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I PUC Chem Chapterwise Q and Answers
I PUC Chem Chapterwise Q and Answers
I PUC Chem Chapterwise Q and Answers
CHAPTER : 1
1 mark questions
1. What is Chemistry?
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9. Give the units of S.I. systems for the following a) Electric current
b) Amount of substance
Ans: a) Electric current – Ampere (A)
b) Amount of substance – Mole (mol)
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Ans: a) 6.005 = Four because the zeroes between the non zero digits
are significant figures
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22. A piece of copper wire is 2.00 inch long. What is its length in centimeter
Ans: 1 inch = 2.54 cm
Therefore 2 inch = 2.54 x 2 = 5.08 Cms
1
23. A plastic Jug contains 3.5 Ltrs of milk calculate the volume of milk in
meter 3
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1 minute = 60 seconds
3 day = 3 x 24 Hrs x 60 min x 60 sec
= 259 200 seconds
25. Calculate the molecular mass of the following a) Ethane (C2H6)
b) Ammonia (NH3)
Ans: a) Ethane (C2H6)
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b) Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia=(NH3) = 1x atomic mass of Nitrogen + 3 x atomic mass of Hydrogen
= 1x(14.01u) + 3 (1.008u)
= 14.01u + 3.024u = 17.034u
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30. How many moles of methane required to produce 88 gms of CO2 after
combustion
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= 25 Kg N2 + 5 Kg H2 NH3
1 Kg of N2 = 1000gm N2
25 Kg of N2 = 25 x 1000 = 25000/28 = 892.85 mol
1 Kg of H2 = 1000 gm H2
5 Kg of H2 = 5x 1000 = 5000/2.016 = 2480.15 mol
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4 Marks questions
11
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Ans:
Element % At mass % at mass Nearest
whole no
Carbon 57.14 12 57.14/12 4.76 4.76/0.68=7
Hydrogen 6.16 1 6.16/1 6.16 6.16/0.68=9.06
Nitrogen 9.52 14 9.52/14 0.68 0.68/0.68=1
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Ans:
Element Symbol % of At mass of Moles of the Simpler molar
element element element = % mass
Hydrogen H 4.07 1 4.07/1 = 4.07 4.04/2.018=2.01
Carbon C 24.27 12 24.27/12 2.022/2.018
= 2.022 =1.0019
Chlorine Cl 71.65 35.5 71.65/35.5 2.018/2.018 = 1
= 2.018
12
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Step 2
To calculate the empirical formula mass
Empirical formula C2H3O2
Therefore Empirical formula mass 2x12+3x1+2x16 = 59
13
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Step 3
To calculate the molecular mass of the compound
The vapour density of the compound = 59
Molecular mass = Vapour density x 2
= 59 x 2 = 118
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Step 5
Molecular formula = Empirical formula x n
= C2H3O2 x 2
= C4H6O4
Therefore Molecular formula is C4H6O4
***********************************************
14
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1. Name the person who first proposed the atomic theory of matter on scientific
basis.
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4. Under what conditions of pressure and voltage, the electrical discharge through the
gases can be observed?
7. Name the phosphorescent material coated inside the discharge tube behind the
anode.
8. Give the conditions under which cathode rays travel in straight line.
9. What is the name given to the particles which constitute the cathode rays?
10. Does the nature of cathode ray depend on the nature of gas in the discharge tube or
the electrode material?
11. Name the scientist who was able to determine e/m value of an electron.
15. Name the fundamental particle of an atom that has highest value for its e/m value.
16. Does the e/m value of canal rays depend on the nature of gas in the discharge
tube?
17. Name the gas to be filled in the discharge tube to obtain the smallest and the
lightest positive ion.
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18. Name the smallest and lightest positive ion obtained when hydrogen gas is
subjected to electrical discharge.
22. Name the electrically neutral particle obtained by bombarding beryllium with α-
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26. Name the metal foil used in Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment.
38. Name the fundamental particle of an atom which determines the chemical
properties of an element.
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43. What is the relation between energy (E) and frequency ( )الof an electromagnetic
radiation?
44. What is the name given to the smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted or
absorbed in the form of electromagnetic radiation?
55. Name the series of spectral line of hydrogen obtained in visible region.
56. Write the mathematical expression for the calculation of angular momentum of an
electron in a given stationary state.
57. Write an expression for the calculation of energy associated with an electron in a
given stationary state.
58. Write an expression to calculate the wave number of a spectral line in the
hydrogen spectrum.
59. What is the value of the radius of the first stationary state (Bohr orbit)?
61. Write the relationship between wave length ( λ), velocity (c) and frequency ( )الof
a radiation.
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71. What is the significance of (a) principal quantum number(n); (b) azimuthal
quantum number (l); (c) magnetic quantum number (ml); (d) spin quantum number
(ms)?
73. What are the possible values of ‘l’ (azimuthal quantum number) for a given value
of ‘n’?
74. What are the possible values for ml (magnetic quantum number) for a given value
of ‘l’?
76. What is the total value of ml (magnetic quantum number) for a given value of ‘l’?
77. What is the value of ‘l’ for:- (a) s- sub shell; (b) p- sub shell; (c) d-sub shell; (d)
f-sub shell; (e) g-sub shell; (f) h- sub shell?
78. Write the possible values of magnetic quantum number (ml) for l= 2.
79. Name the quantum number that specifies the shape of an atomic orbital.
80. Name the quantum number that specifies the size of an atomic orbital.
81. Name the quantum number that designates the orientation of the atomic orbital.
83. Write the total number of nodes for a given value of ‘n’.
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85. What is the shape of: (a) s-orbital: (b) p- orbital; (c) d-orbital?
88. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in: (a) s-
orbital: (b) p- orbitals; (c) d-orbitals; (d) f-orbitals?
89. How many number of orbital are possible for f-sub shell?
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95. How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers: n=3,
l= 0?
97. Write the electronic configuration of the following elements: (a) Cr (Z=24) (b) Cu
(Z=29) (c) Ca (Z=20).
98. Write the electronic configuration of the following: (a) Na+ (b) Cl- (c) O-2.
100. How many unpaired electrons are present in the following: (a) Na (b) P (c) O?
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110. Write the schematic diagram to remember sequences of filling atomic orbitals.
111. Name two series of hydrogen spectra which fall in infra red region.
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117. Calculate the wave length of the radiation emitted with a frequency of 1,200kHz
(c =3.0x108m/s)
119. Calculate the energy of one mole of photon of radiation whose frequency is 4
X1012 Hz.
120. The threshold frequency ال0 for a metal is 6.0 X 1013 s-1. Calculate the kinetic
energy of an electron when the radiation of frequency = ال1.0 X 1014 s-1 hits the
metal.
121. What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.2 kg moving with velocity of 10
ms-1?
122. Calculate the wave number of the spectral line of shortest wavelength appearing in
the Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum (Given RH = 1.09 X 107 m-1)
123. What are the results drawn from the Cathode ray discharge experiment?
125. What are the observations made out of Ruther ford’s α-ray scattering experiment?
126. What are the conclusions drawn regarding the structure of the atom on the basis of
observations in the α-ray scattering experiment?
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129. What are the factors that cannot be explained by electromagnetic theory?
130. What are the observations made by Hertz after conducting the photo electric effect
experiment?
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Answers
Chapter 2: Structure of atom
1. John Dalton
2. Protons, Neutrons and electrons
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51. The spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance that has absorbed energy is
called an emission spectrum.
52. The study of emission or absorption spectra is known as spectroscopy.
53. Rubidium or Caesium, or Thallium or Indium, or Gallium or Scandium or
Helium.
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97. a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d5 4s1 b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d10 4s1
c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
98. a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 c) 1s2 2s2 2p6
99. 3d
100. a) 1 b) 3 c) 2
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106. “ In the ground state of the atom orbitals are filled in the order of their increasing
energies”.
107. “ No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum
numbers”.
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λ = 250 m
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= 3.313 X 10 -34 m
122.
= الRH (1/n12 – 1/n22 )
n1 = 2 n2 = ∞
= 1.09 X 107 (¼ - 0 )
123. .
i. The Cathode rays start form cathode and move towards anode.
iii. In the absence of electrical or Magnetic field, Cathode rays travel in straight
lines.
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ii. The charge to mass ratio of the particles depend on the gas from which they
originate.
iii. Some of the positively charged particles carry a multiple of the fundamental
unit of electrical charge.
125.
i. Most of the α–particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.
iii. A very few α-particles bounced back, that is were defected nearly 1800
126.
i. Most of the space in the atom is empty
ii. The Positive charge of the atom is not spread through out the atom, but
concentrated in a very small volume
iii. The volume occupied by the nucleus is negligibly small as compared to the
total volume of the atom
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127.
i. The positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a small
region called nucleus
iii. The Electrons move around the nucleus in circular paths called orbits.
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128.
i. Electrical and Magnetic waves are perpendicular to each other and both are
perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave.
ii. Electromagnetic waves do not require medium and they can move in vacuum
iii. There are many types of electromagnetic radiations. They differ from one
another in wavelength or frequency
v. radiation.
129.
i. The nature of emission of radiation from hot bodies (black body radiation)
ii. Ejection of electrons from metal surface when radiation strikes it (Photo
electric effect)
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130.
i. The electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as the beam of light
strikes the surface
iii. For each metal there is a characteristic minimum frequency called threshold
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iv. The kinetic energies of ejected electrons increase with increase of frequency of
light used.
131.
i. The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in a circular
path of fixed radius and energy and the paths are called orbits
ii. The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time
iii. The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between
two stationary states that differ in energy by ∆ E is given by
ال =∆E
h
= الE2-E1
h
iv. The angular momentum of an electron in a given stationary state is integral
multiple of h
2π
i.e., meVr = n h
2π
132.
i. Principal quantum number determines energy and size of the orbital
ii. Azimuthal quantum number defines three dimensional shape of the orbital.
iii. Magnetic quantum number gives the information about the spatial orientation
of the orbital.
iv. Spin quantum number refers to orientation of the spin of the electron.
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UNIT-3
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
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52. Give reason for the anamalous properties of 2nd period elements when compared to
the elements in their respective groups.
53. Mention one property common to all actinoid elements.
54. How are H− and He related?
55. By what name do we know the 17th group elements?
56. Isoelectronic species do not have the same size. Why?
57. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their metallic character: Cu, K,
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17. Given: a) F, Cl, Br b) N, O, F : For which one of these set of elements does
the atomic radius increase? Justify your answer.
18. What are isoelectronic species? Give example.
19. Which among the following has i)largest ii)smallest ionic radii:Na+,Al+3,Mg+2, F−?
20. Define ionisation enthalpy. Give its SI unit.
21. Compare the 1st and 2nd ionisation enthalpies of magnesium with reason.
22. Which group of elements have maximum value for ionisation enthalpy. Give
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43. Mention one exception (anomaly) each found in the variation of i) ionisation
enthalpy in the 2nd period ii) electron gain enthalpy in the 16th period.
44. Classify these into acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral oxide: CO, Na2O, Cl2O7,
Al2O3.
Four Marks:
1. a) What is the valence of 2nd group elements?
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Marks
Qn.No. Value points
allotted
1 23 1
2 Law of octaves 1
3 Atomic weight or atomic mass 1
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Marks
Qn.No. Value points
allotted
i) Position of some elements do not fit in with the scheme of 1
classification or element of lower atomic weight are placed
1
before the element with high atomic weight.
ii) He correctly predicted the existence of few elements. 1
Eka-aluminium 1
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23 1+1
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Marks
Qn.No. Value points
allotted
a) 2 1
b) i) Al2O3 1
1
ii) AlN 1
iii) AlF3 1
When an atom loses an electron and when an atom gains an 2
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22) How many lone pairs of electrons are present in a molecule of SF4?
23) What is hybridization?
24) Write the shape and bond angle of sp hybrid orbitals?
25) Give an example of a molecule having sp hybridization?
26) What is the percentage of s character in sp hybridization?
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49) If the wave functions of participating atomic orbitals are same phase, the overlap
is called _________.
50) The energy required for changing the electronic configuration from ground to
exited state is provided from where?
51) What is the angle between any two p orbitals?
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2 Marks
1) Which type of elements is likely to form anions and give the reason for the same?
2) Which factor favours formation of cation? Explain.
3) Among KCl and NaCl, which is more stable? Give reason.
4) Under what conditions the concept of resonance is applied?
5) The dipole moment in BF3 is zero. Explain
6) The net dipole of NH3 is greater than that of NF3. Why?
7) Write the resonance structures of CO32- and CO2.
8) List the outcome of repulsive interaction between electron pairs in a molecule.
9) Account for the shape of the following molecules based on VSEPR theory
i) Water molecule.
ii) SO2 molecule
iii) Ammonia molecule
iv) SF4 molecule.
10) What are the causes of formation of hydrogen bond?
11) What are the conditions for hydrogen bonding?
12) Draw the shapes of following hybrid orbitals.
sp, sp2,sp3
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13) Considering X- axis as the internuclear axis, which out of the following will not
form sigma bond? Why?
1s and 2s b) 1s and 2px c) 2py and 2py d) 1s and 2s
14) Draw the shapes of H2O and C2H4 molecule
15) Describe the change in the hybridization of the Al atom in the following reaction.
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3 Mark questions
1) Explain the conditions for the combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
2) Write the assumptions of the molecular orbital theory.
3) Explain the diamagnetic behaviour of Hydrogen molecule on the basis of molecular
orbital theory.
4) Show the non-existence of helium molecule based on molecular orbital theory.
5) Explain the formation of Lithium molecule on the basis of molecular orbital.
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1mark Answers:
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b) H2O
Shape: V shape or angular shape
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2 Marks answers
1) Ans: Non-metallic elements have high electron gain enthalpy to form anions which
is produced in the process
Cl (g) + e-1 → Cl-(g) ∆H = 348.7kJmol-1
2) Ans: Metallic elements have low ionization energy which facilitates the easy
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5) Ans: In BF3 µ = 0, although the B-F bonds are oriented at an angle of 1200to one
another. This is because the bond moments give a net sum of zero as the
resultant of any two is equal and opposite of third.
6)Ans: In case of NH3 the 0rbital dipole due to lone pair of electron on nitrogen atom ,
is in the same direction as the resultant dipole moment of N-H bonds, where
as in NF3, it is in the direction opposite to resultant dipole moment of 3 N-F
bonds. The orbital dipole decreases the effect of the resultant N-F bond
moments which reduces dipole moment of NF3.
7) Ans: For the resonance structures of CO32- and CO2 refer to page no 106( Part-1)
8) Ans: a) Deviation in the shape of the molecule
b) Alterations in the bond angle in the molecule.
9) Ans: i) Water molecule belongs to type of AB2E2
The shape of water molecule should have been tetrahedral if there were all
bond pair. But because of the presence of two lone pair, the shape is distorted
tetrahedral or angular. The reason is lp-lp repulsion is more than bp-bp
repulsion. Thus the angle is reduced to 104.50 from 109.50.
Refer to page no 112 for structure.
ii) SO2 molecule
SO2 molecule belongs to AB2E
The shape of SO2 molecule should have been triangular planar but it is found
to be bent or V-shaped .This is due to the fact that lp-bp repulsion is much
more than bp-bp repulsion. So the angle is reduced to 119.50 from 1200.
iii) Ammonia molecule
Ammonia molecule belong to AB3E type
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The shape of NH3 molecule should have been tetrahedral if all the electrons
were bond pair. But because of the presence of one lp,ther is lp-bp repulsion
which is more than bp-bp repulsion and the angle is reduced from 1070 to 104.50.
iv) SF4 molecule.
SF4 molecule belongs to AB4E type.
The shape of SF4 molecule is distorted tetrahedron or a folded square or a
see- saw in which the lp is in an equatorial position where there are only two
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19) Ans: This type of covalent bond is formed by the head on overlap of atomic
orbitals along the internuclear axis. The sigma bonds result from the
following types of overlap
a) s-s b) s-p c) p-p
20) Ans: The molecular orbitals are formed by the linear combination of wave functions of
the participating atomic orbitals. They may combine either by addition or by
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subtraction. Let ψA and ψB represent the wave functions of the two combining
atomic orbitals A and B taking part in chemical combination.
Molecular orbitals
23) Ans: It is half of the difference between the number of electrons present in
bonding molecular orbitals and the number of electrons present in the
antibonding molecular orbitals.
24) Ans: When there is formation of covalent bond between hydrogen and
electronegative elements, the electrons of the covalent bond are shifted
towards more electronegative atom which makes the hydrogen atom
positive and it forms the hydrogen bond with other electronegative atom.
3 Mark answers
1) Ans: The conditions for the combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals are
1. The combining atomic orbitals must have same or nearly the same energy.
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2. The combining atomic orbitals must have the same symmetry about the molecular
axis.
3. The combining atomic orbitals must overlap to the maximum extent.
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Greater the bond order, bond enthalpy (energy required to break the bond) increases,
bond length decreases. Hence stability of the molecule increases. Thus N2 is more
stable than O2.
12) Ans: In case of NH3 the orbital dipole due to lone pair of electrons on N atom , is in the
same direction as the resultant dipole moment of N-H bonds, whereas in NF3 it is in
the direction opposite to resultant dipole moment of three N-F bonds. The orbital
dipole decreases the effect of the resultant N-F bond moments which reduces µ of
NF3.
13) Ans: a) The shape of the molecule depends upon the number of valence shell electron
pairs (bonded or non bonded) around the central atom.
b) Pairs of electrons in the valence shell repel one another since their electron clouds
are negatively charged.
c) These pairs of electrons tend to occupy such positions in space that minimize
repulsion and thus maximize distance between them.
d) The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the electron pairs localizing on the
spherical surface at maximum distance from one another.
e) A multiple bond is treated as if it is a single electron pair and the two or three
electron pairs of a multiple bond are treated as a single super pair.
f) Where two or more resonance structure can represent a molecule, the VSEPR
model is applicable to any such structure.
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orbitals of hydrogen atoms to form 3 N-H sigma bonds. Force of repulsion between a
lone pair and a bond pair is more than the force of repulsion between two bond pairs
of electrons. The molecules thus get distorted and the bond angle is reduced to 1070
from 109.50. The geometry of such a molecule will be pyramidal and can be
explained with sp3 hybridization. Ref Pg 118, Fig 4.13.
22).Ans: In SF6 the central sulphur atom has the ground state outer electronic configuration of
3s23p4. In the exited state the available 6 orbitals i.e., 1s, 3p and 2d are singly
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UNIT 5
States of matter
I. Questions carrying one mark
5.1 What are van der Waals forces?
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5.22 Write the value of molar volume of an ideal gas at STP, when pressure is 1bar
5.23 State Dalton’s law of partial pressure
5.24 Write a postulate of kinetic molecular theory of gases that explains the great
compressibility of gases
5.25 Define aqueous tension
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5.19 What happens to the compressibility factor for gases like CO2 at
i) Very high pressure & ordinary temperature
ii) Low pressure & ordinary temperature
5.20 Can Dalton’s law of partial pressure be used to calculate pressure of mixture of NH3
& HCl? Justify the answer .
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Answers
I. Answers for Questions carrying 1 mark
Q. NO Value point Marks
5.1 Attractive intermolecular forces 1
5.2 Dipole- dipole forces 1
5.3 Polar molecule &non-polar molecule 1
5.4 Due to the presence of hydrogen bonding between the 1
molecules in HF.
5.5 Intermolecular forces are very strong or 1
Particles in liquids &solids are very close to each other
5.6 At constant temperature, the pressure of fixed amount of a gas 1
varies inversely with its volume
5.7 Reduces to half of the initial pressure 1
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5.15 Zero or 0 1
5.16 At constant volume, pressure of fixed amount of a gas varies 1
directly with temperature
5.17 Avogadro’s law 1
5.18 Gay – Lussacs law 1
5.19 Doubles 1
5.20 Density α Molar mass 1
or
M= (d/P) RT
5.21 8.341J/K/mol 1
5.22 22.7 L/ mol 1
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Or
Pα1
V
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5.4 Vt = V0 (273.15 + t) 1
273.15
Substitute t = -273.150 C Vt = 0
Or
volume of a gas at - 273.150 C is zero indicates that 1
substances fails to exist as gas below this temperature.
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1
Isobar
5.6
It states that equal volumes of all gases under same
1
conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal
number of molecules
1
Vα n
5.7 PV=nRT 1
P=m RT
MXV 1
PM = d R T since m = d where M is the molar mass
V &d is the density
R = P V / n T = 105 x 22.7x10 -3
1 x 273 = 8.314 Pa m3/K/mol 1
= 8.314 J/K/mol.
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5.9
The total pressure of exerted by the mixture of non-reactive
1
gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of
individual gases.
1
Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure.
or
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5.11
The two gases will have equal number of molecules
1
.This is according to Avagadro’s law which states that equal 1
volumes of different gases under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure contains equal number of
molecules.
5.12 Volume will be doubled. 1
Since v α n - according to Avogadro’s law. 1
5.13
i) The volume occupied by the gas molecule is negligible as
1
compared to the total volume of the gas.
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5.16
2
Z=1
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5.21 Gas A 1
Higher the critical temperature ,greater the inter molecular
force of attraction 1
5.22 Surface tension is defined as the force acting on unit length 1
perpendicular to the line drawn on the surface of the liquid.
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ii) Temperature. 1
5.27 P1V1 = P2 V2 1
T1 T2
1x1200 = 0.5xV2 1
300 250
V2 = 2000 dm3
5.28 i)Temperature 1
ii) Molecular mass of a gas 1
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5.2 A gas that follows Boyle’s law, Charles law & Avogadro’s 1
law strictly is called an ideal gas
At constant T V α 1/P – Boyles law 1
At constant P V α T_ Charles Law
At constant P& T V α n Avogadro’s Law
1
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I PUC – CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER - 06
Thermodynamics
One mark questions
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Thermodynamics
One mark Answers
1. It is the specific part of the universe in which energy changes are taking place.
2. Rest of the universe which surrounds the system.
3. A system is said to be open if both matter and energy can be exchanged with the
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14. H = U + PV H = Enthalpy
U = Internal energy
PV = pressure volume energy
15. A reaction in which heat energy is evolved is an exothermic reaction.
16. C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ; ∆H = -393.5 k J.
17. A reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is an endothermic reaction.
18. N2(g) + O2 (g) 2 NO (g)
19. The change in heat that takes place in a chemical reaction represented by balanced
chemical equation.
20. The change in enthalpy that takes place when one mole of compound is formed from
its constituent elements, at standard conditions. [298 K, 101.3 k.Pa]
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21. The heat change that takes place in a chemical reaction is independent of time taken
and number of intermediate steps involved.
22. A process that can take place on its own with or without initiation is called
spontaneous process.
23. Zn + H2SO4 Zn SO4 + H2 ↑
24. Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder of a system.
25. Joule / Kelvin / mole or JK-1 mol-1
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∆U = 10 – 15
∆U = - 5 joules
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6. The enthalpy change that accompanies melting of one mole of a solid substance in
standard state is called standard enthalpy of fusion or molar enthalpy of fusion.
∆fus HΘ
Θ
7. Standard enthalpy of sublimation, ∆subH is the change in enthalpy when one mole of
a solid substance sublimes at a constant temperature and under standard pressure.
(1 bar)
8. It is the enthalpy change on breaking one mole of bonds completely to obtain atoms
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11
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CHAPTER-7
EQUILIBRIUM
ONE MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS. CHAPTER WEIGHTAGE: 13
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15. Write the relationship between Kp and Kc for the reaction
CS2(g) + 4H2(g) CH4 (g) + 2H2S (g)
Ans. np= 1 + 2 = 3, nR = 1 + 4 = 5, ∆n = np – nR = 3-5 = -2
∴ Kp = Kc (RT)∆n , Kp = Kc(RT) -2
∴ Kp = Kc ⇒ Kc > Kp
(RT)2
16. Write Kc expression for the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g)
Ans. Kc = [NH3]2
[N2] [H2]3
17. The equilibrium constant for the reaction A+B C + D is 10. If the initial concentration
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22. In a reversible reaction Qc > K, predict the direction in which the reaction proceeds?
Ans. Net reaction goes from right to left i.e., towards backward direction.
23. Give the relationship Gibb’s free energy change and equilibrium constant
Ans. ∆Go = - 2.303 RTlogK
24. What happens to the rate of forward reaction when the pressure increases
COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2 (g) ?
Ans. Increase in pressure decreases the rate of forward reaction.
25. The rate constant values of a certain reaction is 7.2 x 10-10 and 3.9 x 10-7 at 600K and
800K. predict whether reaction is exothermic or endothermic?
Ans. Since rate constant values are increasing with temperature, the reaction is endothermic.
26. In a certain chemical reaction change in pressure does not influence the equilibrium
state. What does it signify?
Ans.The number of moles of gaseous products and reactants are same in the reaction.
27. For the reaction 2SO2 (g) + O2(g) 2SO2(g) ∆H = -qkJ. State whether rate of forward
reaction increases or decreases when temperature is decreased.
Ans. Rate of forward reaction increases.
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28. What happens to rate of forward reaction
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ∆H = +qkJ, when pressure is increased?
Ans. Rate of the reaction remains same.
34. Give the conjugate acid of H2O, CO32-, HSO-4, O2- and CH3COO-.
Ans. a) H2O ---- H3+O.
b) CO32- ---- HCO3-
c) HSO-4 ---- H2SO4
d) O2- ---- OH-
e) CH3COO- ---- CH3COOH.
35. Write the conjugate base of H2O, NH+4, H2CO3, HS-, HCl.
Ans. a) H2O --- OH-
b) NH+4 --- NH3
c) H2CO3 --- HCO-3
d) HS - --- S2-
e) HCl --- Cl-
-
36. OH is a Lewis base. Why?
Ans. Since it can donate a pair of electrons.
39. The pKa values of acids x, y and z are 4.2, 9.8 and 6.1 respectively. Which among the
above acid is strongest?
Ans. X
41. A small amount of NH4Cl is added to NH4OH, what happens to ionization of NH4OH?
Ans. Ionisation of NH4OH decreases.
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42. Write solubility product expression of Ag2CrO4.
Ans. Ag2CrO4 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42- (aq)
Ksp= (2s)2 x s Ksp =4s3.
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8) What is homogeneous equilibrium? given an example
Ans. It is an equilibrium in which all the reactants and products are in same phase.
Example: H2(g)+I2(g) 2HI(g)
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19) With an example explain Bronsted Lowry concept of acid and base?
Ans. Consider a reaction CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3+O
In the above example acetic acid donates a proton hence it is an acid and water
accepts a proton and it is a base.
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29) What is hydrolysis of salt? Give an Example.
Ans. The interaction of cations and anions of salt with water to give acidic or basic or neutral
solution is called hydrolysis.
Example: when sodium acetate undergoes hydrolysis in water it gives basic
solution due to formation of strong base NaOH and weak acid CH3COOH.
2) For the equilibrium 4NH3 (g) +5O2 (g) 4NO (g) +6H2O (g) Discuss the effect of
a) Addition of NH3 b) Addition of oxygen
c) Addition of H2O d) Removal of H2O
Ans. a) Addition of NH3: Addition of ammonia (reactant) increases the concentration of
product that is rate of forward reaction increases.
b) Addition of oxygen: Addition of oxygen increases the concentration of product that
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c) Addition of water: Addition of water (product) increases the concentration of
reactant that is rate of backward reaction increases.
d) Removal of water: Removal of water (product) decreases the concentration of
reactant i.e. rate of forward reaction increases.
4) Which of the following reactions is affected by increase in pressure? Also mention the
change in direction of equilibrium.
a) CO2 (g) +C(s) 2CO (g) b) C2H4 (g) +H2 (g)C2H6 (g)
c) COCl2 (g) CO (g) +Cl2 (g) d) H2(g) +Br2 (g) 2HBr (g)
Ans. a) Increase in pressure increases rate of backward reaction because nP(2) >nR(1)
b) Increase in pressure increases rate of forward reaction because nR(2) >nP(1)
c) Increase in pressure increases rate of backward reaction because nP(2) <nR(1)
d) Increase in pressure has no effect on effect on the reaction because nP(2) = nR(2)
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7) Explain the factors affecting acidic strength of acids.
Ans. The important factors affecting acidic strengths are
1)The bond strength of H-A: The strength of H-A bond is weak in case of strong acids
hence cleavage of bond becomes easier, whereas the strength of H-A bond is high in
case of weak acids.
2) Polarity of H-A bond: In case of strong acids the electronegativity difference between
H and A is large, hence H-A bond become more polar therefore cleavage of bond
becomes easier ,where as polarity of H-A bond is less in case of weak acids.
8) Derive an expression for ionization constant Ka of weak acid.
Ans. Consider a weak acid HX which partially ionizes in aqueous solution as
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3) For the synthesis of ammonia N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) the KP value is 41 at 400K.
Calculate KC for the reaction?
Ans. Given For the above reaction
KP = 41 nP=2 , nR=4
T = 400K ∆n = nP – nR = 2 – 4 = -2
R = 0.0831bar litre / mol K W.K.T KP = Kc(RT)∆n
Kc = Kp/(RT)∆n = 41/(0.0831x400)-2
KC = 41x(0.0831x400)2 = 45300.8
4) For the reaction 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g), The equilibrium constant is 3.75 X 10-6
at 1069K. What is equilibrium constant for the reaction 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2NOCl(g)?
Ans. Given Kc = 3.75x10-6
W.K.T KC1 =1/Kc = 1/3.75x10-6
= 0.2666x106 = 2.666x10+5
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7) For the reaction 2NO(g) + Br2(g) 2NOBr(g) the equilibrium concentrations of Nitric
oxide, bromine and nitrosyl bromide are 0.0352M, 0.0178M and 0.0518M respectively at
constant temperature, calculate equilibrium constant KC.
Ans. Given [NO] = 0.0352 KC = [NOBr]2/[NO]2[Br2]
[Br2] = 0.0178 KC = (0.0518)2/(0.0352)2(0.0178)
[NOBr] = 0.0518 = 121.66
8) The equillibricum partial pressure of HI , H2 and I2 for the reaction 2HI(g) I2(g) + H2(g)
are 0.04 atm , 0.08atm and 0.08 atm respectively, Calculate equilibrium constant KP for the
reaction.
Ans. Given PHI = 0.04atm KP = PH2xPI2/P2HI
PI2 = 0.08atm = 0.08x0.08/(0.04)2
PH2 = 0.08atm = 0.16
9) For the reaction A+3B 4C,the partial pressure of B and C are 0.8atm and 0.4 atm
respectively. The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction is 24, what is the partial pressure
of A at equilibrium?
Ans. Given KP = 24 KP = Pc4/PA.PB3
PB = 0.8tm PA = Pc4/KP.PB3
Pc = 0.4atm = (0.4)4/24x(0.8)3
PA = ? PA = 0.00208atm
10) The equilibrium constant KC for a reaction is 1.3x102 at 300K. Calculate standard free
energy change for the reaction. State whether the reaction is spontaneous or non-
spontaneous.
Ans. Given R = 8.314J mol-1 K-1 ΔG0 = -2.303RT log KC
T = 300K = -2.302x8.314JK-1mol-1x300Klog 1.3x102
Kc=1.3 x 102 = -5744.14(2 + log 1.3)
ΔG = -12142.54 Jmol-1
0
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Since ΔG0 is negative the reaction is spontaneous
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11) standard free energy change for a reaction is 12 KJ at 300K. Calculate equilibrium
constant for the reaction at same temperature.
Ans. Given ΔG0 = 12KJ = 12x103J ΔG0 =-2.303RT log KC
T = 300K log KC =- ΔG0/2.303RT
R = 8.314Jmol-1K-1 log KC =-12000J/2.303x8.314JK-1mol-1x300K
log KC = -2.0891
KC = antilog[+1-1-2.0891]
__
= antilog[ 3. 9109]
Kc = 8.145x10-3
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17) The ionization constant 0.05M propanoic acid is 1.3 x 10-5 . Calculate degree of
ionization.
Ans. Given Ka=1.3 x 10-5
C =0.05M
C =0.05M α = 1.87x10-2
20) The pKa of acetic acid and pKb of ammonium hydroxide are 5.75 and 5.70
respectively. Calculate the pH of ammonium acetate solution.
Ans. pH = 7 + ½[pKa + pKb] = 7 + ½[5.75 – 5.70]
= 7 + ½ X 0.05 = 7 + 0.025 = 7.025
21) The solubility of A2X in water is 1.1 x 10-5 mol/L calculate the solubility product of the
electrolyte.
Ans. S = 1.1 x 10-5 A 2X 2A+ + X2-
Ksp = [A+]2[X2-] = (2s)2 . s = 4s3
= 4 x (1.1 x 10-5)3
= 5.324 x 10-15(mol/L)3
22) The solubility product of silver bromide is 5.0 x 10-13 at 298K. find its solubility.
Ans. Ksp = 5 x 10-13 AgBr Ag+ + Br-
Ksp = [Ag+][Br-]
Ksp = s.s
-13
5 x 10 = s2
s = = 0.7071 x 10-6mol/L
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3 Marks Problems
1) For the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g), The partial pressures of N2 and H2 are 0.8
and 0.4 atmosphere respectively at equilibrium. The total pressure of the system is 2.80
atmospheres. What is KP for the above reaction?
Ans. Given PN2 = 0.8atm PN2 + PH2 + PNH3 = P
PH2 = 0.4atm 0.8 + 0.4 +PNH3 = 2.8
P = 2.8atm PNH3 = 2.8 – 1.2 = 1.6atm
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5) Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of 0.1M weak mono basic acid whose
dissociation constant is 4 x 10-10 at 298K.
Ka = 4 x 10-10
Wkt [H+] = Cα = 0.1 x 6.324 x 10-5 = 0.6324x10-5M
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5) The Ksp values of BaSO4 and PbSO4 are 1.1 x 10-10 and 1.6 x 10-8 respectively. Which
salt is more soluble?
Ans. Let solubility of BaSO4 is s1 and solubility of PbSO4 is s2
BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42-
Ksp = [Ba2+] [SO42-]
1.1 x 10-10 = s1.s1
S1 = = 1.0489 x 10-5mol/L
PbSO4 Pb2++ SO42-
Ksp = [Pb2+][SO42-]
1.6 x 10-8 = s2 . s2
S2 = = 1.2649 x 10-4mol/L
S2 > s1 hence PbSO4 is more soluble than BaSO4
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SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
12. What happens to the oxidation number (O.N.) of an element during oxidation?
19. Name the cell obtained by coupling a zinc electrode with a copper electrode.
20. Identify the oxidant in the following reaction: H2O2 + O3 H2O + 2O2
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3. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen and hydrogen. Give one example
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6. How are the oxidizing agent and reducing agents defined in terms if oxidation number?
7. Write separate equations for the oxidation and reduction reactions occurring in the
following redox reaction: 2Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
11. What is a redox couple? Identify the redox couples in the reaction:
13. What is a spectator ion? Give an example of a reaction involving such an ion.
14. Write the formula for the following compounds represented using Stock notation:
15. Using Stock notation, represent the following compounds: Fe2O3, CuO, MnO and
MnO2
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18. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following
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19. Give an example of a redox combination reaction. Mention the species that undergo
oxidation and reduction.
20. Give an example of a redox decomposition reaction. Mention the species that
undergo oxidation and reduction.
21. Give an example of a redox displacement reaction. Mention the species that undergo
oxidation and reduction.
22. Give an example of a redox disproportionation reaction. Mention the species that
undergo oxidation and reduction.
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1. When blue coloured solution of copper sulphate is stirred with a zinc rod, the blue
colour of the solution fades off and the zinc rod is coated with reddish copper metal.
Write the chemical reaction taking place in the above observation and identify the
species undergoing oxidation and reduction.
2. A solution of silver nitrate turns blue slowly on stirring with a copper rod which in turn
gets coated with a white deposit of silver. Write a chemical reaction for this observation
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(iii) MnO4– (aq) + SO2 (g) →Mn2+ (aq) + HSO4– (aq) (in acidic solution)
(iv) H2O2 (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) →Fe3+ (aq) + H2O (l) (in acidic solution)
(v) Cr2O7 2– + SO2(g) → Cr3+ (aq) + SO42– (aq) (in acidic solution)
(a) MnO4– (aq) + SO2 (g) →Mn2+ (aq) + HSO4– (aq) (in acidic solution)
(b) MnO4– (aq) + I– (aq) → MnO2 (s) + I2(s) (in basic medium)
(c) H2O2 (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + H2O (l) (in acidic solution)
(d) Cr2O7 2– + SO2(g) →Cr3+ (aq) + SO42– (aq) (in acidic solution)
5. In the reactions given below, identify the species undergoing oxidation and reduction:
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ANSWERS:
4. Fluorine (F2).
6. Lithium (Li).
8. The term Oxidation number denotes the oxidation state of an element in a compound
ascertained according to a set of rules formulated on the basis that electron pair in a
11. Zero.
12. It increases.
13. It decreases
16. Zero.
17. A setup consisting of a metal in contact with its salt solution is called an electrode.
18. The potential attained by a metal in contact with a solution containing its own ions is
called electrode potential.
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19. The potential attained by a metal in contact with its salt solution of concentration 1
moldm-3 at 298 K.
21. +2
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ANSWERS:
1. A chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction are taking place
simultaneously is called a redox reaction.
reduction
Oxidation
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Oxidation:
Oxidation An increase in the oxidation number of an element in a given substance.
Reduction:
Reduction A decrease in the oxidation number of an element in a given substance.
6. Oxidising agent:
agent: A reagent which can increase the oxidation number of an element
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Reducing agent: A reagent which lowers the oxidation number of an element in a given
9. +2 + 4 –2 +2 –2 +4 –2
CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
10.
10 (i) Let the O.N. of S be ‘ x’
11.
11 A redox couple is defined as having together the oxidized and reduced forms of a
substance taking part in an oxidation or reduction half reaction.
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12.
12 A series of electrode potential values arranged in the increasing or decreasing order
constitute an electrochemical series.
13.
13 An ion which is present in a redox reaction, but does not take part in a reaction during
electron transfer is called a spectator ion.
15.
15 Fe2O3 - Fe2(III)O3 , CuO – Cu(II)O
(+1) + x + 3(-2) = -2
∴ x = +3
X + 4(-2) = -3
∴ x = +5
17.
17 Step 1: Write skeletal equation with O.N of each element.
4+ 2- 0
SO2 + H2S S + H2O.
Step 2: Multiply H2S by 2 to equalize the oxidation numbers on either side of the
equation.
4+ 2 x (2-) 0
SO2 +2 H2S S + H2O.
Step 3: Now, balance S atoms on RHS.
18.
18 (a) NaH2PO4 : O.N. of P = (+1)+2(+1)+x+4(-2); x = +5.
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20.
20 Example for Redox decomposition reaction:
-1+1 0 0
2NaH(s) 2Na(s) + H2(g)
In this reaction, the O.N. of ‘Na’ increases from -1 to 0. So it is undergoing oxidation.
the O.N. of ‘H’ decreases from +1 to 0. So it is undergoing reduction.
21.
21 Example for Redox displacement reaction:
+2 +6 -2 0 0 +2 +6 –2
CuSO4(aq) + Zn (s) Cu(s) + ZnSO4 (aq)
In this reaction, the O.N. of ‘Zn’ increases from 0 to +2. So it is undergoing oxidation.
the O.N. of ‘Cu’ decreases from +2 to 0. So it is undergoing reduction.
22.
22 Example for Redox disproportionation reaction:
+1 –1 +1 –2 0
2H2O2 (aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
In this reaction, the O.N. of ‘O’ increases from -1 to 0 as well as decreases from -1 to -2.
So oxygen is undergoing both oxidation and reduction(disproportionation).
23.
23 Among halogens, fluorine (F2) is the most electronegative element; it cannot exhibit any
positive oxidation state. Hence it does not show a disproportionation tendency.
24.
24 (a) 3Mg(s) + N2(g) → Mg3N2(s) - Redox combination reaction
(c) Cr2O3 (s) + 2 Al (s) → Al2O3 (s) + 2Cr(s) - Redox displacement reaction
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Oxidation
Oxidation
In this reaction, Zn loses 2e - to Cu and hence is undergoing oxidation; Cu2+ is
undergoing reduction to Cu.
2. reduction
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oxidation
2+ 6+ 3+ 3+
Fe + H + Cr2O7 → Cr + Fe3+ + H2O
2+ + 2– 3+
reduction
Step 2: Multiply Cr3+ by 2 and Fe2+ and Fe3+ by 6 to equalize the oxidation numbers on
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2+ 1+ 6+ 2x3+ 3+
6Fe + H + Cr2O7 → 2 Cr3+ +6 Fe3+ + H2O
2+ + 2–
Step 4: Finally balance H atoms by adding 14H+ on LHS to get a balanced equation as:
3. (ii) MnO4– (aq) + I– (aq) → MnO2 (s) + I2(s) (in basic medium)
. Step 1: Write skeletal equation with O.N of each element Undergoing change in
oxidation number.
Oxidation
7+ 1- 6+ 0
MnO4 (aq) + I– (aq) →
– MnO2 (s) + I2(s)
reduction
Step 2: Multiply I- by 6 and MnO4- by 2 to equalize the oxidation numbers on either side
of the equation.
Step 3: Now, add 8 OH- on RHS to balance –ve charges on either side.
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Step 4: Finally balance H and O atoms by adding 4H2O on LHS to get a balanced
equation as:
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3. (iii) MnO4– (aq) + SO2 (g) →Mn2+ (aq) + HSO4– (aq) (in acidic solution)
. Step 1: Write skeletal equation with O.N of each element undergoing change in
oxidation number.
Oxidation-2e-
7+ 4+ 2+ 6+
MnO4– (aq) + SO2 (g) → Mn2+ (aq) + HSO4– (aq)
reduction-5e-
Step 2: Multiply SO2 by 5 and MnO4- by 2 to balance +ve charges on both sides.
2 MnO4– (aq) + 5SO2 (g) +2H2O +H+ → 2Mn2+ (aq) + 5HSO4– (aq)
3. (iv) H2O2 (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) →Fe3+ (aq) + H2O (l) (in acidic solution)
. Step 1: Write skeletal equation with O.N of each element undergoing change in
oxidation number
Oxidation-1e-
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1- 2+ 3+ 2-
2+ 3+
H2O2 (aq) + Fe (aq) →Fe (aq) + H2O (l))
reduction-2 x 1e-
Step 2: Since the number of charges on both sides are not equal, 2Fe2+ on LHS and
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3.(v) Cr2O7 2– + SO2(g) → Cr3+ (aq) + SO42– (aq) (in acidic solution)
3.(v) solution)
Step 1: Write skeletal equation with O.N of each element Undergoing change in
oxidation number.
Oxidation-2e-
2 x (6+) 4+ 3+ 6+
2– 3+ 2–
Cr2O7 + SO2(g) → Cr (aq) + SO4 (aq)
reduction-3e-
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reduction-5e-
Step2: Write out oxidation and reduction separately and balance the atoms other than H
and O.
Step3: Multiply the oxidation reaction with the extent of reduction and reduction reaction
by the extent of oxidation and add.
Step4: Add H+ and 2H2O on LHS to balance H and O atoms in the acid medium to get a
balanced equation.
(b) MnO4– (aq) + I– (aq) → MnO2 (s) + I2(s) (in basic medium)
4.. (b)
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oxidation-2e-
Step2: Write out oxidation and reduction separately and balance the
Step3: Multiply the oxidation reaction with the extent of reduction and reduction reaction
Step4: Add 4OH- on RHS and 2H2O on LHS to balance H and O atoms in the basic medium to
get a balanced equation.
4. (c) H2O2 (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + H2O (l) (in acidic solution)
oxidation-1e-
reduction-2e-
Step2: Write out oxidation and reduction separately and balance the atoms other than H
and O.
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Step3: Multiply the oxidation reaction with the extent of reduction and reduction reaction
Step4: Add 2H+ on LHS and H2O on RHS to balance H and O atoms in the acid medium to get
a balanced equation.
oxidation-2e-
reduction-2x3e-
Step2: Write out oxidation and reduction separately and balance the atoms other than H
and O.
Step3: Multiply the oxidation reaction with the extent of reduction and reduction reaction
Step4: Add H+ and 2H2O on LHS to balance H and O atoms in the acid medium to get a
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balanced equation.
oxidation-2x1e-
reduction-5e-
Step2: Write out oxidation and reduction separately and balance the atoms other than H
and O.
Step3: Multiply the oxidation reaction with the extent of reduction and reduction reaction
Step4: Add required number H+ on LHS and H2O on RHS to balance H and O atoms in the
The species undergoing reduction is: Cl2 (∵ the O.N. of Cl decreases from 0 to -1)
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In this reaction, the species undergoing oxidation is: Na (∵ the O.N. of Na increases
from 0 to +1).
The species undergoing reduction is: H2 (∵ the O.N. of H2 decreases from 0 to -1)
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In this reaction, the species undergoing oxidation is: Fe (∵ the O.N. of Fe increases
from 0 to +2)
The species undergoing reduction is: HCl (∵ the O.N. of H in HCl decreases from +1 to 0 )
*******************
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I P U C QUESTION BANK
4. What is the chemical used in clarke’s process to remove the temporary hardness of
water?
5. What volume of oxygen is produced by one litre of “10 volume” H2O2 at STP?
12. Arrange LiH, NaH, and CsH in the increasing order of ionic character.
13. Arrange H2, D2, T2 in the increasing order of their boiling points.
21. What is the chemical name of zeolite used in softening of hard water?
1
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24. Name the gas liberated by the reaction of zinc with aqueous NaOH solution.
Boil
Mg(HCO3)2 (aq) → ____________ + 2 CO2.
27. Write the names of isotopes of hydrogen. What is the mass ratio of these isotopes?
28. Why does hydrogen occur in a diatomic form rather than in a monoatomic form
29. How can the production of dihydrogen obtained from ‘coal gasification’ be
increased?
30. Describe the bulk preparation of dihydrogen by electrolytic method. What is the role
∆
i) H2(g) + MmOo(s) →
∆
ii) CO(g) + H2(g) →
Catalyst
∆
iii) C3H8(g) + 3 H2O(g) →
Catalyst
Heat
iv) Zn(s) + NaOH (aq) →
32. Discuss the consequences of high enthalpy of H-H bond in terms of chemical
reactivity of dihydrogen.
33. What do you understand by (i) electron- deficient (ii) electron-precise (iii)
2
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34. How do you expect the metallic hydrides to be useful for hydrogen storage?
Explain.
35. How does the atomic hydrogen or oxy hydrogen torch function for cutting and
36. Among NH3, H2O, and HF, which has highest magnitude of hydrogen bonding and
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38. Consider the reaction of water with F2 and suggest, in terms of oxidation and
41. Discuss the principle and method of softening of hard water by synthetic ion
exchange resins.
42. Write chemical reactions to justify that H2O2 can function as an oxidizing as well as
reducing agent?
43. What properties of water make it useful as a solvent? What type of compounds can
44. How can saline hydrides remove traces of water from organic compounds?
45. What is the difference between the terms hydrolysis and hydration?
3
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50. With equations explain the action of washing soda on hard water in removing it’s
permanent hardness.
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1. Hydrogen
2. Protium—1H1
3. A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen or CO + H2
4. Lime or Ca(OH)2 or Calcium hydroxide.
5. 10 litres.
6. Tritium—1T3
7. As a moderator or to slow down fast moving neutrons.
8. A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (CO+H2)
9. LiH, BeH2, or MgH2
10. CH4, NH3, H2O, HF etc.
11. Water which does not contain cations and anions is called demineralised water.
12. LiH < NaH < CsH.
13. H2 < D2 < T2.
14. Tritium.
15. Temporary hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium in water.
16. Permanent hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium
and magnesium.
17. H2O molecules associate due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
18. Non-stoichiometric hydrides are hydrogen deficient compounds formed by the
reaction of dihydrogen with d and f block elements.
19. Alkali metal oxides present in glass catalyse the decomposition of H2O2.
20. Sodium hexa metaphosphate or Na6P6O18.
21. Sodium Aluminium silicate-(NaAlSiO4)
4
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28. Hydrogen molecule has a very high bond dissociation enthalpy . It forms a covalent
bond with another H-atom and exists as a diatomic molecule.
∆
ii)CO(g) + H2(g) → CH3OH(l)
Catalyst
∆
iii)C3H8(g) + 3 H2O(g) → 3CO(g) + 7 H2(g)
Catalyst
5
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Heat
iv)Zn(s) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na2znO2(aq) + H2(g).
32.Dihydrogen is chemically inert at room temperature due to it’s high H-H bond
dissociation enthalpy. At high temperature it accomplishes the reactions in which it is
converted to H+ or OH—ions and formation of covalent bond by sharing electrons.
33.I) An electron deficient hydride has less number of electrons for writing it’s
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34. Metallic hydrides of Ni, Pd, Ce, Ac etc. have the property of absorption of
dihydrogen. The property of absorption of large volume of hydrogen on transition
metals like Pd and Pt is widely used in catalytic reduction / hydrogenation. This
property has high potential for hydrogen storage and as source of energy.
35. Atomic hydrogen produced by the dissociation of dihydrogen with the help of an
electric arc is made is made to combine on the surface to be welded which produces a
very high temperature of 4000k.
Oxy-hydrogen flame generates a high temperature used for cutting and welding
purposes.
36. Fluorine is the most electronegative atom and H-F bond is highly polar leading to
strong intermolecular bonding in H-F.
6
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41.Cation exchange resins contain large organic molecules like R—SO3H which are
water soluble. Ion exchange resin ( R—SO3H) is changed to R—Na by treating with
NaCl. The resin exchanges Na+ ions with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water
and make it soft. Here R is anion.
2R—Na(s) + M2+(aq) R2M(s) + 2Na+(aq)
The resin can be regenerated by adding aqueous NaCl solution.
43. Water is a universal solvent due to high value of dielectric constant and dipole
moment.
Ii) water can hydrolyse metallic and non-metallic oxides , hydrides ,carbides etc.
7
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44. Saline hydrides are ionic and contain H—ion which react with water liberating H2
gas.
45. Hydrolysis is reaction in which H+ and OH—ions of water react with a compound to
form products.Hydration is association of one or more molecules of water to form
hydrated compounds.
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48. Highly electropositive metals like Na reacts with H2O and reduces H2O to
dihydrogen.
*******************
8
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Chapter 10
S -BLOCK ELEMENTS
2. Name the elements present in the 1st Group of the Periodic Table
These are called so because they form hydroxides on reaction with water which are
strongly alkaline in nature.
4. Name the elements present in the 2nd Group of the Periodic Table:
These are called so because their oxides and hydroxides are alkaline in nature and
these metal oxides are found in the earth’s crust.
Diagonal relationship is due to the similarity in ionic sizes and /or charge/radius
ratio of the elements.
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7. Which is smaller in size between a metal ion and its parent atom?
The monovalent ions (M+) are smaller than the parent atom.
8. Which group elements show very low ionization enthalpy in the periodic
table?
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10. Arrange the first group elements in the decreasing order of Hydration
Enthalpy
The hydration enthalpies of alkali metal ions decrease with increase in ionic sizes.
Li+> Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
Li+ has maximum degree of hydration and for this reason lithium salts are mostly
hydrated, e.g., LiCl· 2H2O
Na2CO3·10H2O.
13. Give reason for the higher melting point and boiling point of alkali earth
metals than alkali metals.
The melting and boiling points of these metals are higher than the corresponding
alkali metals due to smaller sizes.
The electrons in beryllium and magnesium are too strongly bound to get excited by
flame. Hence, these elements do not impart any colour to the flame.
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15. Name the gas liberated when alkali metals react with dil acid?
The alkaline earth metals readily react with acids liberating dihydrogen gas .
M + 2HCl →→MCl2 + H2
17. Give reason .the compounds of alkaline earth metals are less ionic than
alkali metals
→→→→→→→→
20. What happens when Calcium carbonate is heated to 1200 K?
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Mono valent sodium and potassium ions and divalent magnesium and calcium ions
are found in large proportions in biological fluids. These ions perform important
biological functions such as maintenance of ion balance and nerve impulse
conduction.
4. Why alkali metals are highly electro positive & they are not found in free
state ?
The loosely held s-electron in the outermost valence shell of these
elements makes them the most electropositive metals. They readily lose electron to
give monovalent M+ ions. Hence they are never found in free state in nature.
The atomic and ionic radii of alkali metals increase on moving down the group i.e.,
they increase in size while going from Li to Cs.
This is because, the Increase in atomic size is more predominant over increasing
nuclear charge and the outer most electrons are very well screened from the
nuclear charge by the inner shell electrons
7. Give reason .the melting point and boiling point of alkali metals are low
The melting and boiling points of the alkali metals are low indicating
weak metallic bonding due to the presence of only a single valence electron in
them.
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8. Give reason for the colour imparted to the flame by alkali metals
The alkali metal atoms have the largest sizes in a particular period of the
periodic table. With This property makes caesium and potassium useful as
electrodes in photoelectric cells.
11. Name the most power full reducing agent & give reason for it .
The alkali metals are strong reducing agents, lithium being the
most and sodium the least powerful reducing agent.
Note--- With the small size of its ion, lithium has the highest hydration enthalpy
which accounts for its high
negative E0 value and its high reducing power.
12.Give reason for the low solubility of LiF & CsI in water.
The low solubility of LiF in water is due to its high lattice enthalpy
whereas the low solubility of CsI is due to smaller hydration enthalpy of its two
ions. Other halides of lithium are soluble in ethanol, acetone and ethylacetate; LiCl
is soluble in pyridine also.
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15. Why Solvay process cannot be extended for the manufacture of potassium
carbonate?
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It is used in
(i) The manufacture of soap, paper, artificial silk and a number of chemicals,
(ii) In petroleum refining,
(iii) In the purification of bauxite,
(iv) In the textile industries for mercerising cotton fabrics,
(v) For the preparation of pure fats and oils, and
(vi) As a laboratory reagent.
22. How does the atomic and Ionic Radii of alkaline earth metals vary in
comparison to alkali metals
The atomic and ionic radii of the alkaline earth metals are smaller than
those of the corresponding alkali metals in the same periods. This is due to the
increased nuclear charge in these elements. Within the group, the atomic and ionic
radii increase with increase in atomic number.
23. How does the of Ionization Enthalpy of alkaline earth metals vary in
comparison to alkali metals
The alkaline earth metals have low ionization enthalpies due to fairly
large size of the atoms. Since the atomic size increases down the group, their
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ionization enthalpy decreases The first ionisation enthalpies of the alkaline earth
metals are higher than those of the corresponding Group 1 metals. This is due to
their small size as compared to the corresponding alkali metals. It is interesting to
note that the second ionisation enthalpies of the alkaline earth metals are smaller
than those of the corresponding alkali metals.
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The hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions decrease with increase
in ionic size down the group. Be2+> Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+ The hydration
enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions are larger than those of alkali metal ions.
Thus, compounds of alkaline earth metals are more extensively hydrated than those
of alkali metals, e.g., MgCl2 and CaCl2 exist as MgCl2.6H2O and CaCl2· 6H2O
while NaCl and KCl do not form such hydrates.
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28. Account for the reducing nature of Be even though it has less negative
value of reduction potential .
Like alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals are strong reducing agents. This
is indicated by large negative values of their reduction potentials However their
reducing power is less than those of their corresponding alkali metals. Beryllium
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29. write the general equation for the reaction of alkali earth metals with NH3.
Alkaline earth metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue black
solutions forming ammoniated ions.
→→→→→→→→→→→→
From these solutions, the ammoniates, [M(NH3)6]2+ can be recovered.
The sulphates of the alkaline earth metals are all white solids and stable to
heat. BeSO4, and MgSO4 are readily soluble in water; the solubility decreases from
CaSO4 to BaSO4. The greater hydration enthalpies of Be2+ and Mg2+ ions overcome
the lattice enthalpy factor and therefore their sulphates are soluble in water.
The nitrates are made by dissolution of the carbonates in dilute nitric acid.
Magnesium nitrate crystallises with six molecules of water, whereas barium nitrate
crystallises as the anhydrous salt. This again shows a decreasing tendency to form
hydrates with increasing size and decreasing hydration enthalpy. All of them
decompose on heating to give the oxide like lithium nitrate.
→→→ (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
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Note; The addition of limited amount of water breaks the lump of lime. This
process is called slaking of lime.
(i) It is an important primary material for manufacturing cement and is the cheapest
form of alkali.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium carbonate from caustic soda.
(iii) It is employed in the purification of sugar and in the manufacture of dye stuffs.
36.How lime water reacts with limited CO2 and excess CO2 ?
When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water it turns milky due to the
formation of calcium carbonate.
→→→→
On passing excess of carbon dioxide, the precipitate dissolves to form calcium
hydrogen carbonate.
→→→→
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Note--Excess of carbon dioxide should be avoided since this leads to the formation
of water soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate.
39.Which gas is liberated when Calcium carbonate is reacted with dil acid ?
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43.What are the Uses of cement? Cement has become a commodity of national
necessity for any country next to iron and steel. It is used in concrete and
reinforced concrete, in plastering and in the construction of bridges, dams and
buildings.
The alkali metals tarnish in dry air due to the formation of their oxides
which in turn react with moisture to form hydroxides. They burn vigorously in
oxygen forming oxides.
Lithium forms monoxide,
sodium forms peroxide,
the other metals form superoxides.
The superoxide O2 – ion is stable only in the presence of large cations such as
K, Rb, Cs.
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(M = K,
Rb, Cs)
In all these oxides the oxidation state of the alkali metal is +1. Lithium shows
exceptional behaviour in reacting directly with nitrogen of air to form the nitride,
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The alkali metals react with water to form hydroxide and dihydrogen.
(M = an alkali metal)
It may be noted that although lithium has most negative E0 value, its reaction with
water is less vigorous than that of sodium which has the least negative E0 value
among the alkali metals. This behaviour of lithium is attributed to its small size and
very high hydration energy. Other metals of the group react explosively with
water.
They also react with proton donors such as alcohol, gaseous ammonia and
alkynes.
The alkali metals readily react vigorously with halogens to form ionic
halides, M+X–. However, lithium halides are somewhat covalent. It is because of
the high polarisation capability of lithium ion (The distortion of electron cloud of
the anion by the cation is called polarisation). The Li+ ion is very small in size and
has high tendency to distort electron cloud around the negative halide ion. Since
anion with large size can be easily distorted, among halides, lithium iodide is the
most covalent in nature.
5.Why do the the alkali metals give blue solution ,when treated with liq NH3?
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The blue colour of the solution is due to the ammoniated electron which absorbs
energy in the visible region of light and thus imparts blue colour to the solution.
The solutions are paramagnetic and on standing slowly liberate hydrogen resulting
in the formation of amide.
Lithium metal is used to make useful alloys, for example with lead to
make ‘white metal’ bearings for motor engines, with aluminium to make aircraft
parts, and with magnesium to make armour plates. It is used in thermonuclear
reactions. Lithium is also used to make electrochemical cells. Sodium is used to
make a Na/Pb alloy needed to make PbEt4 and PbMe4. These organolead
compounds were earlier used as anti-knock additives to petrol, but nowadays
vehicles use lead-free petrol. Liquid sodium metal is used as a coolant in fast
breeder nuclear reactors. Potassium has a vital role in biological systems.
Potassium chloride is used as a fertilizer. Potassium hydroxide is used in the
manufacture of soft soap. It is also used as an excellent absorbent of carbon
dioxide. Caesium is used in devising photoelectric cells.
7.What is the reason for the increasing stability of peroxide & superoxide of
alkali metals down the group?
On combustion in excess of air, lithium forms mainly the oxide, Li2O (plus
some peroxide Li2O2), sodium forms the peroxide, Na2O2 (and some superoxide
NaO2) whilst potassium, rubidium and caesium form the superoxides, MO2. Under
appropriate conditions pure compounds M2O, M2O2 and MO2 may be prepared.
The increasing stability of the peroxide or superoxide, as the size of the metal ion
increases, is due to the stabilisation of large anions by larger cations through lattice
energy effects. These oxides are easily hydrolysed by water to form the hydroxides
according to the following reactions :
The oxides and the peroxides are colourless when pure, but the superoxides are
yellow or orange in colour. The superoxides are also paramagnetic. Sodium
peroxide is widely used as an oxidising agent in inorganic chemistry.
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The alkali metals form salts with all the oxo-acids. They are generally
soluble in water and thermally stable. Their carbonates (M2CO3) and in most cases
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(i) Lithium is much harder. Its m.p. and b.p. are higher than the other alkali metals.
(ii) Lithium is least reactive but the strongest reducing agent among all the alkali
metals. On combustion in
air it forms mainly monoxide, Li2O and the nitride, Li3N unlike other alkali
metals.
(iii) LiCl is deliquescent and crystallises as a hydrate, LiCl.2H2O whereas other
alkali metal chlorides do not
form hydrates.
(iv) Lithium hydrogencarbonate is not obtained in the solid form while all other
elements form solid
hydrogen carbonates.
(v) Lithium unlike other alkali metals forms no ethynide on reaction with ethyne.
(vi) Lithium nitrate when heated gives lithium oxide, Li2O, whereas other alkali
metal nitrates decompose to
give the corresponding nitrite.
(vii) LiF and Li2O are comparatively much less soluble in water than the
corresponding compounds of other
alkali metals.
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The similarity between lithium and magnesium is particularly striking and arises
because of their similar sizes : (atomic radii, Li = 152 pm, Mg = 160 pm; ionic
radii : Li+ = 76 pm, Mg2+= 72 pm. )
The main points of similarity are:
(i) Both lithium and magnesium are harder and lighter than other elements in the
respective groups.
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Recovery of some raw material--In this process NH3 is recovered when the
solution containing NH4Cl is treated with Ca(OH)2. Calcium chloride is obtained
as a by-product.
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→→→→
The most abundant source of sodium chloride is sea water which contains
2.7 to 2.9% by mass of the salt. In tropical countries like India, common salt is
generally obtained by evaporation of sea water. Approximately 50 lakh tons of salt
are produced annually in India by solar evaporation. Crude sodium chloride,
generally obtained by crystallization of brine solution, contains sodium sulphate,
calcium sulphate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride as impurities.
Calcium chloride, CaCl2, and magnesium chloride, MgCl2 are deliquescent
impurities (because they absorb moisture easily from the atmosphere).
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The amalgam is treated with water to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
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carbon. Calcium and barium metals, owing to their reactivity with oxygen and
nitrogen at elevated temperatures, have often been used to remove air from vacuum
tubes. Radium salts are used in radiotherapy, for example, in the treatment of
cancer.
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Except for beryllium halides, all other halides of alkaline earth metals
are ionic in nature. Beryllium halides are essentially covalent and soluble in
organic solvents. Beryllium chloride has a chain structure in the solid state as
shown below:
In the vapour phase BeCl2 tends to form a chloro-bridged dimer which dissociates
into the linear monomer at high temperatures of the order of 1200 K.
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The ionic radius of Be2+ is estimated to be 31 pm; the charge/radius ratio is nearly
the same as that of the Al3+ ion. Hence beryllium resembles aluminium in some
ways. Some of the similarities are:
(i) Like aluminium, beryllium is not readily attacked by acids because of the
presence of an oxide film on
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22. How does the setting of cement takes place & what is the role of gypsum in
setting of cement ?
When mixed with water, the setting of cement takes place to give a hard mass.
This is due to the hydration of the molecules of the constituents and their
rearrangement. The purpose of adding gypsum is only to slow down the process of
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Subject: Chemistry
Chapter – 11: P-Block Element
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Chapter -12
Organic Chemistry-Some Basic Principles and Technique
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2.
3. Functional group may be defined as an atom (or) group of atoms which determine the
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CN +C=O C–O
|
CN
19. A series of organic compounds which can be represented by a general formula is called
Homologous series.
20. Copper sulphate acts as catalyst
21. Nitro compounds, Azo compounds & compounds containing nitrogen in ring
Ex. Pyridine.
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22. +E effect.
23. Fe2 [Fe(CN)6]3
24. Al2O3(alumina)
25.
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1. Ans: Freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is added to small portion of SFE &
warmed. Then about 2 to 3 drops of Fecl3 solution are added & acidified with
concentrated Hcl. The appearance of a prussain blue colour indicates the presence
of nitrogen.
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containing distilled water. The contents are crushed & filtered. The filterate is
known as sodium fusion extract.
5. Ans: Silver nitrate test:‐ A small portion of SFE is boiled with dil HNO3, cooled & silver
nitrate is added. A white precipitate soluble in ammonium hydroxide, shows the
presence of chlorine.
A pale yellow precipitate slightly soluble in ammonium hydroxide insoluble in
ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of bromine & yellow precipitate
insoluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of iodine
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13. Ans: Symmetrical breaking of a covalent bond, in which each of the two species contain
one electron of shared electron pair is called hemolytic fission or homolysis.
.
Ex cl – cl + cl.
Chlorine free radicals
14. Ans: Un symmetrical breaking of a covalent bond, in which one the species carry bonded
electron pair is called heterolytic fission or heterolysis.
15. Ans: Free radicals can be defined as an atom or group of atoms having an unpaired
electron.
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Ex. , etc.
19. Ans: These are the compounds containing one benzene ring
Ex. Benzene, Napthalene etc.
20. Ans: These are the compounds containing ring structure in which one or more carbon
atoms are replaced by hetero atoms such as N, S, O etc.
21. Ans: It is done so as to decompose NaCN to HCN & Na2S to H2S
22. Ans: a) 2,2,4‐trimethylhexane b) 6‐chloro‐3‐methyl ‐ 2 hexanone
CH3
|
23. Ans: a) H3C – C – CH – CH2 – CH3 b) cl – H2C – C = CH – CH2 ‐ OH
| | |
CH3 CH3 CH3
24. Ans: A functional group is an atom or group of atoms present in a molecule which
determines the properties of the organic compounds.
Ex: C2H5 – OH, ‐OH is F.G present in ethyl alcohol
CH3COOH, ‐ COOH is F.G. present in Acetic acid.
25. Ans: Two or more compounds having same molecular formula but differ in position of
the same functional group
Ex: CH3 – CH2‐CH2‐OH & CH3 – CH – CH3
|
1 ‐ propanol OH
2 – propanol
26. Ans: Two or more compounds having same molecular formula but differ in the
functional group
Ex. Alcohol and ether
CH3 – O – CH3 CH3 – O – C3H7
Dimethyl ether methyl propyl ether.
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= 0.2727(m2-m1)g of carbon
f) W grams of organic compound contains 0.2727(m2-m1)grams of carbon
.
100 grams of organic compound contains
.
percentage of Carbon=
2. Ans: Principle: A known mass of organic compound is heated with concentrated sulphuric
acid. Nitrogen is converted into ammonium sulphate. Which is treated with sodium hydroxide
solution to liberate ammonia. This ammonia is absorbed in excess of standard sulphuric acid.
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Percentage of Nitrogen =
3. Ans: Principle: The organic compound containing nitrogen when heated with excess of
copper oxide in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, gives nitrogen in addition to carbon
dioxide and water.
Traces of nitrogen oxides formed during combustion of organic compound are reduced to
nitrogen by passing the gaseous mixture over a heated copper gauze. The percentage of
nitrogen present in a given organic compound is calculated from the volume of nitrogen
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A known mass of organic compound is mixed with copper oxide and placed in the
combustion tube. The carbon dioxide gas is passed through the combustion tube to displace
air present in the tube. The combustion tube is now heated in the furnace. The nitrogen
evolved collects in the nitrometer. The volume of the nitrogen collected is recorded after
adjusting the levels of potassium hydroxide solution in the two limbs are equal. Room
temperature and atmosphere pressure are recoded.
Calculation: Mass of organic Compound = mg
3
Volume of nitrogen in nitrometer = V cm
Room temperature = toC = (273 + t)K
Atmosphere pressure = P1mm
'
Aqueous tension at room temperature = P mm
Pressure of dry nitrogen gas formed = P = (P-P')mm .
Volume of nitrogen at STP (V0) = cm3
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nitric acid does not enter the weighing tube. The Carius tube is now sealed and heated in a
furnace at 3000 C for about six hours.
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.
w2g of AgCl will contain g of chlorine
.
= ‘a’ grams (say)
This amount of chlorine was present in w1g of the compound.
.
%Cl2 = X
.
b) For bromine: AgBr Br
188g 80g
188g of AgBr contains 80 g of bromine
g of AgBr will contain g of bromine.
%Br2 = X
c) For Iodine: Agl I
235g 127g
235g of Agl contains 127g of iodine
w2g of Agl will contain g of Iodine
%I2 = X
***************************************************************************
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CHEMISTRY
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3) Why is Wurtz reaction not preferred for the preparation of alkanes containing
odd number of carbon atoms? Illustrate your answer by taking one example.
4) State Huckel’s rule. Draw the structure of Pyridine and Furan. Are these
aromatic?
5) Explain the mechanism involved in the chlorination of methane.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
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CHEMISTRY
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1) The decomposition of higher alkane into a mixture of lower alkanes , alkenes etc
by the application of heat is called pyrolysis / cracking.
2) When unbranched alkanes are heated with anhydrous aluminium chloride and
hydrogen chloride isomeric branched alkanes are formed. This process is called
isomerization
3) X is Cis-but-2-ene ; Y is trans-but-2-ene
4)
5)
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7)
Due to the occurrence of both methyl groups on the same side of the C=C
bond, the combined effect of the two polar bonds makes cis-but-2-ene
much more polar than trans-but-2-ene.
8)
9)
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12) Markovnikov's rule states that, negative part of the addendum (adding molecule)
gets attached to that carbon atom which possesses lesser number of hydrogen
atoms.
13) Sodium salt of butanoic acid is required for the preparation of propane.
14) Alkyl halides on treatment with sodium metal in dry ether solution give
higher alkanes. This reaction is known as Wurtz reaction.
This reaction is used for the preparation of higher alkanes containing even number
of carbon atoms.
15) Sodium salts of carboxylic acids on heating with soda lime (mixture of sodium
hydroxide and calcium oxide) give alkanes containing one carbon atom less than
the carboxylic acid. This elimination of carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid is
known as decarboxylation.
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16) Alkanes undergo free radical substitution. The examples of this category are
halogenation, nitration and sulphonation.
17) The spatial arrangements, which are obtained by free rotation around sigma
bonds, are called conformation or conformational isomers.
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20)
22) Benzene is a planar molecule having delocalized electrons above and below the
plane of ring. Hence, it is electron-rich. As a result, it is highly attractive to electron
deficient species i.e., electrophiles. Therefore, it undergoes electrophilic substitution
reactions very easily. Nucleophiles are electron-rich. Hence, they are repelled by
benzene. Hence, benzene undergoes nucleophilic substitutions with difficulty.
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23) Any Lewis acid like anhydrous FeCl3, SnCl4, BF3 etc. can be used during the
ethylation of benzene.
24) Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbons are called
hydrocarbons.
25) The repulsive interaction between the electron clouds, which affects stability of a
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H H H
H
H
Eclipsed Staggered
28)
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This ozonide is formed as an addition of ozone to ‘A’. The desired structure of ‘A’ can be
obtained by the removal of ozone from the ozonide. Hence, the structural formula of ‘A’
is:
10
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The boiling points of alkanes (obtained in the mixture) are very close. Hence, it becomes
difficult to separate them.
4) Huckel’s rule states that, compounds that have (4n + 2) -electrons, are said to
be Aromatic compounds, where n = 1,2,3,4….etc.
Pyridine is aromatic because it folllows Huckel's rule and has 6 pi electrons where n=1.
Furan is also aromatic compound because one of the lone pair of electrons at the oxygen
delocalise towards benzene ring and then it follows Huckel's rule where n=1.
5) Chlorination of methane proceeds via a free radical chain mechanism. The whole
reaction takes place in the given three steps.
11
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Step 1: Initiation:
In the second step, chlorine free radicals attack methane molecules and break down the
C–H bond to generate methyl radicals as:
These methyl radicals react with other chlorine free radicals to form methyl chloride
along with the liberation of a chlorine free radical.
Hence, methyl free radicals and chlorine free radicals set up a chain reaction. While HCl
and CH3Cl are the major products formed, other higher halogenated compounds are also
formed as:
Step 3: Termination:
12
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6) (i)
For the given compound, the number of π-electrons is 6.By Huckel’s rule,
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(ii)
By Huckel’s rule, 4n + 2 = 4; 4n = 2 ;
(iii)
By Huckel’s rule, 4n + 2 = 8; 4n = 6;
7) (i) Pen-1-ene-3-yne
(ii) Buta-1,3-diene
13
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This reaction follows Markovnikov’s rule where the negative part of the addendum is
attached to the carbon atom having a lesser number of hydrogen atoms.
14
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In the presence of peroxide, Br free radical acts as an electrophile. Hence, two different
products are obtained on addition of HBr to propene in the absence and presence of
peroxide.
15
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16
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Each C-atom in benzene also has an unhybrid 2pz-orbital containing one electron. These
2pz-orbital are perpendicular to the plane of sigma bonds.
17
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18
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CHAPTER‐14
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
I) One mark questions and answers:
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11. What are the reactions involves for ozone layer depletion
in the stratosphere?
A. CFC’S (chlorofluorocarbons) that are released in the
atmosphere mix with the other atmospheric gases and when
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The chlorine radical reacts with ozone and breaks down ozone
molecule as follows
. .
Cl + O3 ‐‐‐‐‐> ClO + O2
.
ClO radical further reacts with atomic oxygen and produces
more chlorine radicals as follows
. .
ClO + O ‐‐‐‐‐‐> Cl + O2
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.
b) O + O2 ‐‐‐‐‐‐> O3
.
c) N O + O3 ‐‐‐‐‐‐>NO 2 + O 2
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.
2. O (g)+O2(g) ‐>O3(g)
. .
3. O3(g)+N O (g) ‐>NO2(g)+ O (g)
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4. Fungicides
5. Industrial wastes
6. Urban wastes
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