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Internal Respiration Atf
Internal Respiration Atf
1. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Internal Respiration Medical Editor: Dr. Sofia Suhada M. Uzir
(iii) Positive charged pocket Figure 1. The structures of hemoglobin in the T state vs in the
Made up of positively charged amino acids R state
o Histidine (B) POSITIVE COOPERATIVITY
o Arginine
o Lysine Happens when the oxygen moves from alveoli into the
blood to bind with the hemoglobin
(2) Molecules bound to the hemoglobin It is extremely hard for the first oxygen to bind to the
hemoglobin but it gets easier as more oxygen bind to it
(i) CO2
(C) OXYGENATED HEMOGLOBIN (R STATE)
Which is bound to amino acids at globin (protein) chains
o Account for 20% CO2 transported in the blood The structure of oxygenated hemoglobin changes from
circulation from the tissue to the alveoli→ carbamino the deoxygenated state
hemoglobin Affinity to oxygen is high
CO2 unloaded → moves from the blood into the alveoli Is made through cellular respiration
o Bicarbonates converted to CO2 → unloaded In metabolizing oxygen, cellular respiration reaction takes
o CO2 dissolved in the plasma → unloaded place → giving off the CO2
o C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
The arterial blood leaving the lungs into the systemic + ATP + heat
circulation reaching the tissues will contain
o 104 mmHg Oxygen CO2 moves from the tissue cells into the blood Figure 2
o 40 mmHg CO2
(i) 2-10% of CO2
(3) Molecules bound to the hemoglobin Dissolve in the blood plasma
(i) 2,3 BPG (ii) 20% of CO2
When the iron in the hemoglobin is bound the oxygen, the Bind to the amino acids of alpha/beta chains
positively charged moieties will not be exposed → 2,3 o In the form of carbamino hemoglobin
BPG cannot bind to it Figure 1
(iii) 70% of CO2
(ii) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Taken into the RBC to bind with water → formation of
CO2 moves to the alveoli carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the presence of carbonic
anhydrase enzyme
(iii) Oxygen
Carbonic acid is very unstable → dissociate into proton
Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin molecule and bicarbonate
CO2 unloaded + oxygen loaded = Haldane effect o The protons bind to the negatively charged amino
acids on the globin chains → electrostatic
(D) HALDANE EFFECT
interactions
Blood coming to the lungs which had a low affinity o The bicarbonate goes to the plasma to act as a buffer
for oxygen becomes high system in the blood
This is due to the oxygen moving down its concentration Has pKa that closely match the pH of the blood
gradient and bind to iron containing heme groups As the bicarbonate goes out of the cell, chloride
o The hemoglobin affinity for CO2, protons and 2,3 BPG will enter in order to balance the shift of negative
decrease → unload ion leaving the cell (chloride shift)
o The hemoglobin affinity for oxygen increase →
positive cooperativity → oxygen loaded on the (2) Dissociation of oxygen
hemoglobin When protons and CO2 bind to amino acids of the globin
chain → allosterically regulating the hemoglobin
II) INTERNAL RESPIRATION o Changes the shape of the hemoglobin molecule
Oxygenated state of hemoglobin → travel to tissues o Weakens the bond between the iron and oxygen
Structure of oxygenated hemoglobin include → until eventually the bond breaks
o Oxygen bound to the iron o The heat produced as a biproduct from the metabolic
o Globin chains without CO2 process of the tissues also contribute to the weaking
o Hidden positively charged moiety and breaking of the iron and oxygen bond Figure 2
Not exposed to the 2,3 BPG → cannot bind The oxygen will dissociate and go to the tissues
When the oxygen dissociates, the positively charged
(1) Partial pressure during rest
pocket will be exposed for the binding of 2,3 BPG →
(i) Oxygen stabilize the hemoglobin in the T state → deoxy
hemoglobin
o In the tissue cells is 40 mmHg
o In the arterial blood is 104 mmHg (3) Oxygen
Oxygen leaves the blood and enters the tissue to be
(ii) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
utilized in metabolic processes
o In the tissue cells 45-46 mmHg o Produce ATP
o In the arterial blood 40 mmHg o Break down different types of molecules
Gases move from area of high pressure to low pressure o Produce heat
o Oxygen moves from the arterial blood into the tissue (4) Temperature/heat
cells
o CO2 moves from the tissue cells into the arterial Heat is the biproduct from the electron transport chain
blood that occurs in the tissues
It is used as the measurement of temperature /thermal
energy
o Delta H is the form of energy
Protein structures change when they’re exposed to
excessive heat and different types of pH
o Hemoglobin protein will undergo confirmational
change due to the heat → contributing to the breaking
of the iron and oxygen bond