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Topic 1
Topic 1
Topic 1
INTRODUCTION TO
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Outline:
1.1 Basic Definition
1.2 Types of Differential Equations
1.3 Order of a Differential Equation
1.4 Degree of a Differential Equation
1.5 Types of Solutions to a Differential Equation
1.6 Elimination of Arbitrary Constant
Overview:
Differential equations is the mathematics of applications that is very important
in understanding sciences and engineering in which many of the phenomena in
nature can be expressed in terms of the language of differential equations.
At start, it is important to know the main definition and important terms in the
study of differential equations that will be used throughout the discussion of the
topics in this text. It is important so that the user of this material will guide him as he
proceeds progressively throughout the whole chapters.
This chapter will introduce the basic definition of a differential equation, the
types, the order and the degree of a differential equation and the types of solutions to
a differential equation.
Objectives:
Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Define differential equations.
2. Identify the different types, order and degree of a differential equation.
3. Differentiate general solution from a particular solution.
4. Show that the given solution is the solution to a differential equation.
5. Find the differential equations of a given solution by elimination of
arbitrary constant.
Examples:
a. ݕƍ = ݔଶ + 2
b. ݕƍƍ = 4 ݔ+ ݕଶ
ௗ௫
c. + 3 ݔ+ = ݐ5
ௗ௧
Examples:
డ௫ డ௫
a. డ௬
+ డ௪
= 5
డమ ௫ డమ ௫ డమ ௫
b. + =
డ௬ మ డ௭ మ డ௪ మ
డమ௧ డమ ௧ డ௧
c. + =
డ௫ మ డ௬ మ డ௪
Examples:
1. ݕƍ = 4 ݔଶ - First order
Examples:
ଶ
ௗమ ௬ ௗ௬
1. ቀ ௗ௫ మ ቁ + ௗ௫
= 3ݔ - Second degree
ଶ
ௗమ ௬ ௗ௬ ଷ
2. ቀ ௗ௫ మ ቁ + ቀௗ௫ ቁ = 4 ݔ+ ݕ - Second degree
ௗ௧
3. ௗ௫
+ 5 = ݐݔ0 - First degree
4. ݕ+ƍƍƍ (ݕƍƍ) ଶ ƍ
= ݕ+ ݕെ5 - First degree
(ହ) ଶ (ଷ) ଷ
5. ൫ݕ ൯ + ൫ݕ ൯ = 4ݕƍƍ - Second degree
݀ ݔ( = ݕଶ + 3)݀ݔ
ݔ( = ݕ݀ ଶ + 3)݀ݔ
௫య
=ݕ + 3 ݔ+ ܿ
ଷ
The particular solution of a differential equation can be obtained from the
general solution by assigning definite values to the arbitrary constants. The values of
the arbitrary constants can be obtained using a given initial conditions or boundary
conditions.
Consider the previous obtained general solution.
௫య
=ݕ ଷ
+ 3 ݔ+ ܿ
ܿ = െ17
Thus the particular solution is,
௫య
=ݕ ଷ
+ 3 ݔെ 17
Example 1:
Show that ݁ݔ = ݕ௫ is a solution of ݕƍƍ െ ݕƍ െ ݁ ௫ = 0.
Solution:
First, get the first and second derivatives of the given solution.
ݕƍ = ݁ݔ௫ + ݁ ௫
ݕƍƍ = ݁ݔ௫ + ݁ ௫ + ݁ ௫
ݕƍƍ = ݁ݔ௫ + 2݁ ௫
Then, substitute the derivatives to the differential equation.
ݕƍƍ െ ݕƍ െ ݁ ௫ = 0
௫ ௫ ( ݁ݔ௫
݁ݔ+ 2݁ െ + ݁ ௫) െ ݁ ௫ = 0
0= 0
Therefore, the particular solution is the solution to the differential
equation.
Example 2:
Show that ݁ = ݕ௫ cos ݔis a solution of ݕƍƍ െ 2 ݕƍ + 2 = ݕ0.
Solution:
Get the first and second derivatives of the function.
ݕƍ = െ݁ ௫ sin ݔ+ ݁ ௫ cosݔ
ݕƍƍ = െ݁ ௫ cos ݔെ ݁ ௫ sin ݔെ ݁ ௫ sin ݔ+ ݁ ௫ cosݔ
= െ2݁ ௫ sin ݔ
Substitute to the differential equation.
ݕƍƍ െ 2 ݕƍ + 2 = ݕ0
( െ2݁ sin ) ݔെ 2(െ݁ sin ݔ+ ݁ cos ) ݔ+ 2(݁ ௫ cos = ) ݔ0
௫ ௫ ௫
0= 0
Exercises
I. Show that the following solutions are the solutions to the differential
equations indicated.
ୱ୧୬ ௫
1. sin = ݕcos ݕ ;ݔƍ = െ ୡ୭ୱ ௬
II. Find the particular solutions of the given general solutions satisfying the
given conditions.
1. ݁ ௫ െ 4 ݕଶ = ܿ; (ݕln 2) = 1 Ans: ݁ ௫ െ 4 ݕଶ = െ2
ଶ ଶ
2. ݔ+ (ݕ ;ܿ = ݕ1) = 1 Ans: ݔଶ + ݕଶ = 2
3. ܿ ݕଶ = ݔଷ + ݕݔଶ ; (ݕ2) = 1 Ans: 10 ݕଶ = ݔଷ + ݕݔଶ
4. = ݕtan ݔ+ ܿ; (ݕ0) = 0 Ans: = ݕtan ݔ
5. 2 ݔ+ sin ܿ = ݔ+ (1 + ݕଶ ) ଶ; (ݕ0) = 1 Ans: 2 ݔ+ sin = ݔെ4 + (1 + ݕଶ ) ଶ
IV. Find the differential equations described by the following family of curves.