency (%), Mean particle size (mm), fuel consumption (ml/kg) or energy
consumption (wh/kg) was evaluated. Tests were carried out at engine speeds of 540, 720, 900
rpm, screen hole diameter of 2, 4, 6 mm and feed rates of 3.50, 7.00, 10.50 kg/min. The
maximum crushing capacity of 630.32 kg/hr was recorded when the engine speed was 900 rpm,
the screen hole diameter 6mm and the feed rate 10.50 kg/min whereas the minimum crushing
capacity of 65.623 kg/h was observed when the hammer mill speed was 540 rpm, screen hole
diameter 2 mm and feed rate 3.50 kg/min. The mean consumed energy ranged from 15.47 to
149.16 Wh/kg with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen hole diameter of 2 to 6 mm
and the feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. The mean particle size ranged from 0.121 to 0.448
mm with hammer rotor speed of 540 to 900 rpm, screen holes diameter of 2 to 6 mm and the
feeding rate of 3.5 to 10.5 kg/min. It could be noticed that the lowest values of mean particle
size were obtained at engine speed of 900 rpm, screen hole diameter

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