Motion

Readings: Chapter 2 & 3 (12th edition),

pp. 36 -106

PowerPoint® Lectures for

University Physics, Twelfth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Adapted by the Dept. of Physics, University of Ghana

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
 Chapter 2: Learning Goals
•Represent the position of a body in 2/3D using vectors.
•Determine the vector velocity and the vector acceleration of a body
from a knowledge of its path
•Examine freely falling bodies and describe the path followed by a
projectile.
•Relate the velocity of a moving body as seen from two different frames
of reference

2
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Chapter 2: Overall view

• The Position Vector

• Average and Instantaneous Velocity
• Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
• Motion with Constant Acceleration
• Freely Falling Bodies and Projectile Motion
• Motion in a Circle
• Relative Velocity

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 The Position Vector

• The position vector of a particle can

have x, y, and z components.

• The position vector of point P

relative to an origin O is defined
as OP = 𝒓 = 𝑥 𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 The Displacement Vector
• Displacement is change in position.

• Change is final minus initial.

• The displacement from point 𝑃1 with position vector 𝒓1 to point

𝑃2 with position vector 𝒓2 is P1 P2 = Δ𝒓 = 𝒓2 − 𝒓1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Average Velocity
The average velocity during a time interval is the displacement
divided by the time interval
The average velocity between two points has the same
direction as the displacement: it is a vector quantity.

Δ𝒓 𝒓2 − 𝒓1
𝒗av = =
Δ𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Average Velocity: Example
Let us find the average velocity of a dragster that occupies
respectively positions P1 and P2 at two times during its run

Δ𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 258 m
𝑣av−𝑥 = = = = 86 m/s
Δ𝑡 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 3s

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Instantaneous Velocity
Δ𝒓 𝑑𝒓
𝒗 = lim =
Δ𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡

In terms of Cartesian components

𝑑𝒓 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑣= = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Instantaneous Velocity: Example
The position vector 𝒓 of a particle is given at each
instant 𝑡 by 𝒓 = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑏 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑗 + 𝑐𝑡 2 𝒌.
Determine the velocity of the particle.

𝑑𝒓 𝑑
𝒗= = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑏 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑗 + 𝑐𝑡 2 𝒌
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= −𝑎𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑏𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑗 + 2𝑐𝑡𝒌

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Instantaneous Velocity
• A motion diagram shows position of a particle at various
instants, and arrows represent its velocity at each instant.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 A2.1

This is the x-t

graph of the
motion of a
particle. Of the
four points P, Q,
R, and S, the
velocity vx is
greatest (most
positive) at

A. point P. B. point Q. C. point R. D. point S.

E. not enough information in the graph to decide

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 A2.2

This is the x-t

graph of the
motion of a
particle. Of the
four points P, Q,
R, and S, the
speed is
greatest at

A. point P. B. point Q. C. point R. D. point S.

E. not enough information in the graph to decide

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Instantaneous Velocity
• A position-time graph (an “x-t” graph) shows a particle’s position x
as a function of time t
• The average x-velocity is the slope of a line joining two points on
an x-t graph.
• The instantaneous x-velocity at any point is equal to the slope of the
tangent to the curve at that point.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Instantaneous Velocity: Example

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Instantaneous Velocity (Solution)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

The Acceleration vector
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

change in velocity
average acceleration=
time taken

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 The Average Acceleration
The average acceleration is in the same direction as the change in
velocity

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Average Acceleration: Example

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Instantaneous Acceleration

∆𝒗 𝑑𝒗 𝑑 2 𝒓
𝑎 = lim = = 2
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Velocity from Instantaneous Acceleration

𝑡
𝒗 = 𝒗0 + 𝒂 𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
𝒗0 = velocity at initial time 𝑡0

Example:
Determine the velocity as a function of time of a particle
whose acceleration is given by 𝒂 = 𝑘𝑡 𝑡 2 − 2 𝒊 − 𝑘𝑡 3 𝒋 if it
starts from rest.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

The Acceleration Vector: Parallel and perpendicular components

• The velocity vector

is always tangent to
the path
• The component of
acceleration tangent
to the path changes
the speed
• The component of
acceleration
perpendicular to the
path changes only
the direction of
motion

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Motion with constant acceleration:
For constant acceleration:
(i) vx  v0x  axt

(ii) x  x0  v0xt  12 axt 2

 
(iii) vx  v0x  2ax  x  x0 
2 2
 

v0x  vx  
(iv) x  x0  t


2  
1
(v) 𝑥 = 𝑥 0 + 𝑣 𝑥𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑥 𝑡 2
2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Motion with constant acceleration: Example

Remember: Identify, set up, execute & evaluate

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Projectile Motion

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Projectile Motion
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
velocity (𝑣𝑦 = 0), but its vertical acceleration is still – 𝑔.

Vertically, the
projectile exhibits
constant-acceleration
motion in response to
earth’s gravitational
pull. Thus, its vertical
velocity changes by
equal amounts during
equal time intervals.

Horizontally, the projectile exhibits constant-velocity motion: Its

horizontal acceleration is zero. So it moves equal x-distances in equal
time intervals.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Projectile motion

𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝛼0 𝑡
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝛼0 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2

𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝛼0 𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝛼0
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝛼0 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝛼0 − 𝑔𝑡
2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Projectile Motion: Example

Lets first find the time t

when the ball reaches
y = - 8.0 m and then
calculate the value of x
at this time.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Solution

𝑎𝒙2 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝑐 = 𝟎

To decide which of these is the right answer, the key question

to ask is: "Are these answers reasonable?"
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Motion in a Circle: Examples

London Eye
Centrifuge

Banked curve
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Motion in a Circle
Let’s analyze a vehicle motion
negotiating a Roundabout: The
vehicle could be speeding up in
the curve, slowing down in the
curve, or undergoing uniform
circular motion.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Motion in a Circle

Figure 3.28 𝒗²
𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑹

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Motion in a Circle
Non-uniform motion
Uniform motion

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion

In uniform circular motion acceleration is radial atan = 0 and arad

depends on speed and radius

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Period and Angular Speed
Time for one complete revolution is the period T (s)
The number of revolutions in unit time is frequency f = 1/T (Hz)
The angular frequency or angular speed w = 2pf =2p/T (rad/s)
The Angular velocity is a vector pointing perpendicular to the plane of
the circle, in a right-handed sense
In one revolution, distance travelled is the circumference 2pR of
the circle
Speed v = 2pR/T = 2pRf = Rw (m/s)
Centripetal acceleration: arad = v2/R = Rw2 = 4p2R/T2 = 4p2f2R

arad = v2/R also gives radial acceleration when speed is v at a

point of radius R on any curvilinear path
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Match points A, B . . .F to the following statements
• Slowing down
• Speeding up
• Stopped
• Not slowing down,
not speeding (just
high speed)
• Not speeding up not
slowing down (just
slow speed)
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
35/42
 Relative velocity

𝑥𝑃/𝐴 = 𝑥𝑃/𝐵 + 𝑥𝐵/𝐴

Frame A: cyclist's frame of reference 𝒚𝑃/𝐴 = 𝒚𝑃/𝐵 + 𝒚𝐵/𝐴
Frame B: frame of reference of the moving train
𝒗𝑃/𝐴 = 𝒗𝑃/𝐵 + 𝒗𝐵/𝐴
𝑥-component of P relative to frame A is 𝑥𝑃/𝐴
𝒗𝑩/𝐴 = −𝒗𝑨/𝐵
𝑥-component of P relative to frame B is 𝑥𝑃/𝐵

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

 Relative velocity: Example

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 The figure is a v-t graph. Write down the point of:
1) maximum acceleration
2) no rate of change of speed.
3) greatest rate of change of speed

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.