Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
Website: www.cbsua.edu.ph
Email Address: op@cbsua.edu.ph
Trunkline: (054) 871-5531-33 local 101

_________________________________________________________________________

BOTANICAL INVENTORY ASSESSMENT

Bio 101 - General Botany

On

Central Bicol State University of Agriculture

DNAS Grounds up to DOST Building

Michele Laral

Dharyl Chester Naldo

Yra Reiner Rebaya

Marvin Valladolid

Quennie Ann Vergara

Aivy DeMesa

Shaira Ysabelle Alindogan

1B - BS BIOLOGY
 I. Introduction

Central Bicol State University of Agriculture's commitment to environmental stewardship is

exemplified through its meticulous botanical inventory, spanning from the DNAS building to the

DOST building and documenting over 50 plant species. This comprehensive initiative not only

records the diverse flora that has thrived on campus for decades but also emphasizes the ecological

significance of each species. The dedicated team's methodical approach, capturing details such as

species, and unique characteristics, ensures a holistic understanding of the university's greenery.

Beyond being a record, this botanical inventory holds intrinsic value for both current and future

generations, serving as a living database for conservation efforts and providing a foundation for

educational initiatives, fostering a deep connection between the Central Bicol State University

community and the thriving natural environment that surrounds it.

II. Classified Plants

SAMPAGUITA
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Jasminum sambac /

Sampaguita

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves

ROOTS: Typically has fibrous roots.

STEMS: Woody and branching stems.

LEAVES: simple, evergreen, oval shaped

3. How do they reproduce:

- Water and soil propagation

- Growing from a cutting

- Layering and marcotting

4. Description:

Sampaguita (Jasminum sambac) is a tropical plant

belonging to the jasmine family and is the national flower of

the Philippines and Indonesia. It is a vinelike plant with a

climbing, thick, and shrubby nature, similar to the Asian

jasmine. The plant produces pure white star-shaped flowers

that bloom for only 24 hours, emitting a sweet scent.

Sampaguita can be grown in well-drained soil in either sun or

partial shade, and it is suitable for USDA plant hardiness

zones 9 to 11. The plant can be propagated through water and

soil propagation, growing from a cutting, and other methods

such as layering and marcotting. It’s important to provide

proper care, such as keeping the soil moist while the plant

establishes itself, and then it can tolerate medium to low

moisture levels. Pruning can be done after flowering to

control the spread of the plant and encourage bushiness.

 OREGANO

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Origanum vulgare /

Oregano

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Fibrous root system.

STEMS: Square-shaped, branching stems.

LEAVES: Small, oval, aromatic leaves.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Seed germination

- Division of established plants

4. Description:

Oregano is a fragrant herb known for its aromatic

leaves that are commonly used in culinary applications. It

exhibits a low-growing habit with square-shaped stems and

small, oval leaves. The leaves release a strong, pleasant scent

 when crushed. Oregano is often cultivated for its culinary

uses and is a versatile herb in various dishes.

ANAHAW

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Saribus rotundifolius /

Anahaw

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Fibrous and adventitious roots.

STEMS: Tall, slender, clustering stems.

LEAVES: Large, fan-shaped, evergreen leaves.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Offsets or suckers

- Seeds

4. Description:

Anahaw, scientifically known as Saribus rotundifolius, is an iconic

palm native to Southeast Asia. Recognized for its impressive fan-shaped

leaves, it forms a graceful, tropical canopy. The tall, slender stems give rise
to large, evergreen fronds that add a touch of elegance to landscapes.

Anahaw is a popular ornamental plant in tropical gardens.

ARTEMISIA

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Artemisia absinthium /

Artemisia

2. Types of Roots, Stems, Leaves:

ROOTS: Taproot system.

STEMS: Herbaceous, branching stems.

LEAVES: Feathery, silver-green leaves.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Seed dispersal

- Root division

4. Description:
 Artemisia, specifically Artemisia absinthium, is an

herbaceous plant with feathery, silver-green leaves. It is

well-known for its aromatic qualities and is utilized for

various purposes, including culinary and medicinal

applications. The herb has a distinctive appearance with a

taproot system and herbaceous, branching stems.

BLUSHING BROMELIAD

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Neoregalia carolinae /

Blushing Bromeliad

2. Types of Roots, Stems, Leaves:

ROOTS: Epiphytic with aerial roots.

STEMS: Short, compact stem structure.

LEAVES: Rosette arrangement, broad, with colorful central

blushing.

3. How do they reproduce:

 - Pups or offsets

- Seeds

4. Description:

Neoregelia carolinae, commonly known as Blushing

Bromeliad, is a captivating plant with a rosette arrangement

of broad leaves. The central part of the plant exhibits vibrant

colors, creating a "blushing" effect. This bromeliad is often

grown for its unique appearance and is suitable for tropical

or subtropical landscapes.

SCHEFFLERA

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Schefflera actinophylla /

Schefflera

2. Types of Roots, Stems, Leaves:

ROOTS: Fibrous roots.

 STEMS: Tall, woody, and umbrella-shaped growth.

LEAVES: Compound leaves with multiple leaflets.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Stem cuttings

- Air layering

4. Description:

Schefflera, scientifically named Schefflera

actinophylla, is characterized by its tall, woody stems and

umbrella-shaped growth. The compound leaves, consisting

of multiple leaflets, contribute to its tropical allure. With a

dense and bushy appearance, Schefflera is a popular choice

for indoor or outdoor ornamental use.

DUMB CANE

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Dieffenbachia seguine /

Dumb Cane
2. Types of Roots, Stems, Leaves:

ROOTS: Tuberous root system.

STEMS: Thick, succulent stems.

LEAVES: Large, lance-shaped, and variegated.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Stem cuttings

- Division of rhizomes

4. Description:

Dieffenbachia seguine, commonly known as Dumb

Cane, features large, lance-shaped leaves with striking

variegation. The plant boasts a thick, succulent stem and is

often cultivated as an attractive indoor foliage plant.

However, caution is advised, as the plant contains toxic

compounds that can cause irritation if ingested.

CROTON
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Codiaeum variegatum /

Croton

2. Types of Roots, Stems, Leaves:

ROOTS: Fibrous and shallow root system.

STEMS: Woody stems with colorful bark.

LEAVES: Variegated, leathery, and diverse in shape.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Stem cuttings

- Air layering

4. Description:

Croton, scientifically identified as Codiaeum

variegatum, is a vibrant and colorful plant prized for its

variegated, leathery leaves. The woody stems display a

diversity of hues, creating an eye-catching appearance.

Croton is a popular choice for gardens and indoor spaces,

adding a tropical touch with its bold foliage.

SAGO PALM
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Cycas revoluta / Sago

Palm

2. Types of Roots, Stems, Leaves:

ROOTS: Thick, tuberous roots.

STEMS: Unbranched, cylindrical trunk.

LEAVES: Feathery, pinnate, and evergreen.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Offsets or "pups"

- Seed propagation

4. Description:

The Sago Palm, scientifically named Cycas revoluta,

is a distinctive cycad with a crown of feathery, pinnate

leaves. Its unbranched, cylindrical trunk adds a touch of

elegance to landscapes. Despite the name, it is not a true

palm but is valued for its ornamental appeal. Sago Palms are

well-suited for both indoor and outdoor cultivation.

 MALUNGGAY

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Moringa oleifera /

Malunggay Leaves

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Has deep roots. Typically has large taproots that

anchor them in the soil.

STEMS: It has a single woody stem and a wide-open crown.

Young shoots have hairy bark that is greenish-white or

purplish.
 LEAVES: Moringa leaves are long, alternate, compound

structures with dark green, oval to elliptical leaflets arranged

in 4-6 pairs.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Grow from cuttings

- Grow from seedlings

- Grow from transplanting seedlings

4. Description:

Moringa oleifera, often called Malunggay, stands as a

versatile wonder in nature, valued for its multifaceted utility.

Anchored by robust taproots diving deep into the earth, this

plant boasts a singular, resilient stem that burgeons into a

broad canopy adorned with lush foliage. Its youthful shoots

bear a velvety, textured bark tinged with shades ranging from

verdant whites to hints of subtle purples. The leaves of this

plant, notably lengthy, bear a distinctive pattern, showcasing

dark, verdant, elliptical or oval-shaped leaflets arranged in

pairs, a count typically ranging between 4 to 6. Renowned

for its reproductive adaptability, Moringa proliferates

effortlessly through two distinct methods: cuttings and

seedlings, ensuring its widespread cultivation and

exploitation across diverse domains.

OKRA
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Abelmoschus

esculentus/Okra

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Forms a tap-root with support roots

STEMS: Have small erect stems that can be bristly or

hairless

LEAVES: Heart-shaped and three- to five-lobed

3. How do they reproduce:

- Mainly propagated by seeds

- Propagated by dividing mature plants

4. Description:

Abelmoschus esculentus, commonly known as Okra,

is a robust, upright, and yearly plant, reaching heights of up

to 4 meters. Its leaves, arranged in a spiral fashion, can

expand up to 50 cm in diameter, featuring multiple lobes and

supported by long petioles of similar length. The plant bears

solitary yellow flowers in leaf junctions or clustered in

formations resembling flower spikes, with an intricate

 structure including numerous free linear segments and a

sizable, spathaceous calyx. The resulting fruit, shaped like a

cylinder or pyramid, ranges from 5 to 35 cm in length and 1

to 5 cm in width, starting green or purple and maturing to a

brownish hue. Inside, the fruit holds numerous spherical

seeds about 3 to 6 mm in diameter, appearing blackish. The

plant's germination process is epigeal, involving the

emergence of its seedling above the ground.

GIANT TARO

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Alocasia

macrorrhizos/Giant Taro

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Have a central root called a 'corm' that grows

vertically into the ground, giving rise to smaller 'daughter

corms' branching from it

 STEMS: Elongated without branches and have a hollow

structure

LEAVES: Thick, prominently-veined, ruffled, green leaves

3. How do they reproduce:

- Grown from seeds or ramets

- Asexual through corm production

4. Description

Giant Taro, scientifically known as Alocasia

macrorrhizos. Its robust root, called a 'corm,' plunges straight

into the earth, birthing smaller 'daughter corms' that sprawl

from it. The stems, elongated and unbranched, boast a hollow

core. But it's the leaves that steal the show—thick, lush, and

deeply veined, with ruffled edges, painting a vivid green

portrait in the landscape. Reproduction comes in two forms:

from seeds or ramets, as well as asexually through the

production of corms, ensuring the perpetuation of this

colossal beauty.

IPIL-IPIL
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Leucaena

leucocephala/Ipil-ipil

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Has a deep taproot and is highly branched

STEMS: Has a short, clear bole. The bark of older stems is

grayish or grayish-brown and has many small raised spots.

LEAVES: Leaves are compound, 15 to 25 centimeters long,

with hairy rachis

3. How do they reproduce:

- Self-fertile (promoting seed production even on

isolated individuals)

- Outcrossing

- Pollinated by a wide range of generalist insects

4. Description:

The Ipil tree is a moderate-sized, gradually maturing

tree that can grow between 20 to 45 meters tall, featuring a

trunk spanning from 0.5 to 5 meters wide. As it matures, it

develops distinct, steep, rounded buttresses for support. Its

 bark, approximately 5 to 8 millimeters thick, displays a gray

hue tinged with hints of orange. Inside, the inner bark

showcases a light brown shade speckled with patches of

darker brown.

DRAGON FRUIT

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Selenicereus

undatus/Dragon fruit

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: They have aerial roots

STEMS: They have triangular (3-sided, sometimes 4- or

5-sided), green, fleshy, jointed, many-branched stems.

LEAVES: They don't have leaves

3. How do they reproduce:

- Reproduce from seeds

- Grows from cuttings

4. Description:
 Dragon Fruit, scientifically termed Selenicereus

undatus. This striking plant boasts aerial roots and thrives

through its unique features. Its stems, often triangular and

occasionally multi-sided, are lush, green, fleshy, and jointed,

branching out extensively. Interestingly, this captivating plant

doesn't sport traditional leaves. Its reproduction takes two

paths: from seeds for natural growth or through cuttings,

enabling enthusiasts to propagate this marvel easily.

GIANT SWORD FERN

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Nephrolepis

biserrata/Giant sword fern

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Grow into a dense fibrous mass that can extend

down as deep as two feet

 STEMS: Fern stems (rhizomes) are often inconspicuous

because they generally grow below the surface of the

substrate in which the fern is growing

LEAVES: Broadleaf evergreen or semi-evergreen that has

large, arching, dark green, erect fronds that are born from a

crown of scaly rhizomes.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Reproduction by spores

4. Description:

Giant Sword Fern, scientifically known as

Nephrolepis biserrata. Its roots form a dense, intricate mass

reaching depths of up to two feet, anchoring it firmly. The

stems, known as rhizomes, typically remain hidden beneath

the surface, supporting the fern's growth. Its striking, broad,

dark green fronds rise erect and arch gracefully, sprouting

from a cluster of scaly rhizomes. When it comes to

reproduction, this fern relies on the dispersal of spores to

propagate and thrive.

GARDEN CROTON
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Codiaeum variegatum

also known as Garden Croton.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Garden Croton has a shallow and fibrous root

system.

STEMS: New growth green, old growth brown and woody

with vertical fissures and oval leaf scars giving the stem a

pock-marked appearance. Its stem color is brown or copper.

LEAVES: leaves vary from linear and lance-shaped to oval

and lobed, depending on the variety, its leaf colors occur

solid or in combinations of green, yellow, white, orange,

pink, red, crimson, and purple.

3. How do they reproduce:

- The plants can be propagated from stem cuttings.

4. Description:

Croton, Codiaeum variegatum, is a common

houseplant grown for its striking foliage. It is one of six

species of broadleaf evergreen perennials, shrubs, and small

 trees in this genus in the euphorbia family (Euphorbiaceae)

which are native to tropical Asia and the western Pacific

region. This evergreen shrub or small tree varies widely in

leaf color and pattern and numerous cultivars have been

developed. It is a tender perennial, hardy only in zones

11-12. In subtropical and tropical climates they are

frequently used as landscape shrubs for dramatic hedges,

bold focal points in gardens, or potted specimens around

buildings.

SENSITIVE PLANT

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Mimosa hispidula also

known as Sensitive Plant.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: shallow, fibrous roots.

STEMS: a herbaceous stem with fine hairs, contributing to

its overall delicate appearance

 LEAVES: The leaves of Mimosa hispidula are compound,

consisting of numerous small leaflets arranged along the

stem, displaying a sensitive response to touch.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Reproduces both sexually, through the formation of

seeds in its flower heads, and vegetatively, as it can

spread through its rhizomatous growth.

4. Description:

Mimosa hispidula, commonly known as the

"Sensitive Plant," showcases a herbaceous stem, compound

leaves with sensitive leaflets, and clusters of small, attractive

pink to lavender flowers, contributing to its charm as an

ornamental plant.

TROPICAL WHITEWEED
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Ageratum conyzoides

also known as Tripocal Whiteweed.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: long and robust roots.

STEMS: a herbaceous and slightly hairy stem with a

branching growth pattern.

LEAVES: leaves are ovate and serrated, arranged oppositely

along the stem, and are often characterized by a distinct

blue-green color.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Reproduces through seeds produced in its flower

heads, and it can also spread rapidly through

self-seeding, making it resilient and invasive in some

regions.

4. Description:

Ageratum conyzoides is a herbaceous plant with

slightly hairy stems, ovate serrated leaves of a distinctive

blue-green hue, and clusters of small, fluffy lavender to blue

flowers, making it both an attractive ornamental choice and a

common weed in certain areas.

SKY FLOWER
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Durata erecta also known

as Sky Flower.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: shallow, fibrous roots.

STEMS: exhibits a woody and upright stem with branches

bearing clusters of vibrant flowers.

LEAVES: The leaves of Duranta erecta are elliptical, glossy,

and arranged in opposite pairs, creating an attractive foliage

that may be green or variegated depending on the variety.

3. How do they reproduce:

- reproduces through both seeds, formed within the fruit

after flowering, and vegetatively, as it can propagate

through cuttings, allowing for easy cultivation and

landscaping.

4. Description:

Duranta erecta is a versatile ornamental shrub

characterized by its woody stem, glossy opposite leaves, and

pendulous clusters of tubular flowers, offering a range of

colors and adaptable to various landscaping preferences.

 COMMON BAMBOO

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Bambusa vulgaris also

known as Common Bamboo.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: a fibrous root, like ariel culms that are underground.

STEMS: a bamboo species, features a woody, hollow stem

known for its strength and flexibility.

LEAVES: leaves are lance-shaped and arranged in dense

clusters along the branches, forming a characteristic bamboo

foliage.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Primarily reproduces through seeds produced after

flowering, and it can also propagate vegetatively

through rhizome growth, leading to the formation of

new bamboo shoots.

4. Description:

Bambusa vulgaris, a versatile and commonly

cultivated bamboo species, showcases tall, erect stems with

lance-shaped leaves, and it plays a vital role in construction,

handicrafts, and various cultural practices.

SEA HIBISCUS

1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Hibiscus tiliaceus also

known as Sea Hibiscus.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: a fibrous root, highly spread near surface, lateral

root system.

STEMS: features a slender and flexible stem with a

distinctive smooth, grayish bark.

 LEAVES: leaves are heart-shaped, palmately lobed, and have

a bright green color, contributing to its tropical and coastal

aesthetic.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Reproduces through seeds contained in its capsules,

and it can also propagate vegetatively through stem

cuttings, enabling its widespread cultivation in

coastal regions.

4. Description:

Hibiscus tiliaceus is a coastal shrub characterized by

its slender stem, heart-shaped leaves, and vibrant yellow

flowers, providing an attractive and salt-tolerant option for

landscaping in tropical and beachfront environments.

PAPAYA
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Carica papaya also

known as Papaya.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: a pre-dominantly non-axis, fibrous system.

STEMS: a fleshy, succulent stem, characteristic of

herbaceous plants.

LEAVES: The leaves are large, lobed, and spirally arranged,

common features of tropical plants.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Reproduces sexually through seeds formed in the

ovaries of female plants and can also propagate

asexually through stem cuttings.

4. Description:

Carica papaya, a member of the Caricaceae family, is

a fast-growing tropical plant with large, oblong, yellow to

orange fruits when ripe, containing black seeds; its latex is a

source of the enzyme papain with applications in various

industries.

LITTLE IRONWEED
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Cyanthillium cinereum

also known as Little Ironweed.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: a taproot system.

STEMS: a common weed, possesses a slender and

herbaceous stem that often branches out at the upper nodes.

LEAVES: leaves are small, lance-shaped, and densely

arranged along the stems, displaying a characteristic green

color.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Reproduces both sexually, through the production of

small seeds in its flower heads, and asexually, via its

ability to spread rapidly through rhizomes.

4. Description:

Cyanthillium cinereum, commonly known as Little

Ironweed or Vernonia cinerea, is a fast-spreading herbaceous

plant with slender stems, lance-shaped leaves, and clusters of

 small daisy-like flowers, often found in disturbed areas and

along roadsides.

CASSAVA

1. Scientific Name/Common: Manihot esculenta/kamoteng

kahoy or cassava

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Likewise, cassava is famous for its starchy tuberous

roots and is usually consumed with other food items. They

are the principle carbohydrate source of the roots.

STEMS: Cassava plants are tall and have thick woody stems.

LEAVES: The leaves of cassava are very simple, palmate,

and deeply divided. The roots are the basic food but some

cultures also use the leaves in cooking.

3. How do they reproduce:

 - Cassava is primarily propagated through stem

cuttings. Farmers plant cuttings from mature plants to

grow new cassava plants.

4. Description:

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a perennial woody shrub

with an edible root that grows in tropical and subtropical

areas of the world. It is a member of the spurge family

(Euphorbiaceae) and is cultivated for its starchy tuberous

roots, which are used to make cassava flour, bread, tapioca,

and an alcoholic beverage. Cassava is a staple food in many

parts of the world, particularly in Africa, Asia, and South

America, and is an important source of carbohydrates. The

cassava root is long and tapered, with a firm, homogeneous

flesh encased in a detachable rind, about 1 millimeter thick,

rough and brown on the outside. The leaves of the cassava

plant are also edible and are used in soups and stews in some

parts of the world. Cassava is a monoecious plant, producing

separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The

plant is propagated vegetatively from stems or from seed, but

the former is the most common practice for commercial

production. Cassava is drought-tolerant and can grow on

marginal soils, making it an important crop in areas with

poor soil quality.

BAMBOO
1. Scientific Name/Common: Bambusa vulgaris/Bamboo

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: This usually have its roots of rhizomatous, spreading

on the underground.

STEMS: Culms are bamboo stems; they can be clumping and

running. Clumping bamboo consists of close stems without

rhizomes, while the running type spreads more invasively

under the ground.

LEAVES: Bamboo leaves are usually long, thin and lanceolate

with an alternate arrangement along the stem.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Clump divisions, rhizomes, offsets, layering,

marcotting, culm cuttings, and branch cuttings.

4. Description:

Bamboo is a type of grass that belongs to the subfamily

Bambusoideae of the Poaceae family. It is a versatile and

fast-growing plant that is native to tropical and subtropical

regions, with the heaviest concentration and largest number of

species in East and Southeast Asia. Bamboo has a hollow

stem and can be harvested and processed to make various

products such as flooring, paper, chopsticks, and furniture. It

is also used as a food source, with bamboo shoots being a

common ingredient in Asian cuisine. Bamboo is a renewable

 and sustainable resource that can be propagated through

vegetative methods such as clump divisions, rhizomes,

offsets, layering, marcotting, culm cuttings, and branch

cuttings. Bamboo has notable economic and cultural

significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia,

being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a

raw product, and depicted often in arts, such as in bamboo

paintings and bamboo working.

· GUAVA

1. Scientific Name/Common: Psidium guajava/ guava

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Shallow roots are the common characteristic of

guava trees.
 STEMS: Guava stems are usually woody, with just a few

smaller branches.

LEAVES: They are simple opposite, elliptical, and aromatic

when crushed.

3. How do they reproduce:

- SEXUAL METHOD – involves the production of

new guava plants through seeds, which are covered

and better known as “fruit.” The guava plant starts

producing fruit two to four years after fertilization.

When the fruit gets eaten by animals, the seeds pass

through the digestive tract and get distributed in a

new area. One tree can produce up to 2000 fruits in

one year if the conditions are right

- ASEXUAL METHOD – The asexual propagation

methods include air layering (marcottage), stem

cuttings, grafting, and budding. The best material for

stem cutting propagation is recently matured terminal

wood. Stem cuttings should be 6 to 8 inches long

with 2 to 3 leaves. The cuttings should be placed in

sterile media in a mist bed. Bottom heat (75° to

85°F/24° to 29°C) and/or dipping cuttings in rooting

hormone are beneficial. Guava trees may be

propagated by seed; however, they do not come true

from seed, and fruit production may not begin for 3 to

8 years. Commercially, cultivars are vegetatively

 propagated by air layering, stem cuttings, grafting,

and budding.

4. Description:

Guava (Psidium guajava) is a small tropical tree or

shrub of the family Myrtaceae, cultivated for its edible fruits.

It is native to tropical America and is grown in tropical and

subtropical areas worldwide. The guava tree has

quadrangular branchlets, oval to oblong leaves, and

four-petaled white flowers. The fruits are round to

pear-shaped, with a yellow skin and white, yellow, or pink

flesh, containing many small hard seeds. Guava fruits are

processed into jams, jellies, and preserves, and are rich in

vitamins A, B, and C. The leaves of the guava plant have

been studied for their health benefits and are used in

traditional medicine for various purposes. Guava is an

important fruit in tropical areas like India, Indonesia,

Pakistan, Bangladesh, and South America, and it is easily

pollinated by insects. The plant is also used for its wood,

which has applications in construction, and its leaves can be

used as fodder for livestock.

POMELO
1. Scientific Name/Common: Citrus maxima/POMELO

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Pomelo trees normally have root systems that are

fibrous.

STEMS: Pomelo trees possess smooth bark, grey-green in

color. Their stems can be either single or branched.

LEAVES: Pomelo leaves are smooth, oval and dark green.

The branches are alternately planted with them.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Pomelo (Citrus maxima) can be propagated through

various methods, including seeds, cuttings,

air-layering, grafting, and tissue culture. The seeds of

the pomelo are monoembryonic, producing seedlings

with genes from both parents, but they are usually

similar to the tree they grow from. Therefore, pomelo

is typically grown from cuttings, air-layering, or by

budding onto favored rootstocks. In commercial

practice, pomelo is commonly propagated by grafting

an individual bud of a selected variety onto a

rootstock seedling or by air-layering method as in

Vietnam.

4. Description:
 Pomelo (Citrus maxima) is a citrus fruit that is native to

Southeast Asia and is the largest citrus fruit from the

Rutaceae family. It is also known as pummelo, pommelo, or

shaddock. Pomelo fruits are large, with a round, oval, or

tear-drop shape, and can range from 15 to 30 centimeters in

diameter. The rind is thick and can be light green to yellow,

dotted with oil glands. The fruit is round to pear-shaped, with

white thick spongy pith that encloses the edible portion of the

fruit. The flesh is sweet and tangy, with a lemon-like scent.

Pomelo trees have low spreading branches that grow to

around 5 to 15 meters in height, and the leaves are dark

green, ovate or elliptic, and have oil glands that give them a

shiny appearance. The flowers are white, fragrant, and grow

solitarily. Pomelo is commonly consumed and used for

festive occasions throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia.

Pomelo is propagated through various methods, including

seeds, cuttings, air-layering, grafting, and tissue culture.

STRING BEANS
1. Scientific Name/Common: Phaseolus vulgaris / String

Beans

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: String beans have a fibrous root system.

STEMS: String beans have green, tender, and climbing or

bushy stems, depending on the variety.

LEAVES: The leaves of string beans are typically compound,

with three leaflets. They are arranged alternately on the

stems.

3. How do they reproduce:

- String beans reproduce through seeds. Seeds are

typically found inside the mature pods.

4. Description:

String beans are a popular and versatile vegetable with

long, slender pods that are usually green. They can be eaten

fresh or cooked and are a good source of vitamins and

minerals. String beans are known for their crisp texture when

cooked and are a common ingredient in various cuisines

worldwide.

PILI PLANTS
1. Scientific Name/Common Name: Canarium ovatum,

commonly known as the Pili Plant.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

Roots: The Pili plant typically has a taproot system that

grows deep into the soil, providing stability and extracting

nutrients.

Stems: The plant has a sturdy, cylindrical trunk with a thick

bark.

Leaves: Pili plant leaves are compound, consisting of several

leaflets arranged alternately along the stem. The leaflets are

oblong or lanceolate in shape and have a glossy, dark green

appearance.
3. How do they reproduce:

- Pili plants reproduce via seeds. The seeds are found

within the fruit, which is a drupe containing one or

two seeds. These seeds are dispersed for

reproductionScientific Name/Common: Phaseolus

vulgaris / String Beans

- Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: String beans have a fibrous root system.

STEMS: String beans have green, tender, and climbing or

bushy stems, depending on the variety.

LEAVES: The leaves of string beans are typically compound,

with three leaflets. They are arranged alternately on the

stems.

- How do they reproduce:

- String beans reproduce through seeds. Seeds are

typically found inside the mature pods.

- Description:

String beans are a popular and versatile vegetable with

long, slender pods that are usually green. They can be eaten

fresh or cooked and are a good source of vitamins and

minerals. String beans are known for their crisp texture when

cooked and are a common ingredient in various cuisines

worldwide.

4. Description:

Canarium ovatum, the Pili plant, is a tropical tree

 native to the Philippines. It is an evergreen tree that can grow

up to 20 meters tall. The tree is highly valued for its edible

nuts, known as Pili nuts, which are used in various culinary

dishes and for their oil, often used in cosmetics. The Pili

plant has a lush canopy of compound leaves and produces

small, greenish-yellow flowers that develop into the fruit

containing the seeds.

Natural Orange Sulfur Cosmos

1. Scientific Name/Common: Cosmos sulphureus, commonly

known as Sulfur Cosmos or Orange Cosmos.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Cosmos plants typically have fibrous roots that

spread out near the soil surface to gather nutrients..

 STEMS: The stems are usually slender, upright, and can

reach heights of around 3 to 6 feet (1 to 2 meters).

LEAVES: Cosmos plants have finely divided, fern-like

leaves that are alternate and pinnate.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Sulfur Cosmos reproduce through seeds. They

produce abundant seeds in their flower heads, and

these seeds can be collected for propagation.

4. Description:

Cosmos sulphureus, the Sulfur Cosmos, is a flowering

plant known for its bright orange, daisy-like flowers. These

flowers attract butterflies and other pollinators. They are easy

to grow, drought-tolerant, and are often used in gardens and

landscapes to add vibrant color during the summer and fall

seasons.

PIANTE GRASSE
1. Scientific Name/Common: Piante grasse /Succulent plant

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Succulents often have shallow root systems that

spread widely to collect moisture from the soil.

STEMS: Some succulents have thick, fleshy stems that store

water, while others might have more typical stem structures.

LEAVES: Succulents are characterized by their thick, fleshy,

and often waxy leaves. These leaves are adapted to store

water, enabling the plants to survive in arid conditions.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Succulents can reproduce through various methods,

including seeds, leaf cuttings, offsets, or stem

cuttings, depending on the species.

4. Description:

Succulents are plants adapted to arid or semi-arid

environments, known for their ability to store water in their

leaves, stems, or roots. They come in a wide range of shapes,

sizes, and colors, and they're popular for their low

maintenance and unique appearance. Succulents are often

used in landscaping, indoor gardening, and as decorative

house plants due to their striking and diverse forms.

ARECA PALM
1. Scientific Name/Common: Areca catechu, commonly

known as the Areca palm or betel nut palm.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS: Areca palms generally have fibrous root systems

that spread wide but remain relatively shallow in the soil.

STEMS: The trunk of the Areca palm is slender, smooth, and

can reach heights of 20-30 feet (6-9 meters).

LEAVES:: Areca palm leaves are pinnate (feather-like) and

can grow up to 8-10 feet (2.5-3 meters) long. They are

arranged spirally at the top of the trunk and have numerous

leaflets.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Areca palms reproduce by producing seeds contained

within their orange-red or yellow fruits. These seeds,

also known as betel nuts, can be sown to grow new

plants.

4. Description:

Areca catechu, the Areca palm, is an ornamental tropical

plant known for its slender, graceful appearance. It features a

smooth trunk, long pinnate leaves, and produces small

orange-red or yellow fruits containing betel nuts. These

palms are often cultivated in gardens and landscapes for their

 ornamental value and are native to regions like Asia and the

Pacific Islands.

PURPLE HEART

1. Scientific Name/Common: Tradescantia pallida, commonly

known as the Purple Heart plant or Purple Queen.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS:: The Purple Heart plant has a fibrous root system

that spreads near the soil surface.

STEMS: The stems are succulent and have a trailing or

cascading growth habit, often rooting at the nodes where they

touch the ground.

LEAVES:: The leaves are lance-shaped and can vary in color

from green to deep purple, with the purple variety being the

most popular. They grow densely along the stems, creating a

lush appearance.
3. How do they reproduce:

- Tradescantia pallida can reproduce from stem cuttings

or by division. New plants can be easily grown from

cuttings placed in soil or water.

4. Description:

Tradescantia pallida, the Purple Heart plant, is

characterized by its vibrant purple foliage. It's a

low-maintenance perennial that thrives in warm climates.

The plant is often used as ground cover or in hanging baskets

due to its trailing growth habit and eye-catching color. When

exposed to ample sunlight, the purple coloration intensifies,

adding to its ornamental appeal.

POLYSCIAS
1. Scientific Name/Common: Polyscias fruticosa, commonly

known as Ming Aralia or Polyscias.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS:: Polyscias fruticosa typically has a shallow and

fibrous root system.

STEMS:The stems are woody and can grow upright, forming

a compact shrub. They may have multiple branches with a

smooth, greenish-brown bark.

LEAVES:: The leaves are glossy, compound, and usually

variegated with shades of green, cream, and sometimes

white. They are pinnately compound with multiple leaflets

arranged along the stem.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Ming Aralia can be propagated through stem cuttings.

New plants can be grown by placing cuttings in soil

or water until they develop roots.

4. Description:

Polyscias fruticosa, the Ming Aralia, is a popular indoor

plant appreciated for its decorative foliage. It has a bushy

growth habit and is often used for ornamental purposes in

homes, offices, and indoor landscapes. Its variegated leaves

add visual interest and brighten indoor spaces. Proper care

involves providing adequate light and regular watering to

maintain its health and appearance.

 SHIELD ARIALA

1. Scientific Name/Common: Polyscias scutellaria,

commonly known as Shield Aralia or Balfour Aralia.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS:: : Similar to other Polyscias species, the Shield

Aralia typically has a shallow and fibrous root system.

STEMS:The stems are woody and may develop multiple

branches, growing into a compact shrub or small tree. They

often have a textured bark.

LEAVES:: The leaves of Polyscias scutellaria are usually

glossy, dark green, and quite distinctive, with each leaflet

having a shield-like or scalloped shape, hence the common

 name "Shield Aralia." They are pinnately compound and

arranged alternately along the stem.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Shield Aralia can be propagated through stem

cuttings. Healthy stem cuttings can be rooted in soil

or water to grow new plants.

4. Description:

Polyscias scutellaria, the Shield Aralia, is grown as an

ornamental houseplant due to its unique and attractive

foliage. It's known for its distinctive leaf shape, which

resembles a shield or scallop, giving it an interesting

appearance. This plant requires moderate care, including

adequate light, regular watering, and occasional pruning to

maintain its shape.

PAINTED FINGERNAIL BROMELIAD

1. Scientific Name/Common: Neoregelia spectabilis also

known as Painted Fingernail Bromeliad

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS:: : It has a fibrous root system that is used like most

other plants to gather the water and nutrients necessary for

survival.

STEMS:Upright stems with green leaves that are may be

symmetrical or twisted and curled.

LEAVES:: It has broad, straplike, green leaves with

conspicuous red tips.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Bromeliads multiply by sending up offsets, or pups.

4. Description:

A medium-sized, epiphytic bromeliad. Neoregelia

Spectabilis, the Fingernail Plant, is a species of flowering

plant in the family Bromeliaceae. This bromeliad grows to

approx 16 inches tall by 31 inches wide. It produces rosettes

of up to 30 red-tipped strap-shaped leaves; the inner leaves

have red coloring. It can also be grown as a houseplant in

temperate regions.

RHOEO DISCOLOR
1. Scientific Name/Common: Tradescantia spathacea or also

known as Moses-in-a-basket or Rhoeo discolor.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS:: : It has a fibrous, adventitious root with a thin

morphology.

STEMS: It has a short stem, of considerable thickness and

succulent biotype.

LEAVES:: Leaves are lanceolate, acuminate, 40 to 60

centimeters long, 4 to 6 centimeters wide, fleshy, the upper

surface dark green, the lower purple.

3. How do they reproduce:

- They produce by germination of seeds or by shoots or

resprouts with lateral projection with emission of two

leaves and main root in development.

4. Description:

Rhoeo discolor, is considered in South American

countries as a plant resource of wide ornamental value, this

for the purple color that presents the foliar laminae in the

back or abaxial face (inferior side of the leaves) in contrast to

the green color that exhibits the beam or adaxial face

(superior side of the leaves).

 SANTAN

1. Scientific Name/Common: Ixora coccinea also known as

Santan in the Philippines or Jungle Geranium.

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS:: : A small shrub having branched tap root system.

STEMS: Herbaceous, aerial, erect, branched, cylindrical,

differentiating into nodes and internodes, green.

LEAVES:: Ramal and cauline, simple, opposite decussate,

stipulate, sessile, ovate to elliptical, entire, acute, unicostate

reticulate venation, green.

3. How do they reproduce:

- It can propagate by stem cuttings or by natural

pollinator due to its bright red flowers.

4. Description:

Ixora coccinea is a dense, multi-branched evergreen

shrub, commonly 4–6 ft (1.2–1.8 m) in height, but capable of

reaching up to 12 ft (3.7 m) high. It has a rounded form, with

 a spread that may exceed its height. The glossy, leathery,

oblong leaves are about 4 in (10 cm) long, with entire

margins, and are carried in opposite pairs or whorled on the

stems. Small tubular, scarlet flowers in dense rounded

clusters 2–5 in (5.1–12.7 cm) across are produced almost all

year long.

COCHINEAL CACTUS

1. Scientific Name/Common: Opuntia cochenillifera also

known as Cochineal Cactus

2. Types of roots, stems, leaves:

ROOTS:A taproot is a type of cactus root system seen in

cacti that live in dry soils or grow tall and require prominent

roots as an anchor.
 STEMS:a thick, hard-walled, succulent stem – when it rains,

water is stored in the stem. The stems are photosynthetic,

green, and fleshy.

LEAVES:: It has thornless, pleasant to touch thick leaves.

3. How do they reproduce:

- Opuntia can propagate either by cuttings or by seed.

To propagate by cuttings, sever pads from a plant and

let them dry so that the wounds heal.

4. Description:

Opuntia cochenillifera, also known as Nopalea

cochenillifera, is a shrubby or treelike cactus with a broadly

cylindrical trunk and branches composed of elliptic to

narrowly ovate joints. It can grow up to 13.1 feet (4 m) tall,

with the trunk reaching up to 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter.

The stem segments are green with small white wooly areolas

without spines or nearly so, measuring up to 20 inches (50

cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide.

III. Analysis/Discussions

The Central Bicol State University of Agriculture's botanical inventory unveils a vibrant

tapestry of plant species thriving on campus. The diverse inclusion of flora, such as Sampaguita,

Oregano, Anahaw, Artemisia, Blushing Bromeliad, Schefflera, Dumb Cane, Croton, Sago Palm,

Malunggay, and Okra, reflects the institution's steadfast commitment to documenting a wide

spectrum of botanical life. This meticulous documentation aligns seamlessly with the university's

dedication to environmental stewardship, acknowledging the ecological significance of each plant

and actively contributing to broader conservation efforts.

 Going beyond a mere record-keeping role, the living database becomes a catalyst for

educational engagement. Students, researchers, and the community at large can harness this wealth

of botanical information for hands-on learning, research projects, and a profound understanding of

the natural environment. The detailed classification of plant species, encompassing scientific and

common names, root types, stem structures, leaf characteristics, and reproduction methods,

significantly enhances the value of the inventory. This systematic understanding provides vital

support for horticultural practices, landscape planning, and ecological studies.

Additionally, certain plants in the inventory, such as Sampaguita and Anahaw, carry cultural

significance, contributing to the aesthetic allure of the campus while reflecting the rich cultural

identity and heritage associated with these botanical treasures. Beyond aesthetics, the inventory

showcases plants with both ornamental and practical uses. Plants like the Blushing Bromeliad and

Schefflera contribute to the campus landscaping, while Malunggay and Okra serve practical

purposes, exemplifying the harmonious intersection of aesthetics and functionality.

The detailed information on plant reproduction underscores their remarkable adaptability,

showcasing a diverse range of reproductive strategies, including water and soil propagation, seed

germination, and offsets. This knowledge proves invaluable for horticulturists, researchers, and

enthusiasts keen on cultivating and preserving these plant species. In essence, the botanical inventory

of the Central Bicol State University of Agriculture stands not only as a testament to environmental

conservation but also as a multifaceted resource, seamlessly weaving together education, culture, and

sustainability in the university's profound relationship with its natural surroundings.

Furthermore, the addition of Ixora coccinea, commonly known as Santan or Jungle

Geranium, enriches the university's botanical documentation. This vibrant and versatile evergreen

shrub, characterized by a small, branched taproot system, herbaceous green stems, and glossy,

leathery leaves with entire margins, significantly contributes to the campus's rich botanical diversity.

Known for its striking red flowers arranged in dense rounded clusters, Santan's ornamental appeal

and adaptability further emphasize the intersection of aesthetics and functionality within the
 campus's greenery. Its inclusion underscores the institution's commitment to showcasing plants with

cultural significance and practical uses, thus enhancing the holistic and sustainable relationship

between the university and its natural surroundings.

IV. Conclusion

In conclusion, the comprehensive botanical inventory conducted by the Central Bicol State

University of Agriculture serves as a testament to the institution's profound commitment to

environmental stewardship, education, and cultural preservation. The rich tapestry of plant species,

ranging from Sampaguita to Ixora coccinea, reflects a holistic approach to documenting and

appreciating the diverse flora thriving on campus.

This living database not only acknowledges the ecological significance of each plant but also

actively contributes to broader conservation efforts. It has become a dynamic resource, fostering

educational initiatives that empower students, researchers, and the community to engage in hands-on

learning and research projects, thereby deepening their understanding of the natural environment.

The meticulous classification of plant species, accompanied by detailed information on their

characteristics and reproduction methods, enhances the value of the inventory. This systematic

understanding supports various fields, including horticulture, landscape planning, and ecological

studies.

Moreover, the inventory goes beyond the scientific realm, incorporating plants of cultural

significance and practical utility. From the aesthetic allure of Sampaguita to the ornamental appeal of

Ixora coccinea, and the practical uses of Malunggay and Okra, the campus greenery embodies a

harmonious blend of cultural heritage and functional diversity.

The inclusion of Ixora coccinea, with its vibrant red flowers and adaptability, further enriches

the botanical documentation, emphasizing the university's commitment to showcasing versatile plant

species. This multifaceted initiative not only contributes to the aesthetic beauty of the campus but

also strengthens the connection between the university community and its natural surroundings.
 In essence, the botanical inventory stands as a living testament to the university's dedication to

holistic and sustainable practices. It weaves together environmental conservation, education, culture,

and functionality, creating a model for fostering a harmonious relationship between academic

institutions and the diverse ecosystems they inhabit.

V. References

Winrock International - Moringa oleifera: A Perfect Tree for Home Gardens. (n.d.).

https://winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/agroforestry-for-the-pacific-technologies-fact-she

ets/moringa-oleifera-a-perfect-tree-for-home-gardens/

Zorilla, R., RND. (2022, February 17). Amazing Health Benefits of Malunggay leaves. NATIONAL

NUTRITION COUNCIL. Retrieved December 13, 2023, from

https://www.nnc.gov.ph/regional-offices/mindanao/region-ix-zamboanga-peninsula/7088-ama

zing-health-benefits-of-malunggay-leaves

How to grow the moringa tree | Trees for Life. (n.d.).

https://treesforlife.org/our-work/our-initiatives/moringa/how-to-grow#cutting

Achmadi, S. S. (2019). Polyphenols resources in Indonesia from economic perspective. In Elsevier

eBooks (pp. 67–79). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813768-0.00005-0

Chocolate’s natural roots: the cacao tree. (2016, July 7). Field Museum.

https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/chocolates-natural-roots-cacao-tree

VanZile, J. (2021, July 22). How to grow cacao. The Spruce.

https://www.thespruce.com/how-to-grow-cacao-1902612

Abelmoschus esculentus (okra). (2022). [Dataset]. In CABI Compendium.

https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.1950

OKRA | Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation. (n.d.).

https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/okra/infos
Ndiritu, J. M. (2023, September 11). Okra propagation. Wikifarmer.

https://wikifarmer.com/okra-propagation/#:~:text=Okra%20can%20also%20be%20propagate

d,watering%20to%20moisten%20the%20soil

Schmitz, P. (n.d.). Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don, Giant taro (World flora). Pl@ntNet.

https://identify.plantnet.org/k-world-flora/species/Alocasia%20macrorrhizos%20(L.)%20G.D

on/data

phpmu.com. (n.d.). What are the benefits of Taro stems?

https://www.kangjo.net/berita/detail/what-are-the-benefits-of-taro-stems

Big Taro root. (n.d.).

https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Big_Taro_Root_759.php#:~:text=The%20main%20roo

t%20of%20the,flesh%20and%20noticeable%20growth%20rings

By. (2021, February 18). Whatever Happened to ipil-ipil? - Philippine Morning Post. Philippine

Morning Post. https://philippinemorningpost.com/whatever-happened-to-ipil-ipil/

Factsheet - Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena). (n.d.). Copyright. All Rights Reserved.

https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucoc

ephala_(Leucaena).htm#:~:text=Older%20stems%20have%20a%20relatively,)%202%2D5%

20cm%20long.

WwwUpaneIt, U.-. (n.d.). GISD. https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=23

HS1068/HS303: Pitaya (Dragonfruit) growing in the Florida home landscape. (n.d.).

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS303

Dragon Fruit Plant | morphology, classification and photography — Steemit. (n.d.). Steemit.

https://steemit.com/steemstem/@rabo/dragon-fruit-plant-or-morphology-classification-and-p

hotography#:~:text=Morphologically%2C%20Dragon%20Fruit%20plants%20include,along

%20its%20trunks%20and%20branches

How to grow dragon fruit - Eco Organic Garden. (n.d.).

https://www.ecoorganicgarden.com.au/gardening-tips/how-to-grow-dragon-fruit/#:~:text=Pro

pagation%20of%20Dragon%20Fruits,be%20potted%20up%20into%20punnets
 Schmitz, P. (n.d.-b). Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Giant sword fern (World flora). Pl@ntNet.

https://identify.plantnet.org/k-world-flora/species/Nephrolepis%20biserrata%20(Sw.)%20Sch

ott/data

Sword Fern | University of Puget Sound. (n.d.).

https://www.pugetsound.edu/puget-sound-museum-natural-history/exhibits/terrestrial-panel/s

word-fern#:~:text=Fern%20reproduction%20is%20in%20part,the%20different%20groups%2

0of%20ferns

Fern structure. (n.d.).

https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml#:~:text=Fern%20stems%2

0(rhizomes)%20are%20often,and%20grow%20along%20the%20stem

Polystichum munitum (California Sword Fern, Giant Holly Fern, Imbricate Sword Fern, Swordfern,

Sword Fern, Western sword, Western Swordfern, Western Sword Fern) | North Carolina

Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. (n.d.).

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/polystichum-munitum/#:~:text=The%20sword%20fern%20

is%20a,a%20crown%20of%20scaly%20rhizomes

Factsheet - Mimosa pudica (Common Sensitive Plant). (n.d.). Copyright. All Rights

Reserved.

https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Mimosa_pudica_

(Common_Sensitive_Plant).htm#Description

Factsheet - Ageratum conyzoides (Billygoat Weed). (n.d.-b). Copyright. All Rights Reserved.

https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Ageratum_conyzoides_(Billygo

at_Weed).htm

Duranta erecta. (n.d.). Fact Sheet Fusion V2.

https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/duranta_erecta.htm
 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023, November 9). Bamboo | Characteristics, Distribution &

Uses. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/bamboo

https://raskisimani.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/h-tiliaceus-beach-hibiscus.pdf

· FPS106/FP106: Carica papaya: Papaya. (n.d.). https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FP106

Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. | Species. (n.d.). WIKTROP - Weed Identification and Knowledge in the

Tropical and Mediterranean Areas. https://portal.wiktrop.org/species/show/89