Defense And Security

BY VAISHALI VAIDHWAN
 Previous Year Question related to topic-
1) Indian armed forces are a combination of strategic thinking and timely action. (2022)
2) Infiltrators are a threat to India’s security. (2021)
3) Emerging threats to India’s Internal security.(2020)
4) Securing India’s international border is a challenging exercise for the Indian armed forces. (2020)
5) Role of Indian army in Nation building. (2019)
 National Security
The first requirement in the country is external ad internal security. You cannot have any plan unless there is security.
(By Sardar Vallabhai Patel)

Internal Security External Security

- Refers to upholding national law

- Refers to security against aggression
and maintaining peace, law and
by foreign countries.
order within a country’s territory.
- Under Ministry of Defense
- Under Min of Home-Affairs
 National Security
CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES
§ Ministry of Home-Affairs
- Assam Rifles (AR)
- Border Security Force (BSF)
- Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
- Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
- Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
- National Security Guard (NSG)
- Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
DEFENSE FORCES
§ Ministry of Defense
- Indian Army Personnel.
-Indian Air Force Personnel.
- Indian Navy Personnel.
-Indian Coast Guard Personnel.
Challenges of National Security

Conventional Challenges Unconventional Challenges

Conventional Challenges to India’s Internal
Security Architecture
1) Long International Borders
2) Volatile neighbourhood
3) Organised Crimes
4) Militancy or Terrorism
5) Naxalism and Insurgency
Long International Border
Long International Borders
Problems in Border Management -
• Disputed international border and frequent clashes- recent observed in LAC region in 2020
• Lack of critical infrastructure at the border area-
- road construction, border outpost, and border lights , etc.
• Different border guarding force at different borders-
- creates unnecessary gaps in co-ordination among different sources.
• Undulating topography- unmanned borders thus misused by miscreants to enter country
• Limited use of technology -such as inadequate use of drones, night vision camera and sensors for
surveillance.
 Long International Borders
Solutions-
• Homogenisation in border guarding forces such as
- Committee recommendation all para-military forces managing unsettled borders should operate directly
under the control of the army.
- GP. Bhatnagar committee recommended that – to synchronize border management settled border should be
given to paramilitary and unsettled border should be given to Army.

• Use of advanced technology for surveillance - to reduce physical deployment.

- Example- Govt CIBMS project- to integrate human resource, weapons and high-tech surveillance.
(CIBMS project launched in 2015- based on recommendation of Madhukar Gupta committee on border protection)
 1. World’s highest motorable pass?

Long International Borders

2. Which pass is at Tri-junction of
India, Nepal and China?

Solutions-
•Creation of border infrastructure- as per recommendation of Shetkar committee (2016)
- outsourcing of border road construction to speed up the work.
- Govt programme – such as BADP- was launched to meet the developmental needs of the people living near
border areas.
- Vibrant village programme- announced in Budget 2022-23 to counter ‘Chinese model village’ close to LAC.
• Comprehensive long-term border planning for better border management
• for preventing conflicts at disputed border-
- setting up dedicated hot-line with the neighbouring country to enhance communication channels.
Long International Border-

Coastal Border management

 Long International Borders
Problems in Coastal Border Management- § Arrange North to South-
a. Gulf of Mannar
b. Palk strait
§Overlapping claims in maritime boundaries c. Palk bay
- because of different interpretations among countries
- such as between-India & SriLanka in Palk Bay area and India & Pakistan in Sir-creek line.
§ Issue of Piracy and smuggling-
- As per Maritime Union of India (MUI), there is around 26 per cent increase in maritime piracy due to the
pandemic.
- Gulf of Aden- largest number of piracy incidents in this area.
§ Issue of fisherman-
- Such as observed in dispute between India and SriLanka
 Long International Borders
Problems in Coastal Border Management-
§ Infiltration-
- Political turmoil and religious persecution, with limited opportunities in neighbouring countries is an ideal
situation for illegal migration of Bangladeshi citizens to India.
- Rohingya refugee
§ Terrorism-
- Mumbai attack is an example of mis-utilization of maritime boundaries by terrorist.
§Lack of Co-ordination-
- among Indian coast Guard , Indian Navy and Coastal Police.
 Long International Borders
1) Indian Navy fusion center is located
Solution for better coastal border management- in which city?
2) Marine police training academy at
Govt initiative undertaken under this are- which state ?

• the 3-tiered approach- Indian Navy -for overall maritime security which includes coastal security and offshore security
- Indian Coast Guard - for coastal security including areas to be patrolled by Coastal Police(upto 200nm)
- Coastal Police- in shallow coastal waters (upto 12nm)
• Use of Technology in surveillance- setting up National command control communication and intelligence network to link all
radar stations of Navy and CG.
• New initiative launched such as- Operation Swan- to prevent illegal infiltration along the Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts.
Operation Sagar Kavach- police, navy and CG regularly conducting drills to check readiness.
• National Committee for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security headed by Cabinet Secretary coordinates all matters
related to Maritime and Coastal Security.
• Launch of SAGAR initiative- for Economic and security cooperation.
 Long International Borders
Solution for better coastal border management-
Way-forward-
• Increasing the strength and capacity of Indian navy to better manage coastal security.
• Clearly defined roles of Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard.
• Including piracy, infiltration and thefts of maritime boundary in the NCRB data.
• Country level dialogue to settle issue such as- fisherman issue
• Enhancing round the clock surveillance by integration of modern vessels and technology
• Increasing India’s footprint in IOR to counter China's influence, engaging in regional organizations.

Gulf of Kutchh and Gulf of Khambat?

 Long International Borders

Technological reforms-
Administrative reform-
- Setting up of National command control
communication and intelligence network Reforms in - Setting up of maritime security coordinator
Coastal
Security
Policy efforts- architecture Structural reform-
-launch of SAGAR initiative
- Strengthening 3-tiered organisation
- Active participation at global levels such
- -setting up of Marine Police Training Institute
as- IORA, ASEAN def Min
Volatile Neighbourhood
•The volatile neighbourhood of India poses serious challenges to national security

•Afghanistan – re-emergence of Taliban and civilian unrest

• Pakistan- State sponsored terrorism
•Myanmar- military coup and Rohingya refugee crisis
•SriLanka- Political and Economic crisis

• leading to problem of infiltration and refugee crisis.

Organised Crimes
• Money Laundering-

Problems- Solutions-
-Undermines financial market - Prevention of Money Laundering Act
-Loss of revenue to the state. - Powers to ED to investigate cases of
-Misuse of resources economic crime in the country.

•Drugs and Arms smuggling syndicate

- because of India’s geographic location between Golden triangle and golden crescent

Which countries are included in Golden

triangle and Golden crescent?
 Terrorism- As per UN, Terrorism is defined as a covert use of violence or any criminal acts intended or
calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public.

Terrorism as a challenge for India-

• Role of external state actor- such as Pakistan in exporting terrorism in India
• Role of Non-state actors such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad motivated by fundamentalist ideology.
• Illegal migrations across the country

Impact- brainwashing of young , loss to life and property, strengthening of organised crime syndicate,
 Terrorism
India’s efforts to counter terrorism-
• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 2002- prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations and for
dealing with terrorist activities, and other related matters.
• Agencies such as
- IB and RAW for collecting intel information on terror activities
- Investigative agencies such as NIA
- NSG for counter-terrorism operation
• Part of global efforts such as FATF which works towards establishing global standards for combating money laundering and
terrorist financing.
• In 2018, India highlighted its demand for a
- Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT).
 Terrorism
Which countries are included in
FATF’s black list?

Solutions to counter terrorism-

• Intelligence sharing across the borders among countries on terrorist activities
• Global cooperation on extremism and fundamentalist ideology- Christchurch Call of Action outlined voluntary
commitments from governments, ISPs to address issue of violent extremist content online. India is a signatory
to this plan.
• Global sanctions against external state actors which promote terrorism – FATF’s grey and black list
• Strengthening India’s cyber surveillance to counter the spread of hate-speech and fake-news.
• Preventing brainwashing of individuals
• Breaking the syndicate of terrorist funding
Militancy In Jammu & Kashmir
 Militancy In Jammu & Kashmir
Why militancy is still in Kashmir ?
- Complicated history of Kashmir
- Failure of Indian government failed to fulfill the aspirations of local people, lack of development, militarization
of the region, disputed state election of 1987 fuelled the militancy in the valley
- Pakistan using it as place for proxy war
- Propaganda to brainwash youth in the valley
- Lack of trust of Kashmiri people towards Indian forces and India
Data-
- Post 370 abrogation no. of foreigners have decreased in militant recruitment
- Rise in homegrown militant outfit
Militancy In Jammu & Kashmir
Govt’s Efforts-
- Abrogation of Article-370 to make it an integral part of India and promote healthy democracy.
- Social development- PM’s developmental Package for JK
- construction of Aiims, IITs, tunnels, organizing investor’s summit
- Army program- ‘Operation All out’ to weed out terrorism from valley
- Project Sadhbhavana: of Indian army, project mainly aims to integrate the locals into the national
mainstream.
Militancy In Jammu & Kashmir
Way Forward-
• Bridging the trust gaps among the local populations- supporting democracy at grassroot levels.
• Promotion of good governance and efficient bureaucracy
• Active surveillance through use of technology such as UAVs, and radars
• Disseminating spread of hate-speech and fake news narrative by cyber surveillance
• and use of AI to prevent spread of extremist ideology through social media.
 Insurgency In North-East
Act of rebellion and armed struggle by a section of society with a view to overthrow
the government and there is public support for the insurgents.
 Insurgency In North-East
History of Insurgency in NE-
- Assam ruled by – Ahom King from 1228 to 1826
- Burmese invasion- resulted in signing of Treaty of Yandaboo- btw Ahom king and Britishers
- Majority population – tribals – non-interference by British- work of Christian missionaries

§Post Independence-
- Naga demanded autonomy- formation of Naga Nationalist Council- headed by AZ.Phizo
- 1963- Nagaland as a state was created.
- 1975- Shillong Accord – ceasefire signed
- NSCN- National socialist council of Nagaland- then further split into 2- NSCN(IM) and NSCN(K)
- 2015- Naga peace accord signed
Insurgency In North-East
Factors responsible for Insurgency in North-East –
- Multi-ethnic region – different tribals with different sects. Thus leading to inter-tribals conflicts.
- Northeast India is home to more than 50 ethnic rebel groups – a few demanding complete secession from India,
others fighting for ethnic identities and homelands and some running the insurgency as an industry to spin easy
money without any political ideology.
- Lack of economic development and limited employment opportunity – thus easily lured by insurgent groups.
- Demographic changes- because of illegal influx from Bangladesh lead to discontent among local population. And
thus demand for NRC in Assam and RIIN in Nagaland.
- Role of external state actor and non-state actor such as funding and arms smuggling , Myanmar act as a base for
NE insurgents.
Insurgency In North-East
Govt’s efforts to counter insurgency-
- 6th schedule status to NE states for protection of their tribal customary laws and land rights.
- Signing of Peace agreement- recently, armed group NSCN-IM have also involved in peace talk with the govt.
- promotion of tribal culture and festivals
- Developmental efforts in NE- Kaladan multi-modal project with Myanmar, Bharatmala pariyojana to improve
connectivity with NE.
- Declaration of AFSPA to better protect the NE from insurgents groups.

At present how many NE-states have

States under 6th schedule? AFSPA?
Left-Wing Extremism In India
- Naxalism- started from ‘Naxalbari’ village in West-Bengal – as a peasant revolt against landlord in 1967.
- Under leadership of Charu Majumdar , along with Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal.
- What is Maoism?
 Left-Wing Extremism In India
Reasons for spread of Left Wing Extremism in India-
• Inequitable development
- failure of Land-reforms,
- presence of dominant groups thus discrimination,
- disruption of traditional occupations.

• Displacement/Eviction of People- because of Forest conservation act 1980 used to target tribals who depend
on forests for their livelihood. Eviction due to developmental projects such as mining , thermal powerplants.
• Discrimination against Tribals- such as Non-regularization of Traditional land rights under Forest Right
Act,1980
Left-Wing Extremism In India
Govt’s Efforts to counter Left-Wing Extremism in India-
• Security Related Programs-
- SAMADHAN doctrine- to fight Naxalism including short term to long term policy.
- modernization of Police Forces by strengthening police infrastructure
- Establishment of Elite forces such as- Grey-Hounds of Andhra Pradesh, CRPF’s Cobra-Battalion
- Salwa Judum – by Chattisgarh govt as part of local involvement to fight Naxalism.
- Disbursment of funds for capacity building of LWE states under scheme like Security Related Expenditure and
Special Infrastructure Scheme.
- Resultant deaths (Civilians+ Security Forces) have reduced by 85 percent from all time high of 1,005 in 2010 to 147
in 2021.
- The number of Districts reporting LWE violence has also reduced by 48% from 96 in 2010 to 46 in 2021
 Left-Wing Extremism In India
•Promoting social integration through developmental scheme such as-
- Roshini scheme for skill development of youth in LWE states
- Aspirational district program- by Niti Aayog to transform district of LWE states
- Construction of Roads, Eklavya models schools for tribals students, Construction of kendriya Vidalayas and
Navodaya, mobile towers for improving connectivity.
• For financial Inclusion-
- Opening up of new bank branches, ATMs and Post-offices
- Deployment of Banking correspondents
Left-Wing Extremism In India
Unconventional Challenges to
India’s Internal Security
Architecture
 Unconventional Challenges to India’s
Internal Security Architecture
1) Cyber Threat
2) Biological Warfare
3) Fake News
4) Climate Change
5) Poverty
 Cyber Threat
- Defined as is a malicious act that seeks to damage data, steal data, or disrupt digital life in general. Cyber
threats include computer viruses, data breaches, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, and other attack vectors.

§ Impact of Cyber Threat- Potential

- Cyber Attack on critical infrastructure can disrupt nation’s economy- Eg. Cyber attack in Kudankulum Nuclear power
plant.
- Misuse of personal and public data
- Can alter outcome in the battle-field
- Can affect public services such as railways, banking and others.
 Cyber Threat
Challenges in countering Cyber Threats-
• Lack of digital literacy and limited awareness about cyber security
- active internet users in India is world’s 2nd largest,
• Increased use of cyber space by terrorist as a place for spreading fake-news , for hate-speech to brainwash individuals.
- Global information security survey 2018-19, India one of those countries which faces highest number of cyber threats and
ranked 2nd in terms of cyber attack.
• Lack of efficient cyber security architecture in India
- such as absence of cyber security specialists
- No separate laws completely dealing with cyber fraud, cyber threats.
 Cyber Threat
Possible ways to counter Cyber Threat-
§ Govt’s efforts such as –
- Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative- to spread awareness about cybercrime and capacity building program
- National Cyber security Coordination Centre-apex coordination center to deal with cybercrimes.
- Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)- For alerts regarding cybersecurity breaches and issues.
§ Long term planning and policy formulation-
- National Cyber Security Strategy 2020- to ensure safe and secure cyber space for India.
- Data protection bill on lines of EU general data protection regulation
§ Periodical backup of data, Promoting R&D to counter cyber attacks
§ training of human resource in cyber space
 Biological Warfare
Defined as use of microbial agents such as bacteria, virus, fungi or any other bio-toxins to intentionally cause
death or harm to humans, animals, or plants.

Challenges of Biological warfare-

§ Large public exposure- even small amounts are capable of infecting a large population.
§ Ease of misuse- can be effortlessly hidden, transported, and discharged into vulnerable populations.
§ Can go undetected for period of time
§ Difficult to neutralize
 Biological Warfare
Solutions to counter Bioweapon threat-
§ Global efforts such as Biological and Toxin weapon convention 1972 prohibits signatory nations to develop,
produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain.
§ Global intelligence sharing
§ National level efforts-
- surveillance and rapid detection measure to neutralize any threat- Integrated disease surveillance program
in India to monitor the spread of diseases and epidemics.
- NDRF- special force trained in handling biological disasters.
§ Adequate national laws on Bio-terrorism
 Fake-News defined as stories or hoaxes created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers.

Threats posed by Fake-News-

§ Reduce impact of real news or stories on society.
§ Deliberate intention to deceive
§ Incite inflammatory speeches and problem of Hate-speech
§ Leads to problem of mob-violence
§ Brainwashing of individuals
§ Create mistrust in society
 Fake-News
Challenges in countering Fake-News –
§ Traceability is difficult – if provisions of traceability is implemented than end to end encryption would be lost
§ Data is stored outside India
§ Problem of De-encryption and Right to Privacy
§ Absence of awareness among society
§ lack of fact checking any news or information before forwarding
 Fake-News
Solution to counter Fake-News
§ Conduction citizen awareness initiative
- Recently, awareness classes organised in schools of Kannur(kerala)
§ govt to establish independent Fact-checking websites.
§ Promoting data localisation
§ Social media platforms to be made responsible for removing illegal and violent content.
§ Creating suitable laws and establishing authority to tackle problems of fake news and hate-speech
 Climate Change
Why climate change is a security threat ?
§ Record rise in temperature – endangers existence of countries
§ Changes in weather pattern leading to frequent floods and droughts in different parts of the world.
- Eg- flash flood in Chamoli district destroyed Rishiganga power plant and Parts of Tapovan Hydropower
plant
§ Problem of migration and refugee
- The World Bank report- by 2050 the impact of the climate crisis, such as poor crop yields, a lack of water
and rising sea levels, will force more than 216 million people across six regions, including sub-Saharan Africa,
south Asia and Latin America, from their homes.
§ Civil unrest , exploitation of Climate Refugees
 Climate Change
Solutions
§ UN resolution on linking Climate Change with Global security threat
§ Developing global consensus on military and Non-military interventions.
§ Research and Development in field of Climate studies- to better analyze the integrated risk assessment
framework.
§ Involving all stakeholder at the national level to develop a policy framework for the risk posed by the
climate change to the nation’s security
§ Upgradation of forces – better fuel efficient vehicles, modernization to respond to climate threats
 Poverty
defined as a state or condition in which a person lacks the resources for a minimum standard of living.
How poverty is a threat to Nation’s security?
§ Absence of basic resources leads to deprivation and exploitation.
- Extreme Poverty level in India has declined – world bank report 2022
§ Exploitation of poor leads to
- brainwashing – by extremist and fundamentalist element
- migration – regionalism and societal unrest
- basic education and health will be affected- Poverty Trap
- wastage of human resource potential
- women will be forced in trafficking – organised crime syndicate
 Poverty
Solutions-
§ Govt’s Program and efforts-
- MGNREGA scheme – employment guarantee scheme
- Housing for all -
- National food security Act,2013- for providing food facilities
- PM kaushal Vikas yojana- providing skill to labour
- Jan Dhan Yojana and DBT
§ Promoting economic growth in the country
§ Increasing Non-Farm employment
THANK-YOU