Enriquez, Nicholas Emmanuele R.

Student Number: 2022-181467

Introduction
Calculus, a fundamental branch of mathematics, has its origins in the work of ancient
Greek mathematicians such as Archimedes, who developed methods for calculating the area and
volume of curved shapes. However, it was not until the 17th century that modern calculus as we
know it today was developed. In the late 1600s, two mathematicians, Sir Isaac Newton in
England and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in Germany, independently developed the foundations
of differential and integral calculus. Newton developed his ideas around the same time as
Leibniz, although their approaches differed. Newton used geometric methods and his laws of
motion to develop calculus, while Leibniz used algebraic methods and the concept of
infinitesimals. Despite some controversy over priority, both men are credited with the invention
of calculus, which became a powerful tool for solving problems in physics, engineering, and
other fields. Today, calculus remains a vital area of study for mathematicians and scientists alike,
with a wide range of applications in real-world situations.

Origins of Calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of rates of change and how
things change over time. It includes two main branches: differential calculus and integral
calculus. Calculus is divided into two main branches: differential calculus and integral calculus.
Differential calculus deals with the study of the rate of change of a function, while integral
calculus deals with the accumulation of small changes to find the total change. Both branches are
used in a wide range of applications, such as determining the velocity and acceleration of objects
in motion, finding the maximum or minimum values of functions, and calculating areas and
volumes of complex shapes.
 1. Differential calculus is concerned with the study of the instantaneous rate of change of a
function. It involves the calculation of derivatives, which are measures of how much a
function changes at a specific point.

2. Integral calculus, on the other hand, deals with the accumulation of infinitesimal changes
over a given interval. It involves the calculation of integrals, which measure the total
effect of these changes over a given range.

Calculus is widely used in many fields, including physics, engineering, economics, and
statistics, to model and analyze real-world phenomena. It is considered to be one of the
foundational branches of modern mathematics, and its applications have contributed significantly
too many scientific and technological advancements.

Recognized Inventors of Calculus

Calculus was not discovered in a single moment of inspiration, but rather developed over
time through the work of many mathematicians. The origins of calculus can be traced back to
ancient Greece, where mathematicians like Archimedes developed methods for calculating areas
and volumes using the method of exhaustion.

In the 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently
developed the fundamental concepts of calculus as we know them today. They were both
working on problems related to motion and change, and they developed a new mathematical
language to describe these concepts.

Newton developed the method of fluxions, which he used to study the motion of planets
and other celestial bodies. Leibniz independently developed the concept of infinitesimal calculus,
which used infinitesimally small quantities to describe the behavior of functions.
 Calculus was independently discovered by two great mathematicians, Sir Isaac Newton
and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Today it is generally believed that calculus was discovered
independently in the late 17th century by two great mathematicians: Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Leibniz.

Differential Calculus and Integral Calculus

The modern development of calculus is usually credited to Isaac Newton (1643–1727)

and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who provided independent[e] and unified
approaches to differentiation and derivatives. The key insight, however, that earned them this
credit, was the fundamental theorem of calculus relating differentiation and integration: this
rendered obsolete most previous methods for computing areas and volumes.

Isaac Newton, an English physicist and mathematician, developed his own version of
calculus in the late 1660s and early 1670s. He used his new mathematical methods to study the
motion of planets and other celestial bodies, which led to his groundbreaking law of universal
gravitation.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German philosopher, mathematician, and polymath,

developed his own version of calculus around the same time as Newton, although he published
his work a few years later. Leibniz's notation for calculus is still in use today, and he made
important contributions to the development of calculus, including the product rule and the chain
rule.

The modern development of calculus is usually credited to Isaac Newton (1643–1727)

and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who provided independent and unified approaches
to differentiation and derivatives. The key insight, however, that earned them this credit, was the
fundamental theorem of calculus relating differentiation and integration: this rendered obsolete
most previous methods for computing areas and volumes,which had not been significantly
extended since the time of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen).For their ideas on derivatives, both Newton
and Leibniz built on significant earlier work by mathematicians such as Pierre de Fermat (1607-
1665), Isaac Barrow (1630–1677), René Descartes (1596–1650), Christiaan Huygens (1629–
1695), Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) and John Wallis (1616–1703). Regarding Fermat's influence,
Newton once wrote in a letter that "I had the hint of this method [of fluxions] from Fermat's way
of drawing tangents, and by applying it to abstract equations, directly and inverted, I made it
general. “Barrow is generally given credit for the early development of the derivative.
Nevertheless, Newton and Leibniz remain key figures in the history of differentiation, not least
because Newton was the first to apply differentiation to theoretical physics, while Leibniz
systematically developed much of the notation still used today.

Application of calculus in real life world settings

Calculus is used to improve the architecture not only of buildings but also of important
infrastructures such as bridges. In Electrical Engineering, Calculus (Integration) is used to
determine the exact length of power cable needed to connect two substations, which are miles
away from each other. Calculus has a wide range of applications in the real world, from
engineering and physics to economics and biology.

Engineering

Engineers use calculus to design and optimize systems such as mechanical and electrical
systems. Calculus is used to determine the optimal shape of objects such as airplane wings, to
design efficient energy systems, and to optimize control systems for robots and other machines.
Engineers use calculus to analyze the behavior of systems and to predict how they will respond
to changes over time. Calculus is used to determine how forces and stresses are distributed in
structures such as bridges and buildings, to analyze the stability of electrical circuits, and to
predict how fluids will behave in pipes and channels. Engineers use calculus to model complex
systems and to develop simulations that can be used to test and optimize designs. Calculus is
used to model the behavior of mechanical and electrical systems, to simulate the flow of fluids
and gases, and to predict the behavior of materials under different conditions. Engineers use
calculus to design control systems that can regulate the behavior of complex systems. Calculus is
used to design feedback control systems that can adjust the behavior of machines and systems in
real-time, ensuring that they operate safely and efficiently. Overall, calculus is a vital tool for
engineers because it provides a powerful set of mathematical tools that can be used to design,
analyze, and optimize complex systems. Without calculus, it would be much more difficult to
design and develop the technologies that we rely on in modern society.

Biology

Biologists use calculus to model complex biological systems such as the spread of infectious
diseases or the behavior of populations. Calculus is used to model the growth of populations over
time, to analyze the spread of diseases in a population, and to predict the behavior of biological
systems under different conditions. Biologists use calculus to analyze experimental data and to
develop mathematical models that can explain biological phenomena. Calculus is used to analyze
the behavior of cells and tissues, to study the dynamics of biochemical reactions, and to predict
the behavior of biological systems under different conditions. Calculus is used in genetics to
model and analyze the behavior of DNA and RNA. Calculus is used to study the genetic code, to
analyze the behavior of gene expression, and to predict the effects of mutations and genetic
disorders. Calculus is used in neuroscience to model and analyze the behavior of neurons and
neural networks. Calculus is used to study the propagation of signals in the nervous system, to
analyze the behavior of neural circuits, and to predict the effects of drugs and other treatments on
the nervous system.

Summary
Calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with rates of change and how things
change over time, divided into two main branches: differential calculus and integral calculus.
Differential calculus calculates the instantaneous rate of change of a function, while integral
calculus measures the total effect of small changes over a given range. Calculus has numerous
applications in fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and biology, and is considered to
be one of the foundational branches of modern mathematics. Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz are generally credited with the development of modern calculus, although
earlier work by mathematicians such as Pierre de Fermat, Isaac Barrow, and René Descartes
contributed significantly to its development. Calculus has many real-world applications in fields
such as engineering, physics, economics, and biology, including designing and optimizing
mechanical and electrical systems, calculating the length of power cables, and modeling
population growth.