ADDITION/SUBTRACTIONS OF POLYNOMIALS

Add (5x2 + 7x – 6) + (3x2 + 4)

(5x2 + 7x – 6) + (3x2 + 4) 5x2 + 7x – 6

5x2 + 7x – 6 +3x2 + 4 3x2 +4
5x2 + 3x2 + 7x – 6 + 4 8x2 + 7x – 2
8x2 + 7x – 2

Subtract (5x2 + 7x – 6) - (3x2 + 4)

(5x2 + 7x – 6) - (3x2 + 4)
5x2 + 7x – 6 – 3x2 – 4 5x2 + 7x – 6
5x2 – 3x2 + 7x – 6 – 4 -3x2 -4
2x2 + 7x – 10 2x2 + 7x – 10

FACTORING POLYNOMIALS
Factoring Formula

Common Monomial Factoring

Example 1 7x2 – 7y
7(x2 – y)

Example 2 8x3 – 16x4 +48x7

8x3 (1 – 2x + 6x4)

Example 3 9x4 + 27x2y – 63x5y2

9x2 (x2 + 3y – 7x3y2)

Example 4 45x3y2 + 75x3y3 – 30xy4

5xy2 (9x2 + 15x2y – 6y2)
5xy2 (3)(3x2 + 5x2y – 2y2)
15xy2 (3x2 + 5x2y – 2y2)

The Difference of Two Squares

x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)

Example 1 x2 – 36 x 6
(x + 6)(x – 6)
Example 2 18a3 – 72ab2
18a (a2 – 4b2)
18a (a + 2b) (a – 2b)

Example 3 243x4 – 48y4

3(81x4 – 16y4)
3(9x2 + 4y2)(9x2 – 4y2)
3(9x2 + 4y2)(3x + 2y)(3x – 2y)

Perfect Square Trinomials

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

Example 1 y2 + 8y + 16
y 8y 4
(y + 4) (y + 4)
(y + 4)2

Example 2 48x3 – 24x2y + 3xy2

3x(16x2 – 8xy + y2)
4x 8xy y
3x (4x – y)(4x – y)
3x (4x – y)2
Example 3 9 – 4x2 + 4xy – y2
4x2 - 4xy + y2 = 9
2x 4xy y = 9
(2x – y)(2x – y) = 9
(2x – y)2 = 9
2x – y = ±3
(2x – y – 3)(2x – y + 3)

9 – 4x2 + 4xy – y2
9 – (4x2 + 4xy – y2)
9 – (2x – y)(2x – y)
32 – (2x – y)2
(3 – 2x + y)(3 + 2x – y)

The Sum/Difference of Two Cubes

x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)

Example 1 x3 + 8
x 2
(x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4)

Example 2 x12 – 64y6

 x4 4y2
(x4 - 4y2) ((x4)2 + (x4)(4y2) + (4y2)2)
(x4 – 4y2)(x8 + 4x4y2 + 16y4)
x2 2y
(x2 + 2y)(x2 – 2y)(x8 + 4x4y2 + 16y4)

Example 1 -6x5 -15x4 + 9x3

Answer: -6x5 -15x4 + 9x3

-3x3 (2x2 + 5x – 3)
-3x3 (2x-1) (x+3) 2x2 +6x -x -3 2x2 + 5x – 3

Example 2 x10 – x6 – x4 + 1
(x10 – x6 ) – (x4 – 1)
X6 (x4 – 1) –1(x4 – 1)
(x6 – 1)(x4 – 1) x6 – 1 = 0
3 3 2 2
(x +1)(x -1)(x +1)(x – 1) (x3 +1)(x3-1)
(x + 1) (x2 – x + 1) (x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) (x2+1) (x + 1)(x-1)

x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
x3 - y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2)

(x3 +2)
x3 + 13 a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab +b2)
(x + 1) (x – (x)(1) + 12)
2

(x + 1) (x2 – x + 1)

(x3 - 1) (a - b)(a2 – ab +b2)

(x – 1)(x2 – (x)(1) + 12
(x – 1) (x2 – x + 1)

(x2 +1)
x2 + 1 = 0
x2 = - 1

x2 – 1 = 0
x2 = 1
x = ±1
(x + 1)(x-1)
Example 3 4x4 + 8x2 + 9
4x4 + 12x2 – 4x2 + 9
(4x4 + 12x2 + 9) – 4x2
(2x2 +3)( 2x2 +3) – 4x2
(2x2 + 3)2 – 4x2
(2x2 + 3)2 – (2x)2
(2x2 + 3 – 2x)(2x2 + 3 + 2x)

POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

9x2 + 3x + 5 = 0

Determine if the given value of c is a root of the given equation.

Example 1 x4 – 3x2 – x2 + 7x – 24 = 0 c=-3

Answer x4 – 3x2 – x2 + 7x – 24 = 0
f(x) = x4 – 3x2 – x2 + 7x – 24
f(-3) = (-3)4 – 3(-3)2 – (-3)2 + 7(-3) – 24
f(-3) = 81 – 27 – 9 – 21 – 24
f(-3) = 0

Then, - 3 is a root of the equation x4 – 3x2 – x2 + 7x – 24 =0.

Form the polynomial equation with integral coefficients whose only roots are given.

Example 2 1, -2, ½

Answer (x – 1)(x + 2)(x – ½) = 0

(x2 + 2x – x – 2)(x – ½) = 0
(x2 + x – 2)(x – ½) = 0
(x3 – ½ x2 + x2 – ½ x -2x + 1) = 0
x3 + ½ x2 – 5/2x + 1 = 0
3 2
2 x + x −5 x+ 2
=0
2
3 2
2 x + x −5 x +2=0
 1
(x – 1)(x + 2)(x – ½) = 0 x− =0
2
2 x−1
(x – 1)(x + 2)(2x – 1) = 0 =0
2
(x2 + x – 2)(2x – 1) = 0
2x3 – x2 + 2x2 – x – 4x + 2 = 0
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 = 0

Solving Polynomial Equations

Example 3 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 (Rational Root Theorem)

Answer Factors of – 6: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6

Factors of 1: ±1
Possible roots: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6

@x = 1 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (1)3 + 2(1)2 – 5(1) – 6 = 1 + 2 – 5 – 6 = - 8

@x = -1 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (-1)3 + 2(-1)2 – 5(-1) – 6 = -1 + 2 + 5 – 6 = 0
@x = 2 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (2)3 + 2(2)2 – 5(2) – 6 = 8 + 8 – 10 – 6 = 0
@x = -2 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (-2)3 + 2(-2)2 – 5(-2) – 6 = - 8 + 8 + 10 – 6 = 4
@x = 3 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (3)3 + 2(3)2 – 5(3) – 6 = 27 + 18 – 15 – 6 = 24
@x = -3 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (-3)3 + 2(-3)2 – 5(-3) – 6 = - 27 + 18 + 15 – 6 = 0
@x = 6 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (6)3 + 2(6)2 – 5(6) – 6 = 216 + 72 – 30 – 6 = 252
@x = -6 x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (-6)3 + 2(-6)2 – 5(-6) – 6 = - 216 + 72 + 30 – 6 = -120

Therefore, the roots of the equation x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 are -1, 2, and – 3.

Example 4 (Quadratic Surd Roots Theorem)

One of the roots of x5 + 10x4 + 26x3 + 10x2 + x = 0 is −2+ √ 3. Find the other roots of the
equation.

Answer x5 + 10x4 + 26x3 + 10x2 + x = 0

 x (x4 + 10x3 + 26x2 + 10x + 1) = 0 x=0

x4 + 10x3 + 26x2 + 10x + 1 = 0

−2+ √ 3 ,−2−√ 3 x = −2+ √ 3, x = −2− √ 3

(x – ( −2+ √ 3 ¿( x – (−2− √ 3 ¿ = 0
(x + 2 - √ 3) (x + 2 + √ 3) = 0 x2 + 2x + x√ 3 + 2x + 4 + 2√ 3 - x√ 3 - 2√ 3 – 3 = 0
(x + 2)2 – 3 = 0 x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
x2 + 4x + 4 – 3 = 0
x2 + 4x + 1 = 0

x5 + 10x4 + 26x3 + 10x2 + x = 0 x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 - 4, - 1

1 10 26 10 1 L – 4, - 1
-4 -1
-24 -6
-4 -1
0
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1 6 1 0 0

x2 + 6x + 1
x2 + 6x = - 1
x2 + 6x + 9 = - 1 + 9
(x + 3)(x + 3) = 8
(x+ 3)2 = 8
x + 3 = ± 2 √2
x = - 3+ 2 √ 2
x = - 3- 2 √ 2

Therefore, the roots of the equation are 0, −2+ √ 3 ,−2−√ 3 , - 3+ 2 √ 2 and x = - 3- 2 √ 2.

Example 5 One of the roots of x4 + 6x3+ 17x2 + 36x + 66 = 0 is −3+i √ 2 . Find the other roots of the
equation. (Complex Conjugate Roots Theorem)

Answer −3+i √2, −3−i √ 2

(x – c)(x -c)
¿
¿)
( x 2 +3 x+i √ 2 x +3 x+ 9+3 i √ 2−i √ 2 x−3 i √2−2i 2 )
 ( x 2 +3 x+3 x +9−2i2 )
2 2
( x +6 x+ 9−2 i )
2 2
x + 6 x+ 9−2 i
2 2
x + 6 x+ 9−2(−1) i =−1
2
x + 6 x+11

1 6 17 36 66 L-6, - 11
-6 -11
0 0
-36 -66

------------------------------------------------------------------
1 0 6 0 0

x2 + 6
x2 = - 6
x =± √−6
2

x=± √ (−1)(6)
x=± i √ 6

The roots of the equation are −3+i √ 2 , −3−i √ 2, i √ 6 , −i √ 6