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WK 3 Pharma Fluid and Electrolytes Vitamins
WK 3 Pharma Fluid and Electrolytes Vitamins
NURSING PHARMACOLOGY
NCM 106
LESSON MODULE 3
8. Vitamins and Minerals
9. Fluid and Electrolytes Replacement
_______________________________________
This lesson module will serve as the basis for the students
understanding on water and fat soluble vitamins, the essential
micro and macronutrients, fluid body compositions and fluid
replacements. Also included in this module are the different
electrolyte imbalances and common nursing interventions.
This Lesson Module 1 will cover the following :
8. Classification of Vitamins and minerals and its significance to
human body.
• stored in the body for only a brief period of time and are
then excreted by the kidneys. The one exception to this is
vitamin B12, which is stored in the liver. Water-soluble
vitamins need to be taken daily.
Vitamins
•contain no useful energy for the body
•link and regulate the sequence of metabolic reactions that
release energy within the food that are consumed.
•Vitamins cannot be made in the body and must be obtained
in our diet
•A well balanced diet provides an adequate quantity of all
vitamins regardless of age and level of physical activity.
Vitamin A (fat-soluble)
Uses: maintains the health of the epithelium and acts on the
retina's dark adaptation mechanism.
Deficiency leads to: Keratinization of the nasal and
respiratory passage epithelium, night blindness
•Sources: Dairy products, eggs, liver. Can be converted by the
body from the beta-carotene found in green vegetables,
carrots and liver.
Signs of Vitamin A Toxicity
• Gingivitis ● Serum vitamin A of
75 to 2000 RAE/100
• Cheilosis ml
• Anorexia ● Bone pain and
• Irritability fragility
• Fatigue ● Hydrocephalus and
vomiting (infants
• Hepatomegaly and and children)
abnormal liver
● Dry, fissured skin
function
● Brittle nails
• Ascites and portal
● Hair loss (alopecia)
hypertension
Vitamin D3 (fat-soluble) cholecalceferol
•Sources: Fish liver oils, dairy produce. Vitamin D is formed in
the skin when it is exposed to sunlight
•Uses: Has a role in the absorption of calcium, which is
essential for the maintenance of healthy bones
•Deficiency leads to: Rickets
Signs of Vitamin D Toxicity
• Excessive calcification of bones
• Kidney stones
• Metastatic calcification of soft tissue
(kidney, heart, lung, and tympanic membrane)
• Hypercalcemia
• Headache
• Weakness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Constipation
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
Vitamin E (fat-soluble)
• Sources: Pure vegetable oils; wheatgerm,
wholewheat bread and cereals, egg yolk, nuts,
sunflower seeds
• Uses: Protects tissues against damage;
promotes normal growth and development;
helps in normal red blood cell formation
• Deficiency leads to: May cause muscular
dystrophy
Vitamin K (fat-soluble)
• Sources: Green vegetables
• Uses: Used by the liver for the formation of
prothrombin
• Deficiency leads to: Bleeding due to delayed
clotting times caused by lack of clotting
factors. Patients may show signs of bruising
easily and have nosebleeds.
Water-soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B1 (thiamin))
•Sources: Yeast, egg yolk, liver, wheatgerm, nuts, red
meat and cereals
•Uses: Carbohydrate metabolism
•Deficiency leads to: Fatigue, irritability, loss of
appetite; severe deficiency can lead to beriberi
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) (water-soluble)
•Sources: Dairy products, liver, vegetables, eggs, cereals, fruit, yeast
•Uses: Intracellular metabolism
•Deficiency leads to: Painful tongue and fissures to the corners of the
mouth, chapped lips , CHEILITIS
•Vitamin B (Pyridoxine)
6
•PYRIDOXINE
•PYRODOXAL
•PYRODEXAMINE
Folate Deficiency
•Impaired biosynthesis of DNA and RNA
•Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia
•Folate-responsive homocystinemia
•Neural tube defects
Carnitine
•Functions in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria
for oxidation as sources of energy
•Meats and dairy products are good sources.
•Muscle weakness and hypoglycemia are symptoms of deficiency.
myo-Inositol
•Provides structural support in membranes
•Source of arachidonic acid and important intracellular signals and
secondary cell messengers
•Synthesized from glucose and also obtained from fruits, grains,
vegetables, nuts, legumes, and organ meats
Ubiquinones
•Referred to as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
•Function as essential components of the mitochondrial electron
transport chain
•Function as a fat-soluble antioxidant
•Found in fish oils, nuts, fish, and meats
Bioflavonoids
•Have been shown to reduce capillary fragility and to potentiate the
antiscorbutic activity of ascorbic acid
•Studies show association of diets high in bioflavonoids with reduced
risks for cardiovascular disease and several cancers.
•Found in colorful foods of plant origin
Notes :
•Fat-soluble vitamins should not be consumed in excess as they are
stored in the body and excess can result in side effects
•An excess of water-soluble vitamins should not result in any side effects, as they will
disperse in the body fluids and voided in the urine
Key Vitamin & Mineral Requirements for Hospitalized
Patient
• Vitamin A – wound healing & tissue repair
• Vitamin C – Collagen synthesis & wound repair
• Vitamin B1 – Metabolism & CHO utilization
• Pyridoxine ( B6) – Protein Synthesis
• Zinc – Wound repair, immune function & CHON synthesis
• Folic acid, Fe, B12- Synthesis & turnover of erythrocytes
• Vitamin E –antioxidant
6. FLUORIDE
1. IRON
2. ZINC 7. MOLYBDENUM
3. COPPER
8. COBALT
4. IODINE
5. MANGANESE 9. SELENIUM
10. CHROMIUM
MINERALS
►Large class of ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENTS
DEFICIENCY
🡹Infertility
🡹Failureof wounds and ulcers to heal
🡹Poor growth
🡹Alopecia (hair loss)
🡹Diarrhea
🡹Excessive body odor
TOXICITY
🡹Nausea and vomiting
🡹Abdominal pain
COPPER
🡹Enzyme cofactor in iron metabolism, melanin synthesis, electron transport
DEFICIENCY
🡹White hair, Gray hair, Brittle hair, Varicose veins
🡹Ptosis, Reduced glucose tolerance
🡹Menke’s Kinky hair syndrome
🡹DEFICIENCY= GOITER
GRAVE’S DISEASE
🡹Symptoms:
◦ Insomnia
◦ Heat intolerance
◦ Excessive sweating
◦ Exopthalmos
◦ Rapid pulse
◦ Irritability
MANGANESE
•it activates numerous enzyme systems including those
involved with glucose metabolism, energy production
•Responsible for the development of fragile ear bones
and joint cartilage
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
🡹Toxicity-
RESEMBLING SCHIZOPHRENIA
POTASSIUM
•Vital for muscle contractions and nerve transmission
•Important for heart and kidney function
•Helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure
DEFICIENCY
🡹Muscular weakness
🡹mental apathy
🡹Cardiac failure
CHROMIUM SELENIUM
•Works with insulin for •Involved in fat metabolism
proper glucose metabolism •Cooperates with vitamin E
•Acts as an antioxidant
DEFICIENCY
DEFICIENCY
🡹Low blood sugar
🡹Age spots
🡹Diabetes
🡹Muscular weakness
🡹Hyperinsulemnia
🡹Infertility
🡹Hyperactivity
🡹Cancer
🡹Infertility and decreased
sperm count 🡹Irregular heart beat
MACROMINERALS
1. CALCIUM
2. PHOSPHORUS
3. MAGNESIUM
4. SULFUR
CALCIUM
•Helps build strong bones and teeth
•Involved in muscle contractions and nerve function
•CALCIUM DEFICIENCY>>OSTEOMALACIA
🡹CALCIUM TOXICITY
Muscle and abdominal pain
Calcium kidney stones
• PHOSPHORUS
• Works with calcium to build and maintain bones and teeth
• Helps convert food to energy
• Regulates blood pH
Phosphorus Deficiency
🡹 Aggravates osteoporosis, arthritis, high blood
pressure, loose teeth, etc.
🡹 loss of appetite
🡹 Weakness
🡹 Pain
Phosphorus Toxicity
🡹 Lowers blood calcium which may lead to tetany and
convulsions
MAGNESIUM
•production and transfer of energy for protein synthesis
• for contractility of muscle and excitability of nerves
• cofactor in myriads of enzyme systems
DEFICIENCY
-Asthma, Anorexia, Menstrual migraines,
Growth failure
- ECG changes, Neuromuscular problems,
Tetany (Convulsions)
TOXICITY
🡹Inhibited bone calcification
🡹Low blood pressure
🡹Drowsiness
🡹Nausea
🡹Slurred speech
🡹Unsteadiness
SULFUR
•Attached to proteins to maintain:
1. Hemoglobin
2. Hormones (Insulin, adrenal cortical hormones)
3. Enzymes
4. Antibodies
DEFICIENCY
🡹degenerative types of arthritis involving degeneration of cartilage,
ligaments, tendons
🡹Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
Cations
Potassium (K+)
Sodium (Na+
Calcium (Ca+)
Magnesium (Mg+)
Anions
Chloride (Cl )
Bicarbonate (HCO3 )
Phosphate (PO4 )
Sulfate (SO4 )
3 Types of FLUID CONCENTRATION
.Iso-osmolar – same proportion of particles
.Hypo- osmolar – fewer particles than water
.Hyperosmolar – more particles than water
TONICITY
Measurement of the concentration of intravenous (IV)
solutions
Tonicity: range 240 to 340 mOsm/L
FLUID REPLACEMENT
Intravenous Solutions
Indication: Body Fluid loss
Examples:
• normal saline or 0.9% sodium chloride
(NaCl)
• 5% in water (D5W)
• Lactated Ringer’s (D5LR)
• Ringer’s solutions
• PNSS
Intravenous Solutions
Hypotonic solutions – less than 240
mOsm
Indication: treatment for cellular dehydration
Examples: 0.45% NaCl (half-normal saline),
Solution less than 9%, 45% D5W
Hypertonic
• Treatment of water intoxication
• D5 ½ NS, D10W, 3% NS
• Shifts fluids from ICF & ECF to intravascular
component – expands blood volume
Fluid Replacement
• Intravenous solutions
– Tonicity: range 240 to 340 mOsm/L
– Hypotonic: <240 mOsm/L
– Isotonic: 240 to 340 mOsm/L
– Hypertonic: >340 mOsm/L
4 Classifications of IV Solutions
1. Crystalloids
2. Colloids
3. Blood and blood products
4. Lipids
4 Classifications of IV Solutions
.Crystalloids – replacement & maintenance
fluid therapy
•Ex : Dextrose, saline, and lactated Ringer’s solution
•Dextrose5 in water (D5W)
– 250 mOsm/L
– Isotonic (unless used continuously)
•Normal saline solution (0.9% NSS)
– 310 mOsm/L
– Isotonic solution
•D5/0.45% NSS
– 405 mOsm/L
– Hypertonic solution
•D10W
– 500 mOsm/L
– Hypertonic solution
IV SOLUTIONS
•Intravenous Fluid: D5LR Solution
•5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer's
•Formulation:
•Each 100ml contains 5g of Dextrose Monohydrate,
600mg of Sodium Chloride, 310mg of Sodium Lactate
Anhydrous, 30mg of Potassium Chloride, and 20mg of
Calcium Chloride Dihydrate.
•Electrolytes in 1L:
•Sodium............................130mmol
•Potassium........................4mmol
•Calcium...........................1.4mmol
•Chloride...........................109mmol
•Lactate.............................28mmol
Osmolarity: 525 mOsm/L
pH: 4.0 to 6.5
Type: Hypertonic
Availability: 1000ml and 500ml
Indication: Dehydration, burns, lower GI fluid
loss, acute blood loss, hypovolemia due to
blood loss and replacement of fluid and
electrolytes.
Caution: Contains potassium, do not use with
renal failure patients. Do not use with liver
disease patients, cannot metabolize lactate.
2. Colloids – volume expanders
•Volume expanders
– Dextran solutions
– Amino acids
– Hetastarch
– Plasmanate
•Lipids
– Fat emulsion solution
3. Blood and Blood products
e.g. whole blood, PRBC, plasma and
albumin
Assessment
• Signs & symptoms of hypokalemia-nausea, vomiting, ileus, cardiac
dysarrythmia & flabby muscles / hyperkalemia – oliguria, abdominal
cramps,weakness & numbness of extremities
• Potassium level = 3.5 -5.3 meq / L
Pharmacodynamics:
•Maintains neuromuscular activity
•Onset of action: within 30 mins (IV)
•Serum K+ is closely monitored
HYPERKALEMIA
Serum K+ level: >5.3 mEq/L
-Due to renal insufficiency or administration of
large doses of K+
Management: Sodium Bicarb, Calcium Gluconate,
or insulin & glucose
(immediately decrease K+)
Management:
Normal saline – has increased Sodium
content.
Hypertonic 3% saline
HYPERNATREMIA
Serum Na+: above 145 mEq/L
Nursing Intervention:
SODIUM Restriction is indicated.
CALCIUM
Found equally proportions in the ICF and ECF.
Normal value: 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/dl
Binds with protein
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