ICT

Software Application & Network

System Used in Seagoing Ships

(PRELIM)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Course Description ……………..2

Course Guide ……………………3
Module Mapping ………………...9
Module Timetable ……………….9

Module 1 – Element A - C

Study Schedule ………...……. 10

Learning Plans ……...…….…. 11
Pre-test ……...……………...…. 11
Introduction ……………...….... 12
Discussion Lesson 1 ………… 13
Discussion Lesson 2………… 42
Discussion Lesson 3………… 46
Discussion Lesson 4………… 54
Post-test…………...…...……. 62
Reflection …………...………... 63
References …………...……… 64
 COURSE DESCRIPTION

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARINE TRANSPORTATION

SOFTWARE APPLICATION & NETWORK SYSTEM USED IN SEAGOING SHIPS
Course Code ICT
Course Software Application & Network
Prerequisite None
Descriptive Title System Used in Seagoing Ships
This course is designed to introduce the important areas of information
technology: ethics, the impact of information technology on society,
proficiency in modern tools for communication, presentation, word
processing, spreadsheets, and other information processing activities to
Course demonstrate proficiency and competence. Also, provide an overview of
Description: Personal Computer Systems, Microprocessors, Networking, Internet
skills and Microsoft Operating Systems. Upon completion of the course,
students will better understand the appropriate application of technology
to problem solving and have an increased ability to learn and explore
new technologies with confidence.
Course Credits 2 Units Lecture Contact 1 Hour Laboratory 3 Hours
Hours Per Week Contact Hours
Per Week
Competence: A-III/6.F2.C5: Electrical, electronic and control engineering at the
operational level
KUP A-III/6.F2.C5.KUP1: Understanding of:
-Main features of data processing
-Construction and use of computer networks on ships
-Bridge-based, engine room-based and computer use
At the end of the course, the students shall have been able to:
CO 1: Effectively use computer applications for documents used
Course onboard ship.
Outcome/s CO 2: Evaluate computer networks used onboard ships in terms of
modularity and expandability and troubleshoot computer as per
manufacturer’s instructions.
 COURSE CODE

There are no shortcuts to success here. The institution prepares you to

face the demands of the modern age of learning in this new standard without
compromising quality education and training in the maritime sectors. The only
secret to fulfilling this module’s requirements is commitment to the institution's
mission, dream, and aim with perseverance, integrity, and dedication.

The module has been meticulously, perceptively and independently

designed to reinforce the cornerstone of good education for you to resiliently
learn the various underpinning technical and general knowledge in maritime
studies. As your facilitator, moderator and assessor in this particular course,
you will be greatly directed and trained to test your ability to meet potential
adversities in life as ship officers. The common objectives of quality learning
are to ensure that you meet the competencies mandated by the STCW 1978,
as amended. Minimum criteria for achieving both theoretical and practical
aspects consistent with knowledge, understanding and skills captured through
standards assessment and evaluation. I am honing you as a conscientious
learner to conduct all of the tasks, assignments and tests in a very trustworthy
manner. Clearly remember that this module is just a learning tool with all the
convenience and complete all the tasks asynchronously to pave the way for a
rigid assessment of each end of the module. The following guides and house
rules will help you sustain the course line in the midst of the sea obstacles and
eventually say, "I HAVE ARRIVE TO THE DESTINATION OF SUCCESS."

Here are the guidelines which you should follow:

1. Perform your time management by reading and relating every part of

the module to reach the various learning references. Do advanced
research using different essential learning kits from books, magazines,
interactive apps and applications that you believe can help you
complete the tasks. Despite internet connectivity restrictions including
government quarantine policies and compliance procedures, it is your
initiative to scrupulously and with good conscience perform the
institution's designed blended programs in either synchronous or
asynchronous mode.

2. You are on a distance learning cycle that manifests the classes by

online, off-line or hybrid approaches in coping with the highest level of
quality education without sacrificing other modules of the other enrolled
courses. It takes flexibility and efficient time management to reach the
deadlines set by the organization and also by the facilitators. Using the
devices such as mobile phones, laptops and other automated reminders
 to inform you of the production submission and alert you of the
deadlines. It will help you manage your time by putting the notices in a
conspicuous location.

3. Stick to the query schedule that your facilitators have set. We are not
members of the call-center that can answer all your questions in 24/7
modes. Ask only relevant questions, and avoid questions that are
redundant.

4. Just know your status, whether you belong to almost any modalities.
Remind your facilitators of what you have done. Take the practice of
logging in to the learning management system sites in case you’re in a
blended program to keep up with the updated and relevant updates and
discussions. Any time you visit the site, check the latest updates on your
account for any related improvements and revisions. Religiously
observe the schedules of learning. Stay linked and chat with your
facilitators wherever you go.

5. Do not become a delay instrument. If you cannot complete the tasks in

the set schedules, you will find it difficult soon. Remember you can't
proceed to the next module unless you get satisfactory and passing
remarks.

6. Guidance is very important to execute the tasks easily. Keep in mind

that assumptions are particularly dangerous during onboard operations.
Learn to read the instructions before attempting to carry out the
assigned tasks or assessments. Never settle to a median score but
strive for the highest standards of skills.

7. Study the lessons ahead of time. Utilize all the energy and imagination
effectively. Learn how to use all the learning kits and references before
doing the elements needed on your modules. Make sure no missing
links are found.

8. In all honesty, always answer the pre-test to help gauge the level of
knowledge and awareness of the topics. It is just a diagnostic test of
yours.

9. All the discussions are academic fora, meaning the relevant academic
meetings are applied.
a. Your performance will objectively be based on the rubrics of your
tasks. Check the notations or any assessment tool that meets the
competencies.
b. As much as you can, avoid using abbreviations and acronyms
unless they are entered in the readings and used in your
introduction. Avoid writing in all capital letters if using digital learning
 kit. In a paper-based approach you are expected to write without
erasures and alterations in capital and bold letters.
c. Please post corresponding and appropriate paragraphs on your
production. Work independently until your facilitators give feedback,
without disturbing others for approvals and disapprovals. Never
settle inputs that you composed without reliable information and
resources. Learn to identify references or even quote other people's
works even without particular template types in your outputs. Do not
post uninformed or half-cooked opinions from scanty knowledge.
d. Read and analyze your classmates' contributions in the discussion
fora. Correct and courteous response. Never leave the forum, unless
you need to.
Use appropriate language always when participating in any form of collaborative
discussions.
e. When sharing ideas or questions, be polite and respectful, and
contradict your views and opinions. Never be disrespectful and
promote personal assault. Apply not to people with reliable proof and
references to ideas / statements. Remember that the purpose of
academic discussion is to develop critical and analytical thinking
skills and camaraderie.

f. Do not post lengthy posts (don't accept turning around the bush).
Just stick to the point. Keep your main point clear and express it in
the shortest possible terms. Don't let the conversation drift.
g. Secure your confidentiality. Ponder before you post so as to prevent
misinterpretation and offend other parties to your ideas. If you want
to share something private, please do so by e-mail or private
messenger.

10. Do not plagiarize, and do not write patches. Patchwriting is still a

plagiary type. To assess the percentage of resemblance and remove
copyright infringement, use the plagiarism checker. The act of making
small modifications and substitutions to copied source material is
referred to (Merriam-Webster, 2020). To be more secure use a
plagiarism check.

11. Do your best to remind your facilitator, by all means, of any inevitable
delays or "absences" or "silences" over the course of a week or other
questions at the specified time. No time as peekaboo as this moment.
Be transparent regarding your situation.

12. Notice that the platform is an area of simulated learning, not a social
networking site or a social media gossip portal. Use a recent and correct
photo ID on your profile page and fill in the details needed for proper
identification.
13. Materials and other resources shall be made available to you and it is
strongly recommended that you be resourceful and imaginative.

14. The assessment will be generated hierarchically via the digital platform
at the scheduled time. When you have failed the evaluation by
element, the platform will guide you from the start to evaluate the
element completely and restart the evaluation and pass the evaluation
before beginning the next element.

15. Follow guidelines and assumptions at all times are strictly prohibited.
Ask your facilitators about their convenient class hours or appointed
time for consultation.

16. Finally, you’re the learner; therefore, you’re doing the module yourself.
Your family members and friends at home will help you but the requisite
tasks MUST be performed and undertaken entirely by you as your
performance must be orally checked and validated. The institution's
core principles must be adhered to.
EVALUATION:

In order to meet the appropriate passing grades of this module, you must:
1. Read all your course readings and respond to your diagnostic evaluation, self-
assessment and other activities, including reflections.
2. Participate in conversation or fora relevant to the modules with the
asynchronous learning modalities.
3. Submit your appropriate assignments and participate in the digital modular
summary evaluation of each element.
4. Send your recommended final teaching-learning activities as per schedule, such
as portfolio, case review, investigation report, action research, case study, term
paper, and others.
5. Start your general assessment regularly.

RESULT:
Institutional assessment is divided into two categories: formative and
summative. The formative component is an assessment provided by your
facilitator by element in which you have to pass by the 80 percent or as
required otherwise you cannot proceed to the next element. The institution will
determine whether how many attempts are allowed for you to enjoy or you will
be required to pay the correct amount to be recovered. Never try if you are not
sure you are well equipped with the critical knowledge and analytical skills of
the learned outcomes. At your most comfortable moment, you can try the quiz
earlier; however, you have to make sure you meet the minimum passing
criteria for each item. Therefore, the summative evaluation is called a general
assessment given to you only once at the end of the module. You must
undergo the "Course Outcomes Assessment" based on your most critical
learning skills provided by the CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) or the Joint
CHED-MARINA Memorandum Circular (JCMMC).

The reflective questions are designed to help you critically analyze the
courses for better understanding while the pre- and post-tests, including the
tasks and exercises, are a tool for review management to prepare you for the
general evaluation at the end of the module.

GRADING SYSTEM:
You have to meet the passing grades by referring it to the institutional
grading system and procedures.
 MODULAR ASSESSMENT
Assignments…………………………………...… 50%
Exercises……………………………………...…. 20%
Formative Theoretical Assessment (FTA)....… 30%
TOTAL …………………………………………... 100%

PRELIMINARY GRADE

Modular Assessment (MA)…................................60%

Summative Assessment (SA)...............................40%
OVER ALL GRADE.............................................100%

OVER-ALL PASSING GRADE:

Sixty percent (60%) or given a remark as “COMPETENT”

When you earn a score below 60 percent, you are deemed "NOT YET
COMPETENT" and you are subject to a RESIT schedule. Your required
maximum number of RESITS will be granted in accordance with the
Quality Standard System (QSS) to improve your lowest percentage of
assessment and the most important thing is for you to retake a specific
element that you have achieved least in order to meet the overall passing
grade.
 MODULE MAPPING

Module Title Software Application and Network System used in Seagoing Ships.

This module will the various components of computer system, how computer
represents data and stores information. Define the key terms in MS word
Module Description
program. Identify the elements of word document and its environment and
discuss the steps in starting windows.
Course Outcomes CO 3: Explain the importance when defects and damage to cargo spaces
Addressed hatch covers and ballast tanks are found.
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Define the various components of computer system, how computer
represents data and stores information.
Module Learning 2. Define the key terms in MS word program.
Outcomes 3. Identify the elements of word document and its environment
4. Discuss the steps in starting windows.

A. History of Computer
B. Working with Document
C. Changing how text looks
Element Title D. Working with margins, pages and line spacing

Time Period Week

Periodic Term PRELIM

MODULE TIMETABLE
Course Code: ICT
Course Description: Software Application and Network Time Frame
Element
Module

System used in Seagoing Ships.

Week
No.

No.

Title of the Element HRS DAY

History of Computer
3
1 1 A
Working with Document 3
1 2 B
3 Changing how text looks 3
1 C
4 Working with margins, pages and line spacing 3
1 D
NOTE: Your next set of Modules are released every after
Legend: passing the general assessment and the complete submission of
M – Monday;
T–
the activities in the current module to both modalities. For the
Tuesday; paper-based modality, your submission of the requirements to Hrs.
W– the institution is (The facilitator shall be
Wednesday; Th required, unless you are under blended programs which TOTAL encouraged to have flexible
– Thursday; F – you take the general assessment in the platform same time of submission)
Friday; with in the digital-based modality. Hence, no need of reporting to
S – Saturday;
As –
school except for practical demonstration and assessment.
Asynchronous; Sy INCOMPLETE (INC) remarks is given if you partially submit the
– Synchronous; Bl - requirements.
Blended
 MODULE 1
(ELEMENT A- D)

STUDY SCHEDULE

Module ICT
Course Outcome

Outcome
Learning

History of Computer
Week

Working with Document

Module

Element Changing how text looks

Working with margins, pages and line spacing

1 CO1 MLO1 Time Period (Flexible time is considered)

Specific Learning Objectives by Element Resources Format Assignment
- Work/textbook

- e-Hand- out
A. History of Computer - Mobile apps
B. Working with Document (Software,
etc.)
C. Changing how text looks
- Video Clips
D. Working with margins, pages and line spacing
- Multimedia
Presentation

- Google Classroom
and other social
media Platform

- Paper-based modules

- Moviemaker apps
ASSESSMENT DATE: ASSESSMENT TYPE:
- Paper-based Pre-test - On-line Post-test
REFERENCES:
 https://www.chtips.com/computer-fundamentals/what-is-computer-fundamentals/
 https://www.crucial.com/articles/pc-builders/what-is-computer-hardware
 http://repository.limu.edu.ly/bitstream/handle/123456789/108/2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#:~:text=A%20system%20unit%20is
%20the,produce%20results%20for%20complex%20calculations.&text=The%20term%20system%20unit%20is,the%20keyboard%2C
%20mouse%20and%20monitor.
 https://yourstory.com/mystory/what-software-types-examples/amp
 https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/storage-medium
 http://www.bcpls.org/Docs/Computer_Handouts/Word101.pdf
 https://www.teststeststests.com/microsoft-office/word/tutorials/3-formatting/3-indents-and-tab/microsoft-word-tutorial-indents-and-tabs/
 https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-a-bulleted-or-numbered-list-9ff81241-58a8-4d88-8d8c-acab3006a23e
 LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:

ELEMENT (A-D)
1. Define the various components of computer system, how
computer represents data and stores information.
2. Define the key terms in MS word program.
3. Identify the elements of word document and its environment
4. Discuss the steps in starting windows.

PRE - TEST

INSTRUCTIONS: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and

the word FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.

Name: ______________________________ Date: ___________

Year & Section: _______________________ Score: __________

_________ 1. Computers have taken a major role in the last 7

three decades due to the fact that people have
become increasingly dependent on computers to
do their daily tasks in school, at work, or in their
routines.

__________ 2. A computer is an electronic device that

manipulates information or data.

__________ 3. Central Processing Unit or processor is

responsible for processing all information from
programs run by your computer.

__________ 4. A system unit includes the motherboard, CPU,

RAM and other components, as well as the case
in which these devices are housed. Co
mputer is required to do.
__________ 5. Storage Media is a physical device or component
in a computing system that receives and retains
information relating to applications and users.
 INTRODUCTION

In today's world, we use computers for all our tasks. Our day-to-day activities:
paying bills, buying groceries, using social media, seeking entertainment, working from
home, communicating with a friend, etc., can all be done using a computer. So, it is
important not only to know how to use a computer, but also to understand the
components of a computer and what they do.

This topic explains all concepts related to computer in detail, from origin to end.
The idea of computer literacy is also discussed, which includes the definition and
functions of a computer. You learn about the components of a computer, the concept
of hardware and software, representation of data/information, the concept of data
processing and applications.
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND CONCEPTS

History of Computer

With the evolution of technology, computers have taken a major role in the last
three decades. This is due to the fact that people have become increasingly dependent
on computers to do their daily tasks in school, at work, or in their routines. What started
off as simply for research purposes, computers are now designed to be more compact,
more mobile, and more integrated in people's daily activities.

Computers have evolved based on the type of components used in the design.
At present, scientists and researchers have identified five generations based on design,
suitability and reliability.
Smart Wearables Virtual Reality
 Consumer Health Trackers

First - Generation Computer (1946-1959)

The first electronic computer was developed in 1946. Designed by J. Presper
Eckert and John W. Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania and financed by the
United States Army, the Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) is
considered to be the first-generation computer. ENIAC was a modular computer,
composed of several panels capable of performing different functions. However, it could
store only limited or small amount of information and only do arithmetic operations such
as addition and subtraction of up to 10 digits. The computer was roughly 167 square
meters in size, and weighed 27 tons.
 ENIAC showing the vacuum tubes

Second-generation Computer
(1959-1965)

In this second generation, the

transistor was used as the interior
sections of the computer. Transistors
were much smaller, faster, and more
dependable than the vacuum tubes of
the first- generation computer. They
generated less heat and consumed
less electricity but were still very costly.

Transistors

Third - Generation Computer (1965-1971)

In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) that was used instead of
transistors as the interior sections to build the computer. A single IC has many
transistors, resistors, and capacitors that even the full circuit board of a transistor can be
replaced entirely with one chip. This chip made the computers smaller, unfailing and
effective. In this third generation, remote processing, time sharing and
multiprogramming operating system were used.
 Third – Generation Computer using the Integrated Circuit

Fourth – Generation Computer

(1971 – 1980)

From 1971 to 1980, very large scale

integrated (VLSI) circuits were used to build
computers. These circuits have about 5,000
transistors and other circuit elements with their
connected circuits on a single chip known as
the microprocessor. These fourth- generation
computers such as personal computers
became more powerful, dense, reliable, and
inexpensive. The other application of this
microprocessor technology can be used and
applied for pocket calculators, television sets,
automotive devices, and audio and video appliances.Fourth – Generation Computer using
a Microprocessor

Fifth - Generation Computer (1980 - onwards)

In this fifth generation, the VLSI technology has evolved into what is called ultra-
large-scale integration (ULSI) technology, with the manufacture of microprocessor chips
having 10 million electronic components. This generation involves computer intelligence
which is associated with artificial intelligence (AI), natural language, and expert systems
that interpret the means and practices of producing computers that think like human
beings.
 Fifth – Generation Computer

Components of a Computer

What makes a computer work? By definition, a computer is an electronic device

that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process
data. It contains both hardware components and software applications.

The hardware pertains to the computer's physical devices It is any part of the
computer that can be seen and touched. A computer's hardware consists of interrelated
electronic devices that are used to manipulate the computer's operation, input devices,
and output devices.

Input Devices

Working with a computer would be ineffective if one does not intermingle with it
because the machine cannot accept and receive instructions and/or deliver an output on
its own. Input devices enter or send data and instructions from the user or from another
computer system on the internet while output devices send back the administered data
to the user or to another computer system.

The following are some of the most common and important input devices of a computer:

 Keyboard - is the most common input device that accepts letters, numbers, and
commands from the user.

 Mouse - lets one select options from on-screen menus. A mouse is used by
moving it on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons (left and right), and scrolling
the wheel that is located between the buttons.

There are also alternatives to using a mouse. A trackball has a ball that can
rotate using a finger or the palm of a hand to move the pointer. A touchpad also
called trackpad is a touch-sensitive pad that lets the user move the pointer by
 touching and dragging his or her finger on the pad. Touchpads are commonly
built-in on laptop computers.

 Microphone - allows a user to speak into the computer to input data and
instructions. While there are available stand-alone microphones for computers,
most of the time, users buy a headset - a combination of microphone and
earphones - for the sake of practicality.

 Scanner - converts printed material (such as text and pictures) into a form the
computer can use. There are different types of scanners available; the most
common is the flatbed scanner. Scanners look like miniature printers with a flip-
up cover protecting the glass platen. They are often built into multi-function
printers (MFPs). Another type becoming common nowadays is the hand-held or
portable scanners. Portable scanners can be small enough to fit inside one's
pocket. Pen scanners are just a bit bigger than fountain pens and can scan the
text of a document line by line. They do not give high-resolution scans and are
more expensive than flatbed scanners.

 Digital Camera - allows one to take pictures then transfer the photographed
images to the computer or printer instead of storing the images on a traditional
film.

 PC Video Camera - is a digital video camera that enables users to create a

movie or take still photographs electronically. With the PC video camera attached
to the computer, users can see each other as they communicate via the
computer.

Output Devices

An output device is any hardware component that transmits information to one or more
people. The three commonly used output devices are as follows:

 Printer - produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. The
two types of printers are the impact printer and the non-impact printer. An
impact printer makes contact with the paper by pressing an inked ribbon against
the paper using a hammer or pins. An example of an impact printer is the dot-
matrix printer. A non-impact printer does not use a striking device to produce
characters on the paper, and because it does not hammer against the paper, the
printer produces less noise.
Examples of non-impact printers are inkjet printers and laser printers.
 Monitor - displays text, graphics, and videos on a screen. Many monitors look
similar to a television. The three types of monitors available in the market are the
following:

a. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun

at one end and a fluorescent screen at another end. From this electron
gun, a process called thermionic emission generates a strong beam of
electrons. These electrons travel through a narrow path within the tube
with high-speed using various electromagnetic devices and finally strike
the phosphor points present on the fluorescent screen, thus creating an
image. Monitors employ the CRT technology used most commonly in the
manufacturing of television screens. A stream of intense high-energy
electrons is used to form images on a fluorescent screen.

b. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) - is a flat-panel display that consists of a

layer of color or monochrome pixels arranged schematically between a
couple of transparent electrodes and two polarizing filters. Optical effect is
achieved by polarizing the light in varied amounts and making it pass
through the liquid crystal layer.

CRT Monitor Liquid Crystal Display Light – Emitting Diode

c. Light - Emitting Diode (LED) - is a flat-panel display that uses light-

emitting diodes for backlighting. The display is of LCD only but the
backlighting is done by LEDs. LED monitors are said to use much lesser
power than CRT and LCD. Thus, they are also considered environment-
friendly.

 Speaker - allows one to hear music, voice, and other sounds. The signal used to
produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the
computer's sound card.

System Unit
 The system unit is the enclosure composed of the main elements of a computer
that are used to administer data. This can be referred to as a computer case or tower.
The circuitry of the system unit containing the primary components of a computer with
connectors into which other circuit boards can be positioned is recognized as
motherboard.

Storage Devices
A computer can be utilized with only processing, memory, input, and output
devices. To make it very valuable, however, a computer also needs a place to hold
program files and all related files when they are not in use. The goal of using a storage
is to keep data permanently.

There are many types of storage devices which include the flash disk drive, a
small portable storage device often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump
drives. It has a memory capacity of 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 16GB, 32GB, 64GB, 128GB, 1TB,
and now up to 2TB. Another type of storage is the hard disk drive. Most personal
computers have at least one non-removable hard disk that is regarded as a non-volatile
memory which permanently stores and retrieves data.

Another storage device is the compact disc. It is a flat, round, and portable
metal disc. One type of compact disc is a CD-ROM, which can be accessed using most
CD and DVD drives. Another type of compact disc is a DVD - ROM, which has enough
storage capacity to store a full - length movie.

Flash Hard Compact

Drive Drive Discs

Computer Fundamentals

What is Computer Fundamentals?

 It can be described as the learning or studying some basic functions of

computers starting from their origin to the modern day.
 Study of basic computer types to their characteristics, advantages, and
disadvantages are included in the Learning of fundamentals of computers.

Before Shifting to advance computer knowledge, it is highly recommended to be

aware of this topic thoroughly as it would make you more confident and comfortable
while acquiring more advanced computer skills.
 A Computer can be defined or described as a machine or device which can work
with information such as to store, retrieve, manipulate, and process data.

The term computer is derived from the word “computare”.

The word is derived from a “Latin” word which means to calculate.

Therefore, computer can be further defined as a programmable machine that is

used for some numerical calculations.

Some years back these devices | machines were used only for the purpose of
calculations but presently they are widely and proudly used in all sections of human
society.

Computer Fundamentals

These days computer speed has dramatically increased the work or task which
used to take long hours to perform can be done in few seconds this is because of the
rapid development in the IT [Information Technology] sector especially in the
computer hardware section

The computer peripherals and devices manufactured these days are of highest
quality with affordable price.

The technology has made these devices to perform more speedily than ever
before also this is the important characteristics of computer system which made them
very famous and a part of human lives.
 It has also been observed that the life of modern peripherals and devices has
been extended due to the excellent quality of raw material used while preparations of
these devices.

(For example: the warranty a hard disk drive is up to 2 to 5 yrs.)

The Speed of computer mainly and primarily depends upon some factors such as:
What type of motherboard you are using, Processor Speed and RAM [Random Access
Memory].

Motherboard - Computer Motherboard is designed on a piece of PCB Which is called a

Printed Circuit Board where all other components are attached to it such as hard disk,
processor, ram, etc.

Processor - Processor is again called as CPU which stands for central Processing Unit.
It is also called as Heart | Brain of Computer System.

RAM - RAM stands for Random Access Memory which is temporary storage medium
and its volatile memory.
They tend to lose data when power is off.

However, the speed of the computer depends upon ram as well.

You can install more capacity of ram to increase your computer speed but firstly you
have to check the compatibility factors of motherboards and other components or the
device.

Hard Disk - This is a permanent storage unit of a computer which can store data in high
volume and also you can retrieve data whenever and wherever you need.
This HDD available in market in huge data storing capacity.

Basic Fundamental Functions of Computer

There are mainly four common functions of computer system
 Input
 Output
 Processing
 Storage

Input - The Computer receives its data from input devices in the form of raw data and
later this data is processed in human-readable form with the help of other computer
devices.
The primary input devices of computer system are
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Trackball
 Lightpen
 Joystick

Output - The output devices of computer receive data from the system and further
process the data in human-readable form.

Some common output devices are:

 Printers
 Monitors
 Speakers
 Headphones
 Projectors

Processing - This is the core function of the modern-day Personal Computer.

When the data is received from the memory it transfers the data or information for
further processing.

Storage - There are mainly two storage unit of the personal computer [PC]
 Primary Storage
 Secondary Storage

 Primary Storage - Random Access Memory [RAM] is the primary storage unit of
computers.
 Secondary Storage - Hard Disk Drives and Pen drives are called as secondary
Storage units.

Different Types of Computers

The overall development of computer has reached to new heights due to vast
improvement in modern technology.

The fundamentals of computers have changed rapidly. They are categorized into
four different types according to their speed, size, capabilities, and cost.
 Super Computer
 Mainframe
 Mini
  Micro

Super - They are the fastest and most expensive computers compared to others. They
require huge space for their installation.

Mainframe - They are not as fast as supercomputers and require huge space for
installation also they are very expensive.

Mini - They are smaller, cheaper, and slower compared to super and mainframe
computers.

Micro - They are called as Personal computer [PC].

Advantages of Computers

Nowadays computers are playing a vital role in the development of the human
society they are making workload as easy efficient and fast you would not have
imagined before.

The students can learn literally anything on the computer with internet
connectivity from science to philosophy and acquire necessary skills from online
platforms to build their professional career.

Use of modern-day computer in studying has changed the style and learning
methods of student’s people don’t want to waste their time in searching for good
coaching classes in their town they prefer online study where they can get quality
education with online certificates and even degrees.

Students can learn online with their own convenience.

The study material is in the form of digital medium such as PDF, DOC, images,
info-graphics, and video format for better understanding.

Some of the basic advantages of Computer

 Online Education
 Business
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Online Education
 Military
 Research
Disadvantages of Computer System

As there are numerous advantages of using modern day personal computer there are
disadvantages too.
 Spread of Pornography
 Hate & Violence Related Articles
 Cyber Crimes
 Negative Effect on Health

Computer Hardware

Computer hardware is the physical components that a computer system requires

to function. It encompasses everything with a circuit board that operates within a PC or
laptop; including the motherboard, graphics card, CPU (Central Processing Unit),
ventilation fans, webcam, power supply, and so on.

Although the design of hardware differs between desktop PCs and laptops due to
their differences in size, the same core components will be found in both. Without
hardware, there would be no way of running the essential software that makes
computers so useful. Software is defined as the virtual programs that run on your
computer; that is, operating system, internet browser, word-processing documents, etc.

Although a computer can function only when both hardware and software are
working together, the speed of a system will largely rely on the hardware used.

When building up a new computer, or simply replacing old parts, you may need
to know the specific hardware in your computer. The purpose of this guide is therefore
to help you understand the inner-workings of your computer.

Motherboard

The motherboard is at the

center of what makes a PC work. It
houses the CPU and is a hub that
all other hardware runs through.
The motherboard acts as a brain;
allocating power where it’s needed,
communicating with and
coordinating across all other components – making it one of the most important pieces
of hardware in a computer.

When choosing a motherboard, it’s important to check what hardware ports the
motherboard supplies. It’s vital to check how many USB ports, and what grade (USB
2.0, 3.0, 3.1) they are, as well as what display ports are used (HDMI, DVI, RGB) and
how many of each there are. The ports on the motherboard will also help you define
what other hardware will be compatible with your computer, such as what type of RAM
and graphics card you can use.

Although the motherboard is just one piece of circuitry, it is home to another one
of the most important pieces of hardware: the processor.

CPU (Central Processing / Processor Unit)

The CPU (Central Processing

Unit or processor) is responsible for
processing all information from
programs run by your computer. The
‘clock speed’, or the speed at which the
processor processes information, is
measured in gigahertz (GHz). This
means that a processor advertising a
high GHz rating will likely perform
faster than a similarly specified
processor of the same brand and age.

RAM

Random Access Memory, or RAM, is hardware found in the memory slots of the
motherboard. The role of RAM is to temporarily store on-the-fly information created by
programs and to do so in a way that makes this data immediately accessible. The tasks
that require random memory could be; rendering images for graphic design, edited
video or photographs, multi-tasking with multiple apps open (for example, running a
game on one screen and chatting via Discord on the other).
Hard Drive

The hard drive is a storage device responsible for storing permanent and
temporary data. This data comes in many different forms, but is essentially anything
saved or installed to a computer: for example, computer programs, family photos,
operating system, word-processing documents, and so on.

There are two different types of storage devices: the traditional hard disk drive
(HDD) and the newer solid state drives (SSD). Hard disk drives work by writing binary
data onto spinning magnetic disks called platters that rotate at high speeds, while a
solid-state drive stores data by using static flash memory chips.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Especially important for 3D rendering, the GPU does exactly what its name
suggests and processes huge batches of graphic data. You will find that your
computer’s graphics card has at least one GPU. As opposed to the basic on-board
graphic capabilities that PC motherboards supply, dedicated graphics cards interface
with the motherboard via an expansion slot to work almost exclusively on graphic
rendering. This also means you can upgrade your graphics card if you want to get a bit
more performance from your PC.
 Not only this, but modern GPUs fulfil a broad computational workload beyond just
rendering, making them an extension to the central processing unit.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

A power supply unit, commonly abbreviated as PSU, does more than just supply
your computer with power. It is the point where power enters your system from an
external power source and is then allocated by the motherboard to individual
component hardware. Not all power supplies are made equally however, and without
the right wattage PSU your system will fail to work.

A modern computer will generally need a PSU that’s rated between 500W –
850W to effectively power all hardware, although the size of the PSU will depend
entirely on the power consumption of the system. Computers that are used for highly
intensive tasks such as graphic design or gaming will require more powerful
components and thus will need a bigger PSU to cater to this additional need.

Without the right amount of power, components won’t be able to run effectively
and the computer might experience crashes or simply fail to boot at all. It’s
recommended to have a power supply that more than covers your system usage. Not
only do you guard yourself against system failure, you also future-proof yourself against
needing a new PSU when you upgrade to more powerful PC components.

Understanding your computer and its hardware components can prove very
useful when the time comes to upgrade or replace any parts, or when building a
computer. Should a problem arise with the internal workings of your computer, you will
have a better understanding of the importance of each component, the need for them to
be in good working condition and how to go about solving any issues.
 System Unit

 A system unit is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices that
perform operations and produce results for complex calculations. It includes the
motherboard, CPU, RAM and other components, as well as the case in which
these devices are housed. This unit performs the majority of the functions that A
computer is required to do.

 The term system unit is generally used to differentiate between the computer itself
and its peripheral devices, such as the keyboard, mouse and monitor.

 A system unit is also known as a chassis or a tower in layman's terms.

Computer Software
 At present, there are a plethora of high-tech technologies along with software
accessible to the people which outline the certain way we all lead our lives and also
houses are constantly changing as well as increasing needs and demands. This has
certainly led to a massive demand for custom software development. There are
endless types of software which can be overwhelming for any person, especially who
doesn’t understand these different types of software as well as their users in a
thorough fashion.

What is a Software?

A software or computer software essentially a type of programs which enable

the users to perform some particular specific tasks or actually used to operate their
computer. It essentially directs all of the peripheral devices on the entire computer
system- what exactly to do and how exactly to perform a task. A software plays a key
role of a mediator between the user and the computer hardware. In the absence of
software, a user essentially can’t perform any task on a computer. A software product
development company is the one which develops software for the users.

Types of Software

Generally, there are two main classifications of software, which are namely, System
Software along with the Application Software.

1. System Software

In case of a system software, it helps the user as well as the hardware to

function and even interact with each other easily. Essentially, it is a software which is
used to manage the behavior of the computer hardware in order to offer basic
functionalities which are needed by the user. In simpler word, it can be said that
system software is essentially an intermediator or even a middle layer between the
user as well as the hardware.

These software sanction an environment or platform for the other software to

easily work in. Hence, it is the reason why the system software is quite important in
the management of the entire computer system. Whenever you turn on the computer
first, it is this system software which gets initialized and then gets loaded in the
system’s memory. A system software essentially runs in the background, and it isn’t
actually utilized by the end-users. Due to this reason, the system software is also
known popularly as “low-level software”. Companies usually hire the best software
development company to build a system software.

Few of the common system software examples are:

a. Operating System

Being a prominent example for system software, it is essentially a collection of

software which handles resources as well as offers general services for various other
application which actually run over them. There are different types of operating
systems like embedded, real-time, distributed, single-user, multi-user, mobile, internet
and much more. Full stack web development services develop apps to operate on a
mobile operating system like Android and iOS. Some of the key examples of
operating systems are as follows:
1. MS Windows
2. macOS
3. Linux
4. iOS
5. Android
6. CentOS
7. Ubuntu
8. Unix

b. Device Drivers

This type of software controls particular hardware which is essentially attached

to the system. Different hardware devices which require a driver to connect to a
system easily consist of displays, printers, sound cards, hard disks, keyboard, and
mice. Few of the examples of such drivers are:

1. BIOS Driver
2. Motherboard Drivers
3. Display Drivers
4. ROM Drivers
5. Printer Drivers
 6. USB Drivers
7. Sound Card Driver
8. VGA Drivers

c. Firmware

It is actually a permanent software which is embedded in the system’s read-

only memory. It is essentially a set of instructions which are permanently stored onto
to the hardware device. It offers vital information regarding how a particular device
interacts with different other hardware. Some of the examples of firmware are:

1. Computer Peripherals
2. Embedded Systems
3. UEFI
4. BIOS

d. Utility

This software is designed to assist in analyzing, as well as optimizing, along

with configuring and maintaining a given computer system. It provides support to the
computer infrastructure. Software like disk cleanup and management tools, anti-
viruses, defragmenters, compression tools etc. are all utility software. Some of its
examples are:

1. Norton Antivirus
2. McAfee Antivirus
3. WinRAR
4. WinZip
5. Piriform CCleaner
6. Windows File Explorer
7. Directory Opus
8. Razer Cortex

2. Application Software

They are also popularly known as end-user programs or even productivity

programs which assist the user in completing various tasks like conducting online
research, making notes, designing graphics, maintaining accounts, carrying out
calculations or even playing computer games. They essentially lie above the system
software. They are actually used by the end-user as well as have specific functionality
or tasks which they are designed to perform. This software is often developed
through custom software development, based on the requirements of the users.
There is a variety of application software. Some of them are:
a. Word Processors

Such applications are meant for documentation. It also assists in storing as

well as formatting and even printing of the documents. Key examples of such
software are:

1. MS Word
2. Apple iWork-Pages
3. Corel WordPerfect
4. Google Docs

b. Database Software

It is used to create as well as manage a database and also known as

Database Management System or in short, DBMS. Such software assists in the data
organization. Some of the examples of DBMS are:

1. MS Access
2. FileMaker
3. dBase
4. Clipper
5. MySQL
6. FoxPro

c. Multimedia Software

This is a software which is able to play, create as well as record images, audio
or even video files. This software is utilized for animation, video editing, graphics as
well as image editing. Due to the high demand for such software, every software
product development company has vast avenues in developing them. Some of the
examples of such software are:

1. Adobe Photoshop
2. Picasa
3. VLC Media Player
4. Windows Media Player
5. Windows Movie Maker

d. Web Browsers
 This software is utilized to browse the internet. Web browsers assist the users
in locating as well as retrieving data well across the web. Some of the key examples
of them are:

1. Google Chrome
2. Mozilla Firefox
3. Internet Explorer
4. Opera
5. UC Browser
6. Safari

However, there also exists another classification of the software. They can easily be
classified on the basis of their availability as well as shareability.

Their classification is as below:

1. Freeware

This software is available free of cost. A user can easily download them from
the internet and can easily use them without paying any charges or fees. However,
they don’t provide any type of liberty to modify the entire software or charging a fixed
fee for its distribution. A best software development company can develop its own
freeware to reach out to more customers. Some of the examples of these software
are:
1. Adobe Reader
2. Skype
3. ImgBurn
4. Audacity
5. Team Viewer
6. Yahoo Messenger

2. Shareware

This software is distributed freely to users on a fixed trial basis. It generally

comes with a set time limit, and on the expiration of the time limit, the user is finally
asked to pay a fixed fee for the continued services. There are different types of
sharewares such as Freemium, Donationware, Adware, Demoware etc. Few of the
examples of shareware are:

1. Adobe Acrobat
2. PHP Debugger
3. WinZip
4. Getright

3. Open-source

Such types of software are usually available to users along with their source
code which means that the user can easily modify and distribute the software as well
as add additional features to them. They can either be chargeable or free. Few of the
examples of such software are:

1. Mozilla Firefox
2. Thunderbird
3. GNU Compiler Collection
4. Moodle
5. Apache Web Server

Conclusion

With the increasing role of software in the daily lives of the people, full stack
web development services are now offering the latest software to fulfil their demands.
As we know, there are various types of software where the market of system software
is already saturated with big players like Microsoft, Apple etc. while application
software has stiff competition with established players and new players competing to
gain the extra edge. Mentioned above is the explanation of what a software is and the
types of software. A software development company can venture into the
development of any of this software to earn big profits.

Storage Media (Storage Medium)

In computers, a storage medium is any technology -- including devices and

materials -- used to place, keep and retrieve electronic data. It refers to a physical
device or component in a computing system that receives and retains information
relating to applications and users. The plural form of this term is storage media.

Early forms of storage media included computer paper tape. Holes punched in
the paper corresponded to a single bit of data. A paper tape reader would interpret each
punched hole and convert it to a number. Paper tape was supplanted by magnetic tape,
which eventually evolved to magnetic floppy disk.

How Storage Media Works

Media used in computer storage receive messages in the form of data, via
software commands from the computer system. The commands determine the type of
storage media needed to hold the data, based on its business value, compliance
implications or other factors. In tiered storage, data is moved among disk, flash
and cloud storage based on automated software policies.

A storage medium may be internal to a computing device, such as a computer's

hard drive, or a removable device such as an external hard drive or universal serial
bus (USB) flash drive. There are various types of storage media, including magnetic
tape, nonvolatile memory cards, rotating fixed disk and solid-state drives (SSDs), which
are based on nonvolatile flash memory.

The term storage encompasses all data, and can be either primary or secondary
storage. Primary storage refers to data that is kept in memory for fast retrieval by a
computer's processor. Secondary storage is data placed on hard disk or tape to ensure
backup and long-term retention.

A storage device may be a type of storage media, or a piece of storage hardware

outfitted with storage media. For example, storage arrays decouple storage media from
servers. Storage arrays incorporate electromechanical hard disk drives (HDDs), SSDs
or a combination of each, attached to separate servers and networking.

Storage media can be arranged for access in many ways. Some well-known
arrangements include:
 redundant array of independent disks (RAID);
 network-attached storage (NAS); and
 storage area network (SAN).

SAN arrays initially were designed with HDDs, until the advent of all-flash arrays
outfitted solely with SSDs. Hybrid flash arrays blend the two storage media in an
integrated system, with disk providing a capacity tier alongside a faster tier of flash.
Examples of storage media, and the pros and cons of each, are as follows.

 Hard Disk
A hard disk provides a high-capacity alternative to magnetic storage media. It contains
metal platters coated with a magnetic layer. The platters usually spin continuously when
a computer is on, storing data in different sectors on the magnetic disk.

Magnetic disk remains the dominant media for backup storage appliances, active
archives and long-term retention. A disk-based backup appliance includes interfaces to
replicate data copies, such as clones and snapshots, to tertiary devices or a hybrid
cloud.

HDDs remain popular in enterprise disk arrays due to their increasing capacities and the
ability to rewrite data on the disk. In 2017, Western Digital Corp. introduced a 14 TB
HDD, making it the largest on the market at that time. Seagate Technology has said it
plans to unveil a 16 TB HDD in 2018. A downside to HDDs is the reliance on moving
internal mechanisms such as actuators, motors and spindles that can fail and corrupt
the drive.

Some HDDs use shingled magnetic recording (SMR) as an alternative to conventional

magnetic recording. An SMR method allows for greater areal density by allowing data to
be written in partially overlapping tracks on the disk. SMR drives work optimally with
data that is continuously written, such as with disk-based archiving and backup.
Seagate and Western Digital are among the leading manufacturers of SMR-based
disks.
  RAID
RAID works by placing data on multiple disks and allowing input/output (I/O) operations
to overlap in a balanced way, improving performance. In the event a drive fails, the data
is protected from companion drives.

A RAID hard drive

Because the use of multiple disks increases the mean time between failures (MTBF),
storing data redundantly also increases fault tolerance.

 Optical Disk
Optical disk technology uses lasers for write once, read many (WORM) data. The use of
lasers allows high-density optical disk to store more data than magnetic HDDs. Types of
optical storage media include Blu-ray, DVDs and CD-ROMs for read-only data.
  Flash memory
Flash memory does not depend on moving mechanical parts. This gives flash devices
advantages in speed over traditional disks. In flash memory, blocks of data must be
erased to allow new data to be written to the microchip.

The two main types of flash are NAND and NOR. The names are defined by their
respective logic gates. These memory types are used as the storage media in SSDs.

Flash Memory Module

NAND flash memory is written and read in blocks that are smaller than the device,
whereas NOR flash memory reads and writes bytes independently. Both types of flash
are used in consumer electronics and certain applications in medical and industrial use
cases. NAND flash is known for higher density and higher endurance than NOR,
making it suitable for enterprises to use in mass storage. NOR often serves as a
replacement for random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) drives.

Single-level cell NAND stores 1 bit of data per flash cell, existing as either a
programmed (0) or erase (1) state. Multi-level cell (MLC) NAND stores more than 1 bit
of data per flash cell. Enterprise MLC is made with enhancements to support more write
cycles than consumer-grade MLC. Triple-level cell stores three data bits per cell.

Flash storage memory devices are divided between consumer devices and enterprise
storage, with some overlap. Smartphones, tablets and other consumer devices are
designed memory cards that vary in capacity and price.
  SSD
An SSD is installed in x86 computers to allow companies to user server-side flash as an
alternative or adjunct to networked storage arrays. Form factors include:

 Add-in cards that utilize a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)

serial port.
 Disk-on-module flash boot drives that mount to a computer's motherboard.
 Dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) place flash close to the motherboard in
dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) slots as a performance cache.
 MiniSATA drives and their eventual replacement m.2 SSDs, used in thin laptops.
 Storage-class memory, including nonvolatile DIMMs with DRAM as addressable
storage and flash as backup media. 3D XPoint technology -- developed by Intel
and Micron -- is an example of storage-class memory.

SSDs initially were designed to take advantage of existing Serial-Attached SCSI (SAS)
and Serial-Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) protocols.

3D XPoint-based Optane SSD from Intel

Development of the nonvolatile memory express (NVMe) protocol exploits idle PCIe
ports in a computer to allow an application to communicate directly with a data storage
device. PCIe-based NVMe SSDs aim to reduce latency and boost throughput. Most
major SSDs support PCIe, SAS and SATA. NVMe over Fabrics represents the next
expected phase, enabling NVMe commands to transfer data between a host and flash
storage device using an Ethernet, Fibre Channel or InfiniBand connection.
  USB Flash Drives
USB flash drives are also known as nearline storage, a storage medium that is not
continuously connected to network servers or the internet. Generally, this makes most
removable media, such as encrypted cartridges or SATA drives, safe from infection by
Trojan horses, viruses or worms.

A USB flash drive specifically refers to the housing for the device; the storage media is
internal flash designed as an integrated memory circuit, similar to the design of SSDs
but on a smaller scale. These thumb-shaped devices slide into any USB to transfer or
copy data, and are variously called gum sticks, keychain drives and jump drives.

Image of a USB flash drive

Although USB drives are widely used by consumers due to their convenience, that ease
of use can present a security hazard within enterprises. Most companies forbid
employees to use personal USB drives at work for security reasons, unless specifically
authorized to do so.

Other removable flash storage media include the Secure Digital card/microSD card,
Secure Digital High Capacity card, CompactFlash card, SmartMedia card, Sony
Memory Stick, MultiMediaCard and the xD-Picture card, all of which are found mainly in
consumer electronics.
 Tape
Tape was a dominant backup storage medium until the 1990s but was gradually pushed
aside by magnetic disk. Tape systems remain in use, but the use case now centers on
high-capacity archiving for preserving data. Tape systems have continued to improve in
density and endurance, largely due to advances in the Linear Tape-Open (LTO) format.
LTO-8 pushes compressed capacity per tape to 32 TB and nearly 13 TB of
uncompressed data.

Tape libraries are composed of hundreds and hundreds of physical tapes, presented in
a system that allows users to add or remove tapes, track a tape's location and set
mount points for accessing the data on tape.

LTO - 8 Tape Media and Drive

An offshoot is the rise of virtual tape library systems for backup, in which an array of
physical disks gets presented as tape to the backup software. Data is written
sequentially as if to tape, but reads and writes occur faster since they are retrieved from
magnetic disk.
 INTRODUCTION TO MS WORD APPLICATION PROGRAM

Microsoft Word is a widely used commercial word processor designed by Microsoft.

Microsoft Word is a component of the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software, but
can also be purchased as a stand-alone product.

Microsoft Word was initially launched in 1983, and has since been revised numerous
times. It is available for both Windows and Apple operating systems.

Microsoft Word is often called simply Word or MS Word.

In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi to develop a word-processing application. The

first version was released in 1983.

Initially, MS Word was not very popular, owing to its radically different look compared to
WordPerfect, the leading word processor at that time. However, Microsoft improved
Word continually over the years, including a 1985 version that could run on a Mac. The
second major release of Word, in 1987, included an upgrade of major features, in
addition to new functionalities such as support for rich text format (RTF).

In 1995, Microsoft increased its market share in the word processor business with the
release of Windows 95 and Office 95, which offered a bundled set of office productivity
software.

Some features that have made MS Word useful include a WYSIWYG (what-you-see-is-
what-you-get) display: this design ensures that everything displayed on screen appears
the same way when printed or moved to another format or program. The ability of users
to copy and paste MS Word content into many other platforms without significant
formatting loss is one reason the software has stayed so popular in the last two
decades.

In addition, MS Word has a built-in dictionary for spell checking; misspelled words are
marked with a red squiggly underline. MS Word offers text-level features such as bold,
underline, italic and strike-through, and page-level features such as indentation,
paragraphing and justification. Word is compatible with many other programs, the most
common being the other members of the Office suite.

In 2007, .docx became the default file format, replacing the “.doc” extension.

As Microsoft Word modernized over time, so did Microsoft operating systems. Since the
Microsoft Office suite is inherently tied to the Microsoft operating system, its use
featured in user frustrations around end-of-life for Microsoft XP and the successive Vista
and Windows 7, 8 and 10 additions.

At the same time, Microsoft was getting on the cloud bandwagon. Its new offering,
Microsoft Office 365, replaces old out of the box or single machine licensing methods
with a cloud-delivered set of software applications that users can access from
anywhere.

With subscription pricing, many customers are now accessing Microsoft Word and
Office suites through office 365 instead of buying it through downloads with license
keys. Theoretically, the cloud-delivered method allows for more versatile use on multiple
devices, although some users have reported trouble trying to get new devices
authorized.

One other popular aspect of the cloud-delivered software is that there’s no need to load
it onto the local hard drive, leaving the end device less cluttered by drivers and other
types of software infrastructure. At the same time, Microsoft has added other
complementary cloud applications like OneNote, OneDrive and SharePoint for
enterprise users, and a mobile Office suite for Apple and Android.

Microsoft Word (commonly referred to as MS Word), you will need to locate and open it
from the computer. It may be on your desktop.
 Using the Browser’s Toolbar

This is a close-up view of the Title Bar, where file information is located. Notice the
three buttons on the right side, controlling program features. Remember that the X
button on the far right means close the program, the middle button is a toggle switch
between full screen and a small window, and the single line button on the left means
minimize to the task bar.

 The Menu Bar

The Menu Bar is a common sight in almost all Microsoft Windows programs. It features
text-based menus, on which are listed virtually every option. Each menu expands when
clicked (with the left mouse button), offering many options categorized by specific tasks.
This menu is also customizable (for instance, the “Acrobat” menu on the right of the
image above many not be listed on all computer systems) to offer a more personalized
experience for the user.

You can click on each of the words to see a menu of the tasks you can perform.

To see a menu:
1. Point with your mouse to a menu option
2. Click the left mouse button once to open
a drop-down menu
3. Point with your mouse to a particular
item
4. Click once with the left mouse button to
select the item
 The Standard Toolbar

Toolbars provide “shortcuts” to commands also found in the Menu Bar. Toolbars are
usually located just below the Menu Bar, and exist to offer another way to perform the
same task. As with all Microsoft Windows programs, there are usually three ways in
which to perform every task in order to suit the user’s preferences. Remember, if you
can’t remember what an icon stands for, hover your mouse over it and a box will pop up
with the explanation! The most commonly used commands in MS Word are also the
most accessible. Some of these commands are:

 The Formatting Toolbar

The Formatting Toolbar offers options that can change the font, size, color, alignment,
organization and style of the text in the document. For example, (starting from the left
side of the Toolbar) the “Normal” setting dictates the STYLE of your text; the “Times
New Roman” indicates the FONT of your text; the “12” indicates the SIZE of your text;
and so on.
Finally, the alignment of the text can be altered using the buttons with the horizontal
lines on them. You can align text

 The Ruler

The ruler is generally found below the main toolbars. The ruler tells you where you are
on the page, along with the dimensions of the overall document. Just like a real-world
piece of paper, the default setting is 8.5 x 11 inches, and margins have been
incorporated for you. Similar to most options in MS Word, this is entirely customizable
and the user can create documents of any dimension.

CHANGING HOW TEXT LOOKS

 Typing Text
To enter text, type just as you would if you were using a typewriter.

To capitalize a letter, hold down the SHIFT key while typing the letter.

Or, press the CAPS LOCK key on the left-hand side of your keyboard. You will have to
press the CAPS LOCK key again – once you are done capitalizing – to remove the
lock.

You do not need to press ENTER to start a new line – Microsoft Word will automatically
wrap your sentence at the end of the line.

To move the cursor from its position at the end of your sentence to anywhere else on
the page, use the mouse or the arrow keys to move the cursor where you want the
letters or spaces to be (left-click the mouse to place the cursor) and then type what you
want to add — the text will adjust to include it.

Press ENTER to start a new paragraph (this is sometimes called a “carriage return”).

 Formatting Text

Changing the look of what you’ve written is called “formatting”. This can include
changing the text style, size, color, and more.

You can also make bold, underline, or italicize when using MS Word. These features do
not have to be used independently of each other either – in other words, you can make
bold, underline, and italicize a single piece of t ext.

To make text really stand out, you can also combine this with alignment and size to
produce a heading in bold, italics, underlined, sized and centered.

Example:

 Formatting Text, continued

In order to apply certain stylistic or other changes to text, you must first HIGHLIGHT the
text. This is a common procedure in Microsoft Windows applications, and like being able
to successfully navigate the mouse around your screen, the ability to highlight well is
one that you want to master.

To highlight text, you start by placing your cursor (by moving the mouse) directly to one
side of the selection that you are working with. In the case above, the user wants to
highlight the phrase “This is a test” but NOT “to show.” In this example, the user should
place the cursor directly to the left of the word “This” and hold down the left-click button
on the mouse.

Then, drag the mouse across the sentence, and a black highlight will follow. The
computer now understands that any and all formatting that you command will ONLY
apply to the part of the sentence that you highlighted (and not “to show,” since it is not
highlighted).

Suppose we wanted to make the words “This is a test” bold, and leave the rest of the
sentence unformatted. The end result (once you click elsewhere on the screen to
remove the highlight) would be this:

Experimenting with formatting can be fun, and it is an essential tool to master in MS

Word. You can also change the font color by clicking on the appropriate buttons in the
Formatting Toolbar. Experiment and remember – you can always start over with a fresh,
new document, so don’t worry about making mistakes! If you do, however, there is
always the incredible “UNDO” tool.

 Deleting Text

While typing a document, you may make a mistake. Unlike a typewriter, MS Word can
delete text on the screen that leaves no residue – it is as if you never typed on the page
in the first place.

A common source of confusion for users is understanding the difference between the
“Delete” key and the “Backspace” key (#1 and #2 on the keyboard map on page 6). Put
simply, the “Backspace” key deletes words to the LEFT of the cursor, and the “Delete”
key deletes words to the RIGHT of the cursor.

Let’s assume that the vertical line dissecting the word “awesome” in the example above
is our cursor. Pressing the “Backspace” key will erase “e,” “w,” “a” and so on, moving
LEFT. The “Delete” key will erase “s,” “o,” “m,” and so on, moving RIGHT.
 Undo and Redo

The UNDO and REDO features of Microsoft Windows applications are great tools to rely
on (especially in MS Word). The program will keep a list of the last 25 commands that
you have performed, and it will allow for taking “one step” backwards in order to erase
what you have just done.

It is a common thought that life itself should have an UNDO feature.

1. Click ►Edit ►Undo from the Menu Bar to go back one step (up to 25)
2. Click ►Edit ►Redo from the Menu Bar to go forward one step (up to 25)

 Copying, Cutting, and Pasting Text

In MS Word, you can CUT or COPY text from one area of the document and save that
text so it can be PASTED elsewhere in the document.

When you CUT text, you actually delete it from where you took it, as opposed to
COPYING it, which makes, naturally, a carbon copy of your selection. (CUTTING a
selection will also make a copy of it, just in case you want to PASTE it elsewhere.)

When you CUT or COPY text, it is stored on what is known as the CLIPBOARD. The
Clipboard is a tool in MS Word that you can use to stash away cuts and copies of your
work, to be in pasted in other places in the document. Once your selection is on the
CLIPBOARD, you can PASTE it as many times as you want!

To CUT a selection, first highlight it. Then, click ►Edit ►Cut from the Menu Bar. The
highlighted text will disappear, as you have just cut it out (but a copy is now on your
clipboard) and MS Word is waiting for you to paste it somewhere else.

To PASTE this cut selection somewhere else on the page, place your cursor where you
want the selection to go. Click ►Edit ►Paste from the menu bar, and it will pop into
place, right where your cursor is.

To COPY, simply follow those same steps, replacing the CUT command with COPY.
You will notice immediately that the COPY command will not alter your original selection
at all, as it is simply making a copy of it.
 Spelling and Grammar Check

One of the benefits of using a computerized word processor is that of its ability to
recognize, change and give advice about what you are writing. MS Word has utilities
that can check your spelling and grammar against a master database, and can offer
advice on a variety of different grammatical styles.

MS Word automatically underlines any words that it does not recognize in red,
assuming that they are not spelled right, and green if it does not recognize the
grammar, assuming that the sentence does not make logical sense.

For example: The dogs is always blac.

In this case, “dogs is” should read “dogs are” and “blac” should be “black.” If you
rightclick on the word, a menu will pop up with options, including “Ignore” if you do not
want help on this specific phrase.

 Printing Documents

To print your MS Word document:

Click ►File ►Print from the Menu Bar and a Print window will pop up on the screen.
Click ►OK for your document to start printing.

As with all commands in MS Word, you can make changes along the way. From the
Print menu, you can alter how many copies will be made, in what order the pages will
be and much more.

Another useful tool is the Print Preview function found alongside the Print command.
This will allow you to look over an exact copy of what will come out of the printer before
actually executing the print command. It is especially useful when experimenting with
altered margins and page dimensions, and can help to conserve paper.

 Saving Documents

When you finish typing and want to leave the computer, it is important to save your work
(even if you are printing a hard copy—saving should be a reflex). To save your work in
MS Word, it is essential to know WHAT you are trying to save as well as WHERE you
are trying to save it.
 You can change the filename
that Word has chosen just by
typing a new one in the File
name box at the bottom of
the window that appears.

MS Word will automatically

save your document with the
suffix “.doc” – this is simply a
tag that lets Word know that
your work is specific to this
program. You do not have to
type it – just highlight what is
there (default is “Documet1”)
and write a new file name.

There are many places in which you can save a file, some of which are portable and
some of which are immobile.

The My Documents folder on your computer’s hard drive is a good place to store your
documents. A blank CD (compact disc) is a great portable storage device and can
contain a LOT of data.

It is important to note that every consequent command of SAVE will overwrite your
original file, creating the most up-to-date version. If you want to save the changed
document without destroying the original one: In the Menu Bar, click ►File ►Save As
from the menu bar and give your document a new filename (unique from the original).

To bring a saved document back up on the screen from MS Word: Click ►File ►Open
from the Menu Bar.

Locate where the file is located (which folder, that is) and click on the filename of the
document you want. Click ►Open.

 Closing Microsoft Word

 When you are finished

Click ►File ►Exit from the menu bar

OR
Click on the X in the top right corner of the computer screen.

 Change the Font Color

You can change the color of text in your Word document.

1. Select the text that you want to change.

2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, choose the arrow next to Font Color, and
then select a color.

You can also use the formatting options on the

Mini toolbar to quickly format text. The Mini
toolbar appears automatically when you select
text.

Font Color

Tips:

 If you don’t see the color that you want, choose More Colors, and then select a
color on the Standard tab, or mix your own color on the Custom tab.
 To change the color, transparency, and shade of the text, choose Gradient. The
Gradient tool is not available in Word 2007.

 Indent
Indents, in the context of MS Word, constitute the distance between a paragraph and
the left and/or right margin of the document. Word users are often unaware of the Indent
function and may use ‘workarounds’ such as tabs or even the spacebar to create a text
indent.

The first and possibly simplest way of inserting indents in a document, is to use the
Increase and Decrease Indent buttons on the Ribbon:

1. To insert a left indent to an entire paragraph, select the paragraph or position

your cursor anywhere within the paragraph text. You can also select multiple
paragraphs to indent at the same time.

2. In the Paragraph group under the Home tab on the Ribbon, click the Increase
Indent button (circled in yellow in the screenshot below) once to indent the
paragraph.

3. Click the Increase Indent button more than once to create a larger indent.

4. To decrease an existing indent, press the Decrease Indent button located to the
left of the Increase Indent button.
 Use the following shortcut combinations to increase or decrease indents:
 Ctrl+m – increase indent; and
 Ctrl+Shift+m – decrease indent.

WORKING WITH MARGINS

To Create an Indent in the Margin

1. Select the paragraph(s) you wish to apply the right indent to.
2. Click and slide the Right Indent Marker (circled in yellow in the screenshot below)
the desired distance to the left on the ruler.

As in the screenshot above, you can use the right and left indents in conjunction with
each other to create a block quote. Block quotes are frequently used in research
papers, reports and school essays to indicate a direct quotation from a different source.
You can also use the right indent function described above to create a margin on the
right-hand side of pages to leave room for lecturers’ comments.
A note of caution though for using the left and right indent markers on the ruler: using
these haphazardly can create an inconsistently formatted document. If you are
formatting a long document it is difficult and time-consuming to drag the Indent Markers
into position every time the formatting is required. Problems may also creep in where
they are not all in exactly the same position.

To avoid inconsistency, you may wish to use the third method for setting left and right
indents namely using the Paragraph dialogue box.

1. Select the paragraph(s) you wish to apply the indent to.

2. Launch the Paragraph dialogue box by clicking on the dialogue box launcher
located in the bottom right-hand corner of the Paragraph group under the Home tab
on the Ribbon.

3. Under the Indents and Spacing tab, use the up and down pointing arrows next to
the Left and Right indent boxes (circled in yellow in the screenshot below) to
increase or decrease the right and left indentation of your selected paragraphs.

4. Press the OK button located at the bottom of the dialogue box to accept and apply
the changes you have made or press Cancel to exit the Paragraph dialogue box.
Special Indents

Many types of legal documents, literary text and school essays require the use of
special indents such as First Line and Hanging Indents. Below is a labelled screenshot
for you to visually discern the difference and utility of these two special indent types:

To insert a First Line or Hanging Indent:

1. Select the paragraph(s) you wish to apply this indent type to.
2. Launch the Paragraph dialogue box by clicking on the dialogue box launcher
located in the bottom right-hand corner of the Paragraph group.
3. In the Paragraph dialogue box under the Indents and Indents and Spacing
tab, select First Line Indent or Hanging Indent from the dropdown list under
Special in the Indents group.
4. You are able to set an exact value for the size of the First Line or Hanging Indent
by entering a value into the box labelled ‘By’.

To remove First Line or Hanging indents:

1. Select the paragraph(s) the indents have been applied to.
2. In the Paragraph dialogue box look for the Indents group and select ‘None’ in the
dropdown box under Special.
3. A really quick way of removing indents from paragraphs or an entire document is
to select the affected paragraphs and press Ctrl+q to remove the formatting.
 Setting, Editing and Deleting Tabs
Tabs are similar to Indents in that they allow you to align paragraphs at different
points on the Ruler. Using tabs you can set multiple stops in a single line. Imagine
you wish to create a list where names, surnames, telephone numbers and job roles
are all lined up – you can set a tab stop for each item in the list.

Below is a screenshot of an example of a tabbed list:

Using tab stops to create lists such as the one above ensures items are neatly lined
up and stay lined up. It also makes adding further lines of data easy and streamlines
formatting.

Many people use the space bar or press tab multiple times to line items up to look like
the list in the screenshot above. This is time consuming, can be frustrating and the
resultant list items may be slightly misaligned. When new items are added, it may even
cause the whole list to lose its alignment.

To create a tabbed list, such as in the screenshot above, do the following:

1. Select ALL the items that will form part of the list, or if you have no items yet,
position your cursor in the line you wish to add the first line of items of your list to.

2. Find the Tab Selector (circled in yellow in the screenshot below) which is positioned
in the top left-hand corner, to the left of the Horizontal Ruler and above the Vertical
Ruler:
3. Hover your mouse cursor over the Tab Selector and a screen tip will appear telling
you which tab is currently available to insert into your document. The default tab is
the Left tab.

4. To select a different tab, for example a right or center tab, click the Tab Selector to
change the available tab.

There are five tab types, namely:

 Left Tab – text will be aligned to the right of this tab stop;
 Centre Tab – text will be centered around this tab stop;
 Right Tab – text will be aligned to the left of this tab stop;
 Decimal Tab – decimal points in numbers are aligned to this tab stop; and
 Bar Tab – inserts a vertical line at the position of the tab stop.

5. Once you have selected the desired tab type, click once on your Horizontal Ruler
where you wish the tab to be positioned. You can place multiple tabs by clicking
different positions on the Ruler. Our example at the beginning of this tutorial
contains five tab stops in total.

6. Depending on which tabs you use and where you place them, your Ruler may look
something like the ruler circled in yellow in the screenshot below:
7. Each of the little black marks on the Ruler represents a tab stop to which you wish
to align text.
Type the first word you wish to add to your list. Use the Tab key on your keyboard
to move to the next tab you have created to type the second item. Continue doing
this for all the tabs you have set.

8. Pressing the Enter key to take you to the next line, you can continue typing items
into your list and use the Tab key to move across the page.

Once you have completed your list of items, you may wish to edit where tab stops
appear and items are lined up. To edit tabs that have been set, do the following:

1. Select ALL the lines in your list you wish to apply the change to. If you move
the tabs without first selecting all the relevant text, the change will be applied
to the line of text your cursor is positioned in only.
2. On the Ruler click and drag the tab stops into their new position.

 Insert a Header or Footer

1. Go to Insert > Header or Footer.
2. Choose the header style you want to use.
 3. Add or change text for the header or footer. For more info on things you can do
with headers, see Edit your existing headers and footers.

4. Select Close Header and Footer or press Esc to exit.

 Create a Bulleted or Numbered List

 Create a List

To start a numbered list, type 1, a period (.), a space, and some text. Then press
Enter. Word will automatically start a numbered list for you.

Type* and a space before your text, and Word will make a bulleted list.

To complete your list, press Enter until the bullets or numbering switch off.

 Create a List from Existing Text

1. Select the text you want to change into a list.

2. Go to Home> Bullets or Home> Numbering.

 Student Date of Assessment Assessor

RUBRICS FOR DISCUSSION

RUBRICS ON AN OUTCOMES BASED EVALUATION
Remarks Score
Performance (Scores to be reflected are within (Write
Assessment Standards the range of ratings accordingly)
Discussion on the task
scores
Criteria:
given in the assessment 1 2 3 4 w/n
range)
ORGANIZATION (30%)
The information is in
7.5% 15% 22.5% 30%
logical, interesting
sequence
COMPREHENSION
(20%)
Discuss the Full knowledge by 5.0% 10% 15% 20%
following items answering the questions
required in the with good elaboration
assessment CONCISENESS (20%)
form All terms and provision
5.0% 10% 15% 20%
presented are concise
in the specific question
FLUENCY (20%) The
voice is clear and the
pronunciation of all 5.0% 10% 15% 20%
terms are correct and
precise
 RUBRICS FOR DISCUSSION
RUBRICS ON AN OUTCOMES BASED EVALUATION
Performance Remarks Score
Assessment
Standards (Scores to be reflected are within (Write
Criteria: Discussion on the task the range of ratings accordingly) scores
CLARITY (10%)
Clear discussion about 2.5% 5.0% 7.5% 10%
the topic
Check the appropriate box:
Passing score is 70% Pass TOTAL RATING
Fail Total number of
points / Total
number of items x
100
Legend: 1 – Does not meet the standards; 2 – Partially meets the standards; 3 –
Meets the standards; 4 – Exceeds the standards
Every Resit done, the highest scores are indicated accordingly by percentage of the
result.

POST TEST

1. What are the most common and important input devices of a computer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What is storage media and how it is used?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of computer in your life?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Direction: Identify the pictures below and write your answers on the space provided.
 1. 2.

3. 4.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

ELEMENTAL MILESTONE MONITORING CHECKLIST

 MODULE 1 – ELEMENT A-C
(Put a check ( ) mark on the box accordingly)
COMPLETED? PARENT’S PASS? FACILITATOR’S
TASK
YES NO SIGNATURE YES NO SIGNATURE
PRE-TEST
POST-TEST

REFERENCES

 https://www.chtips.com/computer-fundamentals/what-is-computer-fundamentals/
 https://www.crucial.com/articles/pc-builders/what-is-computer-hardware
 http://repository.limu.edu.ly/bitstream/handle/123456789/108/2.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y#:~:text=A%20system%20unit%20is%20the,produce
%20results%20for%20complex%20calculations.&text=The%20term%20system
%20unit%20is,the%20keyboard%2C%20mouse%20and%20monitor.
 https://yourstory.com/mystory/what-software-types-examples/amp
 https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/storage-medium
 http://www.bcpls.org/Docs/Computer_Handouts/Word101.pdf
 https://www.teststeststests.com/microsoft-office/word/tutorials/3-formatting/3-
indents-and-tab/microsoft-word-tutorial-indents-and-tabs/
 https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-a-bulleted-or-numbered-list-
9ff81241-58a8-4d88-8d8c-acab3006a23e