03/09/2023

As defined by Given (2008), it is a systematic empirical investigation
of an observed phenomena through the use of statistical,
mathematical, or computational methods.
Focuses on numeric, specific, detailed data and deductive
reasoning.
Can either be experimental or non-experimental.
Experimental establishes causality and often used when an
intervention is being studied.
Non experimental only establishes association or connection
between variables.
Clearly defined research question.
Generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or
investigate causal relationships
Gathered using structured research instruments
Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires
The results are based on larger sample sizes that are
representative of the population.
Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often
arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
Can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.

The Establishes
association causality and
or connection often used
when an
between
Non- intervention is
experimental Experimental variables.
being studied.
Without With
manipulation manipulation of
Survey Quasi True
Correlational comparative of variables.
research experimental experimental variables.

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 03/09/2023

Most common method

used for quantitative
study.
Determine the Comparisons
Researcher Depends on how Two types: relationship are based on
has a control the participants Cross-sectional between two descriptive
collects data from a
over the were recruited population through variables. data, showing
experiment. for the study. observation, survey, or Only describes that a
Involves an No interview at a specific
point in time.
the relationship, difference
experimental randomization = Longitudinal collects it does not prove exists but
and control quasi- data of the same cause and does not imply
subjects over a period of
group. experimental time that can last to effect. causation.
several years.

Purpose
Reasons of choosing a design
Nature of the study (cross-sectional or longitudinal?)
Basis of the population sample and size
Procedure of sampling (random or nonrandom?)
Instruments to be used
Pilot-testing
Timeline of survey administration
Variables of the study