What is Operating System? Explain characteristics of OS?
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An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware. An operating
system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like
file management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. An
operating system is software that enables applications to
interact with a computer's hardware.
Work Management One of the important characteristics
of the operating system is task management. It is also
considered an important OS function as it controls all the
activities related to handling tasks systematically.
Resource Management: The hardware and software of a
computer are closely interconnected. Each of the two
does not work without the other. As a result, the
operating system balances these two resources. OS
examines all tasks systematically and verifies if all
computer components are operational
Input and Output Control: The three main jobs of a
computer are Input, Output, and Processing. The
operating system also controls a computer's input and
output activities.
Multitasking System: Multitasking is now a standard
feature of current operating systems. They are capable of
performing numerous jobs at once. For example, if a user
is working in Excel and wants to print a page, he does not
need to interrupt his work.With just one command, the
page will be printed, and the user can access the drives
without having to close the tab. As a result, multitasking is
one of the best characteristics of operating systems
Define the virtual memory? What are its advantages?
Virtual Memory is a storage scheme that provides user an
illusion of having a very big main memory. This is done by
treating a part of secondary memory as the main memory.
In this scheme, User can load the bigger size processes
than the available main memory by having the illusion
that the memory is available to load the process. Instead
of loading one big process in the main memory, the
Operating System loads the different parts of more than
one process in the main memory. By doing this, the
degree of multiprogramming will be increased and
therefore, the CPU utilization will also be increased.
Advantages of Virtual Memory
1. The degree of Multiprogramming will be increased.
2. User can run large application with less real RAM.
3. There is no need to buy more memory RAMs.
What is the demand paging?
Demand Paging is a popular method of virtual memory
management. In demand paging, the pages of a process
which are least used, get stored in the secondary memory.
A page is copied to the main memory when its demand is
made or page fault occurs. There are various page
replacement algorithms which are used to determine the
pages which will be replaced. We will discuss each one of
them later in detail.
What are the principles of the following replacement
algorithms? a) FIFO. b) LRU.
1. First In First Out (FIFO): This is the simplest page
replacement algorithm. In this algorithm, the operating
system keeps track of all pages in the memory in a queue,
the oldest page is in the front of the queue. When a page
needs to be replaced page in the front of the queue is
selected for removal. Example 1: Consider page reference
string 1, 3, 0, 3, 5, 6, 3 with 3 page frames.Find the
number of page faults.
2. Optimal Page replacement: In this algorithm, pages are
replaced which would not be used for the longest duration
of time in the future. Example-2: Consider the page
references 7, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3, 0, 3, 2, 3 with 4 page
frame. Find number of page fault.
3. Least Recently Used: In this algorithm, page will be
replaced which is least recently used. Example-3: Consider
the page reference string 7, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3, 0, 3, 2, 3
with 4 page frames. Find number of page faults.
Cooperating process: There are various processes in a
computer system, which can be either independent or
cooperating processes that operate in the operating
system. It is considered independent when any other
processes operating on the system may not impact a
process. Process-independent processes don't share any
data with other processes
(2) Independent process:The process that does not affect
or is affected by the other process while its execution then
the process is called Independent Process. Example The
process that does not share any shared variable, database,
files, etc.
(3) Race condition: When more than one process is
executing the same code or accessing the same memory
or any shared variable in that condition there is a
possibility that the output or the value of the shared
variable is wrong so for that all the processes doing the
race to say that my output is correct this condition known
as a race condition.
 requirements of solution the critical-section problem?
--> In the entry section, the process requests for entry in
the Critical Section. Any solution to the critical section
problem must satisfy three requirements: • Mutual
Exclusion: If a process is executing in its critical section,
then no other process is allowed to execute in the critical
section. • Progress: If no process is executing in the critical
section and other processes are waiting outside the
critical section, then only those processes that are not
executing in their remainder section can participate in
deciding which will enter in the critical section next, and
the selection can not be postponed indefinitely. •
Bounded Waiting: A bound must exist on the number of
times that other processes are allowed to enter their
critical sections after a process has made a request to
enter its critical section and before that request is granted.
Logical Address is generated by CPU while a program is
running. The logical address is virtual address as it does
not exist physically, therefore, it is also known as Virtual
Address. This address is used as a reference to access the
physical memory location by CPU. The term Logical
Address Space is used for the set of all logical addresses
generated by a program’s perspective. The hardware
device called Memory-Management Unit is used for
mapping logical address to its corresponding physical
address.
Physical Address identifies a physical location of required
data in a memory. The user never directly deals with the
physical address but can access by its corresponding
logical address. The user program generates the logical
address and thinks that the program is running in this
logical address but the program needs physical memory
for its execution, therefore, the logical address must be
mapped to the physical address by MMU before they are
used.
Write a short note of Synchronization?
--> Process Synchronization is the coordination of
execution of multiple processes in a multi-process system
to ensure that they access shared resources in a controlled
and predictable manner. It aims to resolve the problem of
race conditions and other synchronization issues in a
concurrent system. The main objective of process
synchronization is to ensure that multiple processes
access shared resources without interfering with each
other, and to prevent the possibility of inconsistent data
due to concurrent access. To achieve this, various
synchronization techniques such as semaphores,
monitors, and critical sections are used.
Explain CPU Scheduling Algorithm?
--> CPU Scheduling is a process of determining which
process will own CPU for execution while another process
is on hold. The main task of CPU scheduling is to make
sure that whenever the CPU remains idle, the OS at least
select one of the processes available in the ready queue
for execution. The selection process will be carried out by
the CPU scheduler. It selects one of the processes in
memory that are ready for execution.
Preemptive Scheduling In Preemptive Scheduling, the
tasks are mostly assigned with their priorities. Sometimes
it is important to run a task with a higher priority before
another lower priority task, even if the lower priority task
is still running. The lower priority task holds for some time
and resumes when the higher priority task finishes its
execution.
Non-Preemptive Scheduling In this type of scheduling
method, the CPU has been allocated to a specific process.
The process that keeps the CPU busy will release the CPU
either by switching context or terminating. It is the only
method that can be used for various hardware platforms.
That’s because it doesn’t need special hardware (for
example, a timer) like preemptive scheduling.
.What is deadlock? Explain how deadlock can be
avoided?
--> Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are
blocked because each process is holding a resource and
waiting for another resource acquired by some other
process. Consider an example when two trains are coming
toward each other on the same track and there is only one
track, none of the trains can move once they are in front
of each other. A similar situation occurs in operating
systems when there are two or more processes that hold
some resources and wait for resources held by other(s).
For example, in the below diagram, Process 1 is holding
Resource 1 and waiting for resource 2 which is acquired by
process 2, and process 2 is waiting for resource 1.
. Describe types of Multiprocessor?
--> operating systems, to improve the performance of
more than one CPU can be used within one computer
system called Multiprocessor operating system. Multiple
CPUs are interconnected so that a job can be divided
among them for faster execution. When a job finishes,
results from all CPUs are collected and compiled to give
the final output. Jobs needed to share main memory and
they may also share other system resources among
themselves. Multiple CPUs can also be used to run
multiple jobs simultaneously. For Example: UNIX
Operating system is one of the most widely used
multiprocessing systems.
Types of multiprocessing systems
Symmetrical multiprocessing operating system:
In a Symmetrical multiprocessing system, each processor
executes the same copy of the operating system, takes its
own decisions, and cooperates with other processes to
smooth the entire functioning of the system. The CPU
scheduling policies are very simple. Any new job
submitted by a user can be assigned to any processor that
is least burdened. It also results in a system in which all
processors are equally burdened at any time.
Asymmetric multiprocessing operating system In an
asymmetric multiprocessing system, there is a master
slave relationship between the processors. Further, one
processor may act as a master processor or supervisor
processor while others are treated as shown below.
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a special-purpose
operating system used in computers that has strict time
constraints for any job to be performed. It is employed
mostly in those systems in which the results of the
computations are used to influence a process while it is
executing. Whenever an event external to the computer
occurs, it is communicated to the computer with the help
of some sensor used to monitor the event. The sensor
produces the signal that is interpreted by the operating
system as an interrupt. On receiving an interrupt, the
operating system invokes a specific process or a set of
processes to serve the interrupt. This process is
completely uninterrupted unless a higher priority
interrupt occurs during its execution. Therefore, there
must be a strict hierarchy of priority among the interrupts.
The interrupt with the highest priority must be allowed to
initiate the process , while lower priority interrupts should
be kept in a buffer that will be handled later. Interrupt
management is important in such an operating system.
Explain components of RTOS?
Components of RTOS The Scheduler: This component of
RTOS tells that in which order, the tasks can be executed
which is generally based on the priority. Symmetric
Multiprocessing (SMP): It is a number of multiple different
tasks that can be handled by the RTOS so that parallel
processing can be done. Function Library: It is an
important element of RTOS that acts as an interface that
helps you to connect kernel and application code. This
application allows you to send the requests to the Kernel
using a function library so that the application can give the
desired results
What is a Shell Scripting?
Shell script is a list of commands in a computer program
that is run by the Unix shell which is a command line
interpreter. A shell script usually has comments that
describe the steps. The different operations performed by
shell scripts are program execution, file manipulation and
text printing. A wrapper is also a kind of shell script that
creates the program environment, runs the program etc.
Types of Shells There are two major types of shells in Unix.
Bourne Shell :This is the default shell for version 7 Unix.
The character $ is the default prompt for the bourne shell.
The different subcategories in this shell are Korn shell,
Bourne Again shell, POSIX shell etc. C Shell :This is a Unix
shell and a command processor that is run in a text
window. The character % is the default prompt for the C
shell. File commands can also be read easily by the C shell,
which is known as a script.
Explain Linux Commands?
Linux is a family of open-source Unix operating systems
based on the Linux Kernel. They include Ubuntu, Fedora,
Debian, openSUSE, and Red Hat.
1. sudo command Short for superuser do, sudo is one of
the most popular basic Linux commands that lets you
perform tasks that require administrative or root
permissions.
2. pwd command Use the pwd command to find the path
of your current working directory. Simply entering pwd
will return the full current path – a path of all the
directories that starts with a forward slash (/).
3. cd command To navigate through the Linux files and
directories, use the cd command. Depending on your
current working directory, it requires either the full path
or the directory name.
4. ls command The ls command lists files and directories
within a system. Running it without a flag or parameter
will show the current working directory’s content.
Explain in Details Kernel and types of Kernel?
The Kernel is the heart of your operating system. Kernel
handles all operations on behalf of operating system. • A
Kernel is an intermediary between applications and
hardware. This means that applications can run without
knowing or caring about the underlying hardware details.
It manages lowlevel tasks such as disk management, task
management, and memory management. Whenever you
start a system, Kernel is the first program that is loaded
after the bootloader, and it remains in the memory until
the operating system is shut-down.
Types of the Kernel
Monolithic Kernel: Monolithic kernels are the simplest
and most common type of Kernel. They include the core
functionality of the operating system and support all
devices connected to it. In this, the user and kernel
services are implemented in the same memory space. Due
to this, the size of the kernel increases, which in turn
increases the size of the operating system
Microkernel: Microkernels are a newer development and,
as such, are not as common as monolithic kernels. They
include only the essential services and devices required
for the system to function. This results in a smaller kernel
that is faster and uses less memory. Here, the user and
kernel services are implemented in two different spaces.
Hybrid Kernel: Hybrid kernels combine monolithic and
microkernels. They include more services than
microkernels but less than monolithic kernels. This allows
them to offer some of the benefits of both kernels
Nano Kernel: Nano kernels are the smallest type of
Kernel, consisting of only a few thousand lines of code. It
means that the code executing in the privileged mode of
the hardware is minimal. They are used primarily in
embedded systems or devices with limited resources.
Exo Kernel: This Kernel has separate resource protection
and management. It is suitable for use when performing
application-specific customization. Exo kernels are
designed for use in mobile devices. They are a variation of
microkernels that include additional features specifically
for mobile devices, such as power management and
support for multiple processors.`
Explain any two features of windows operating system
control panel?
Control Panel A Control panel is a feature of the Windows
operating system that contains many tools that help in
configuring and managing the computer's resources.
For e.g., the control panel provides the settings for audio,
video, mouse, keyboard, network connections, date and
time, installed applications, etc. which the user can
change as per his/her need.
Cortana It is used to display the files and folders which
are on the computer. It is also known as Windows
Explorer. It gives the user the ability to browse data on the
hard drive, SSD, and other inserted removable disks. It
allows the user to manage the content according to their
preference, such as a user can delete or rename a file and
search and transfer data.
What is Mobile Operating System? Explain types of
Mobile Operating System?
--> A mobile operating system (OS) is software that allows
smartphones, tablet PCs (personal computers) and other
devices to run applications and programs. A mobile OS
typically starts up when a device powers on, presenting a
screen with icons or tiles that present information and
provide application access.
7. Explain Mapping techniques of Cache Memory?
--> Cache Memory: The clock speed of the CPU is much
faster than the main memory, So, the CPU requires fast
memory. Such a fast and small memory is referred to as a
‘cache memory‘. The Cache Memory is the intermediate
Memory between the CPU and the main memory.
Mapping: The basic characteristics of cache memory are
its fast access time. So, it is very little or no time must be
wasted when searching for words in the cache. The
transformation of data from main memory to cache
memory is referred to as a ‘Mapping‘ process. There are 3
types of mapping procedures are there for cache memory.
What is a Process Control Block (PCB)?
A process control block (PCB) is a data structure used by
operating systems to store important information about
running processes. It contains information such as the
unique identifier of the process (Process ID or PID),
current status, program counter, CPU registers, memory
allocation, open file descriptions and accounting
information. The circuit is critical to context switching
because it allows the operating system to efficiently
manage and control multiple processes.
A process control board (PCB) stores various information
about a process so that the operating system can manage
it properly.