Chapter 5

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GROUP MEMBERS:
EFA, RHODALYN C.
DULOSA, KIMBERLY A.
FERNANDEZ, DANICA A.
FUERTES, SHEKINAH MARIE L.
GARALDE, RAILEY M.
GESOYOT, DENNIS FLORENCE A.
FLORES, PATRICK T.
 Before
Before conducting
conducting the
the polygraph
polygraph
examination,
examination, the
the examiner
examiner should
should
consider
consider aa lot
lot of
of things.
things.
Ensure that the subject is in good condition.
Make sure that the instrument were working properly.
Follow specific procedures for accurate result.

Any errors during the conduct of polygraph examination

will affect the interpretation of the outcome.
IDEAL POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
ROOM
It must be spacious for two persons
It must be well-lighted
It must be decorated
It must be 90% soundproof
Must be well ventilated
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
1. To ascertain if a person is telling the truth by verifying a
statement or comparing contradictory statement.
2. Obtain additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense.
3. Locate fruits or tools of the crime or whereabouts of the wanted
person.
4. Eliminate innocent suspects, which is the most important.

LIMITATIONS OF THE POLYGRAPH

1. It is an invaluable aid but never a substitute for an investigation.
2. It is not a lie detector; it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts; it records responses to what the
subject knows to be true.
4. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.
 CONDITIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO BE
CONSIDERED FIT FOR POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
1. The subject must have a good night sleep before the test.
2. Subject must refrain from smoking for at least 2 hours before
the test.
3. Must be free from physical and sexual abuse.
4. The subject must not be interrogated for a prolonged period.
5. Must refrain from the use of alcohol and drugs for at least 12
hours before the test.
6. Subject must not be hungry.
7. Must not be suffering from illness, fever, cold, cough, allergy,
etc.
8. Must not be highly nervous,
9. Female subject must be free from menstrual cycle.
10. He/she must not have sex indulgence before the test.
 SUBJECT/EXAMINEE
It refers to the person undergoing polygraph examination.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE SUBJECT

1. To be informed of his right to remain silent.
2. Right to have a competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice.
3. Has the right against self- incrimination.

PURPOSE OF TAKING WRITTEN STATEMENT

OF CONSENT
1. The examiner has a legal basis that no human violation is
committed.
2. That the subject voluntarily submitted himself to undergo a
polygraph examination.
3. It is an arm against harassment
FACTORS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
ERRORS OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. Nervousness experienced by a subject who is telling the
truth.
2. Physiological abnormalities, high blood pressures, and
disease of the heart.
3. Mental abnormalities
4. Unresponsiveness in a living/guilty subject because of no ear
of detection, ability to control response using specific mental
sets of attitudes.
5. Attempt to "beat the machine" by controlled breathing or by
muscular flexing.
QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
1. Technically, he must have complete knowledge of the instrument and its capabilities and
limitations;

2. Morally, he must have a sincere desire to be a polygraph examiner in its strictest sense, by
devoting himself to the polygraph profession through maintenance of high personal integrity and
increasing own proficiency through constant study and research.

3. He always bears in mind his primary obligation to his subject, that is to afford him all possible
safeguards against errors and must never accept any subject
who is not physically or mentally fit for a polygraph examination.

4. He must be an impartial seeker of truth by examining professionally and ethically, and never
allow prejudice to influence the result of the examination

Examiner/polygraphist
The person conducting the polygraph examination.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR
TO THE SUBJECT
1. Learn enough about the polygraph so that he can speak openly and freely to the
person about the test.

2. Not reveal details of an offense which may be utilized in the application of a

"peak of tension.

3. Suggest the test as a means to indicate the subject's innocence.

4. Stress the test's capability of indicating whether a person is telling the truth
through the recorded responses. qualified and impartial to all persons.

5. Assure the subject that the involved in the case. examiner is

6. Avoid any claim for the instrument or examiner that is not backed by facts.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER TO HIS SUBJECT
1. A polygraph examiner recognizes the fact that his primary responsibility must be
on the person who has voluntarily submitted himself for the polygraph examination

2. He should always advise the subject of his constitutional rights against self-
incrimination before conducting any examination.

3. He should see to it that the instrument he utilizes is in good working condition

and that he makes a permanent simultaneous recording on cardiovascular and
respiratory changes.

4. He should first administer at least two or more charts before rendering a

definitive verbal or written opinion based on chart analysis.

5. He should be familiar with the techniques and procedures employed before

offering any testimony concerning the charts or conclusions presented by another
examiner
 FOUR PHASES INVOLVED IN THE CONDUCT
OF POLYGRAPH TEST
A. Initial interview with the Investigator
The polygraph examiner formulates test questions based on information obtained from
the investigator. Question formulation depends largely upon detailed and accurate
information regarding available facts and circumstances that form the basis for the
suspicion or accusation directed against the subject. Unless the examiner is fully informed
about the case, he will not be in a position to conduct an adequate pre-test interview with
the subject during which, appropriate questions to be asked are formulated.

This phase includes:

1. Acquiring and ealuating the facts.
2. Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked.
3. The investigator must furnish the examiner the following:
specific article and the exact amount of money stolen,
a peculiar aspect of the offense or any strange set,
the exact time the crime was committed,
known facts about the suspect's action or movement,
facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victim,
and witnesses,
the exact type of weapon or tools use, and
laboratory test.
B. Pre-Test Interview
The pre-test interview is conducted between the examiner and the subject.

One of the objectives of this phase is to condition the subject before the actual
examination. Also, the examiner should not hold back any information from the subject
about the instrument and its attachmentor recording. This will serve to increase a lyit
subject oncerned over possible detection.

in this phase The examiner should be friendly to the subject, by reserve during the pre-
test interview. No accusatory approach is mac The subject himself is usually the best
source of information about his behavior. The primary purpose of the pre-test intervies is
to prepare or condition the subject for the test. This phase includes:

1. The appraisal of subject's constitutional right;

2. Obtain subject's consent to undergo polygraph test by signing a
statement of consent;
3. The taking of personal data of the subject,
4. Determine the suitability as a subject;
5. Clinical observation of the subject;
6. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject;
7. Informing the subject of his involvement of the offense; and,
8. To obtain his written consent, this must be voluntarily and freely given
The pre-test interview is essential. The success of the polygraph teat greatly depends on
the rapport existing between the examiner and his subject. During this period, the
attachment of the polygraph parts is made with a brief explanation of the function of each
accessory.
C. Conduct of Instrumentation or
Actual Test
The examiner should attach polygraph components to the
subject after the pre-test interview, reviewing prepared
questions and avoiding lengthy comments or statements
about the incident or the subject's responsibility.

The instrument and polygraph technique significantly

influence a guilty suspect's confession. Confessions can be
given at various points, such as suggesting the test, attaching
the instrument, or after the test. Test instructions are limited
to YES or NO, and confessions are admissible as court
evidence.
D. Post Test

Inform the subject that he cannot be cleared from his

chart.
Convince the subject that the responses were
created due to his own emotions and not by
mechanical manipulation by the examiner.
Use persuasiveness, sympathetic attitude and
perseverance in eliciting admission or confession.
Pointed out recorded reactions with a brief
explanation of their significance as an objective, a
concrete and tangible evidence that the eye can see,
and the mind can easily grasp.
CHART MARKING

9
 WHAT IS CHART?
A scientific instrument that capable of recording simultaneously changes in
blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indicative of
emotional disturbance especially of a lying subject when being questioned.

1. The exact time the test commenced and terminated.

2. Initial and final blood pressure.
3. The point where each question was asked started and ended, the
corresponding identification of question, and the given type and type of
answer by the subject
4. Any instruction or repetition of the question made;
5. Any movements, coughing or talking by the suspect or outside destruction
occurred; and
6. The mechanical adjustment made.
7. Extraneous factor affecting test charts such as paper jams.
8. Chart number, subject name, time, date, and place of examination.
Signs and symbols
 1. X
Indicates the beginning or start of the test.
Place on the cart below the cardio tracing.
Wait for 15-20 seconds before asking a question.

2. XX
Indicates the end or ending of the test.
Mark XX below the cardio tracing.
Blood pressure cuff will be released and
deactivation of instrument after 10 secs
without stimulus insertion.
 3. / / /
When a question is asked, a vertical line is placed
on the chart below.
Only indicates the beginning.
Indicates the ending.

4. Question Numbering
Extreme care should be made to ensure that the correct question
number is used to identify the question asked and to prevent
misinterpretation of test chart.
It can be done between the stimulus mark, either below or to the right
of stimulus marking.

5. + (plus), - (minus), and No sign

+ sign indicates that the subject answered YES.
- sign signifies NO answer from the subject.
No sign should be place when the subject fails to answer.
Signs are placed below or at the right side of the number of the
question.
6. __________ T
Talking made by the subject other than YES or NO, indicate at the
point subject starts to talk and again where the subject starts talking.
Signs are placed below or at the right side of the number of the
question.

7. C - cough
Shows below the pneumo tracing where the break is shown if the
subject is coughing.
Can cause sharp ring in the galvo and a break on a cardio patter.

8. M or M________M
It should be placed exactly above any break in tracing.
The prolong movement is indicated with the first M when the
movement is notice and second M if it stopped.

9. I or I
A mechanical adjustment.
It should be done only when necessary and preceded by an irrelevant
question.

10. CT
It indicates the clearing of the throat.
Placed below the pneumo tracing, both galvo and cardio tracing may
be affected.
OSN 11. Outside Noise

PJ 12. Paper Jam

PJ

CT 13. Cleaning of
throat

14. Deep breath

DB
 SN 15. Sniff

16. Movement on the Right Hand

MRH

MLHPJ17. Movement on the Left Hand

18. Sigh
S

Y 19. Yawn

Yawn.
X

XX

Other sign and symbol

 DIGITAL
If you are using a digital
polygraph, you will just click on
the screen for the markings.

Digital polygraph markings are

different, it varies on the
manufacturer.
LAFAYETTE
A polygraph that uses a
marker to do the
corresponding markings.