Sciencedirect Original Articles A Numerical Haar Wavelet-Finite Difference Hybrid Method For Linear and Non-Linear Schrödinger Equation

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ScienceDirect Original articles A numerical Haar wavelet-ﬁnite difference

hybrid method for linear and non-linear Schrödinger equation
Article · January 2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.matcom.2019.02.011https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2019.02.011
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Mathematics and Computers in Simulation xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Original articles
A numerical Haar wavelet-finite difference hybrid method for linear

and non-linear Schrödinger equation
Muhammad Ahsana,b ,∗, Imtiaz Ahmada , Masood Ahmadb , Iltaf Hussianb
a Department of Mathematics, University of Swabi, Swabi 23430, Pakistan
b Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
Received 11 July 2017; received in revised form 18 December 2018; accepted 10 February 2019
Available online xxxx
Abstract
In this research work, we proposed a Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM) for numerical solution of linear and
nonlinear Schrödinger equations. The nonlinear term present in the model equation is linearized by a linearization technique.
The Time derivative in the Schrödinger equation is approximated by forward Euler difference formula while the space derivatives
are approximated by Haar function, which convert the model equation into system of algebraic equation. The stability analysis
of the HWCM is also given. Several test problems are presented to verify the accuracy, stability and capability of the proposed
method.
⃝c 2019 International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Haar wavelet; Schrödinger equation; Collocation method; Linearization; Finite difference
1. Introduction
Most of the physical phenomena govern the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) in many field like
quantum mechanics, current in electrical networks, fluid dynamics, particle vibrations in lattices, plasma physics,
pulses in biological chains and nonlinear optics [7,8,10]. To find the corresponding exact solution of these types of
PDEs is very difficult due to the nonlinear term, therefore use of numerical techniques always remain an alternative
for the solution. In this paper, we take the well known nonlinear one-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger
equation (NLSE) [15,30], which is mathematically defined as
∂u ∂ 2u √
i + α 2 + β|u|2 u + γ u = 0, x ∈ [a, b], t ∈ (0, T ], i = −1 (1)
∂t ∂x
with Dirichlet boundary conditions
u(a, t) = ψ0 (t), u(b, t) = ψ1 (t), (2)
and initial condition is given as
u(x, 0) = f (x), (3)
where T is final time and u(x, t) represents complex-value function. When β = 0, Eq. (1) becomes the linear case
of Schrödinger equation.
∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, University of Swabi, Swabi 23430, Pakistan.
E-mail address: ahsankog@uoswabi.edu.pk (M. Ahsan).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2019.02.011
0378-4754/⃝ c 2019 International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
Please cite this article as: M. Ahsan, I. Ahmad, M. Ahmad et al., A numerical Haar wavelet-finite difference hybrid method for linear and non-linear Schrödinger equation, Mathematics
and Computers in Simulation (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2019.02.011.
2 M. Ahsan, I. Ahmad, M. Ahmad et al. / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation xxx (xxxx) xxx
The structure of Eq. (1) is reminiscent of the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics, where |u|2 has the
significance of a potential. The parameter β may be positive or negative corresponding to the focusing or defocusing
of NLSE. u(x, t) is the wave function and describes the evolution of slowly varying wave trains in a stable dispersive
physical system with no dissolution, i.e. propagation of waves in deep water.
Existing literature contains a variety of numerical methods [3,12,13,19,21–23] which are successfully applied
in various fields [1–3,26,27,31] and the simulation results are usually reasonably accurate. Due to the importance
of the NLSE model in many fields, the researchers focused their attention toward the solution of this model using
different kind of numerical methods such as Legendre spectral element method [22], finite-difference schemes [9,32],
a quadratic B-spline finite-element method [12], a space–time finite element method [19], Jacobi–Gauss–Lobatto
collocation method [15], time–space pseudo-spectral method [13] and the Padé scheme [29].
In the last few years, Haar wavelets have been frequently used for the numerical solution of PDEs due to
its simplicity. Many analyst have developed different wavelets methods for numerical solution of differential and
integral equations. These includes wavelet Galerkin method [18], wavelet collocation methods [17,21], wavelet
meshless method [23] and wavelet-based method [14]. Some of the important contributions of Haar wavelets
techniques can be viewed in [11]. In the last few years, the Haar wavelets methods have been applied accurately
for the solution of various problems (see [5,6,24,25,28] and the reference therein). Recently the HWCM have been
implemented for the stable numerical solutions of ill-posed problems as well [4,28].
1.1. Haar wavelets
The Haar wavelet function for x ∈ [0.1] is described as

⎧
⎨1
⎪ ζ1 ≤ x < ζ2 ,
h i (x) = −1 ζ2 ≤ x < ζ3 , (4)
⎪
0 elsewhere,
⎩
where
k k + 0.5 k+1
ζ1 = , ζ2 = , ζ3 = .
m m m
The parameters m and k are defined in [25]. We define the following notations for integrals of the Haar wavelets
∫ x
Pi,1 (x) = h i (x ′ )d x ′
a
and
∫ x
Pi,2 (x) = Pi,1 (x ′ )d x ′
a
∫ b
Ci = Pi,1 (x)d x
a
Using Eq. (4) we get
⎧
⎨ x − ζ1
⎪ ζ1 ≤ x < ζ2 ,
Pi,1 (x) = ζ3 − x ζ2 ≤ x < ζ3 ,
⎪
0 elsewhere.
⎩
⎧
1
(x − ζ1 )2 ζ1 ≤ x < ζ2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2
2
⎨ (b − a) − 1 (ζ3 − x)2
⎪
⎪
ζ2 ≤ x < ζ3 ,
⎪
Pi,2 (x) = 4m 2 2
2
⎪ (b − a)
ζ3 ≤ x < 1,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 4m 2
⎪
⎪
⎩0 elsewhere.
M. Ahsan, I. Ahmad, M. Ahmad et al. / Mathematics and Computers in Simulation xxx (xxxx) xxx 3
and
(b − a)2
Ci = .
4m 2
2. Numerical method
In this section we have developed the HWCM, in which the time derivative is approximated by forward
Euler difference formula (FED) whereas the spatial derivatives are approximated by Haar wavelets (HW). In
reaccompanying discourse, this will explain as follows.
2.1. Numerical solution based on Haar wavelets for space derivatives
To construct a Haar wavelet based numerical scheme we consider

2M
∂ 2 u(x, t) ∑
= ci h i (x). (5)
∂x2 i=1
Partially integrating Eq. (5) with respect to x, from a to x, we get

2M
∂u(x, t) ∂u(a, t) ∑
= + ci Pi,1 (x). (6)
∂x ∂x i=1
Partially integrating Eq. (6) with respect to x, from a to b, we get

2M
∂u(a, t) u(b, t) − u(a, t) ∑ Ci
= − ci . (7)
∂x b−a i=1
b−a
Putting Eq. (7) in Eq. (6), we get
2M
∂u(x, t) u(b, t) − u(a, t) ∑ Ci
= + ci (Pi,1 (x) − ). (8)
∂x b−a i=1
b −a
Similarly partially integrating Eq. (8) with respect to x, from a to x, we get
2M
u(b, t) − u(a, t) ∑ Ci
u(x, t) = u(a, t) + (x − a) + ci (Pi,2 (x) − (x − a) ). (9)
b−a i=1
b−a
2.2. Time discretization
To approximate the NLSE in time, we used the FED formula given as follows
∂u(x, t) u(x.t) − u(x, to )
= . (10)
∂t ∆t
where ∆t be the time-step size and t = to + ∆t, where to is the starting time of each time level. The nonlinear
Eq. (1) can be linearized in the following form
∂u(x, t) ∂ 2 u(x, t)
i +α + β|u(x, to )|2 u(x, t) + γ u(x, t) = 0.
∂t ∂x2
Now applying the FED, we have
u(x, t) − u(x, to ) ∂ 2 u(x, t)
i +α + β|u(x, to )|2 u(x, t) + γ u(x, t) = 0
∆t ∂x2
and multiplying −i, we get
∂ 2 u(x, t)
u(x, t) − i∆tα − i∆tβ|u(x, to )|2 u(x, t) − i∆tγ u(x, t) = u(x, to ), (11)
∂x2
Eq. (11) can be simplified as

∂ 2 u(x, t)
(1 − i∆tβ|u(x, to )|2 − i∆tγ )u(x, t) − i∆tα = u(x, to ). (12)
∂x2
By putting the expression of u(x, t) and its partial derivatives (Eqs. (5) and (9)) in Eq. (12) and discretized the
results at the collocation points xk = a + (b − a) (k−0.5)
2M
, k = 0, 1, . . . , 2M, we get the following of system of 2M
equations in 2M unknowns,
2M
∑ Ci
ci [(1 − i∆tβ|u(xk , to )|2 − i∆tγ )(Pi,2 (xk ) − (xk − a) ) − i∆tαh i (xk )] =
b−a
i=1 (13)
u(b, t) − u(a, t)
u(xk , to ) − (u(a, t) + (xk − a) ).
b−a
By finding these unknowns (ci ) from Eq. (13) and putting back in Eq. (9) we get the required numerical solution.
3. Stability analysis
To check the stability of the proposed method, we can write Eq. (11) in the following form
∂2
(1 − i∆t(α + β|u(x, to )|2 + γ ))u(x, t) = u(x, to ),
∂x2
(I − i∆tL)u(x, t) = u(x, to ) (14)
(α ∂∂x 2
2
where L = + β|u(x, to )| + γ ). Eq. (14) becomes
2
u(x, t) = (I − i∆tL)−1 u(x, to ). (15)

After applying the Haar wavelet method for spatial discretization (discuss in Section 2.1), Eq. (15) can be written
in simplified form [28]
u(x, t) = (I − i∆tH)−1 u(x, to ) (16)
where H is the weights Haar matrix for operator L and I is the identity matrix. The maximum real eigenvalue of
H is denoted by λ and the eigenvalue of I is 1 then stability condition, according to Eq. (16) can be written as
1
≤ 1, (17)
(I − i∆tλ)
Eq. (17) will be satisfied if λ ≤ 0 because only in this case, (I − i∆tλ) will be positive and (I −i∆tλ)
1
will be less
than or equal 1. The negative values of λ have been verified from Fig. 1 for the linear and nonlinear cases (Test
Problems 1, 3, 4, 8).
Theorem 1. If u(x, t) is exact and u 2M (x, t) is approximate solution of Eq. (1), then
√ J
C K 2−3(2 )−1
∥E J ∥ = ∥u(x, t) − u 2M (x, t)∥ ≤ .
1 − 2−3/2
Proof. See [20]. From Theorem 1 it can be concluded that error norm is inversely proportional to level of the Haar
wavelet resolution J . Hence the accuracy of the HWCM increases as J increases i.e.,
∥E J ∥ −→ 0 as J −→ ∞,
H⇒ ∥E J ∥ −→ 0 as M −→ ∞.
4. Numerical results
In this section several test problems have been considered to show the accuracy and applicability of the proposed
method. The numerical results of the HWCM have been compared with the exact results as well as with other
existing techniques reported in the literature. For numerical simulation, we have used “MATLAB R2009b” software.
Fig. 1. Stability of the HWCM for different test problems in terms of λ.
The CPU time is considered in seconds (time unit) for all the test problems, whereas all the computations are
performed on DELL PC Laptop with an Intel(R) Core(TM)i3-3110M CPU 2.40 GHz, 2.40 GHz, 2 GB RAM. We
have used the maximum absolute error norm (L ∞ = max(L ab )) to check the accuracy of the present method where
L ab is defined as
L ab (R(u)) = |r eal(u) − r eal(û)|,
L ab (I (u)) = |imaginar y(u) − imaginar y(û)|,
L ab (u) = |u − û|,
where u and û represent the analytical and numerical solution respectively.
Test Problem 1. Taking α = −1, β = 0 and γ = 0, the linear diffusion form of Eq. (1) is given as
∂u ∂ 2u
i − 2 = 0. (18)
∂t ∂x
Exact solution of Eq. (18) is given by
u(x, t) = eit sin(x).
Fig. 2. Relationship between the L ∞ error norm and number of nodes N for Test Problem 1, at ∆t = 0.001 and t = 1.
Table 1
L ∞ error norm and CPU time for Test Problem 1 at M = 16 and ∆t = 0.001.
t → 1 2 4 6 8 10
L ∞ (R(u)) 2.670 × 10−5 1.766 × 10−5 4.698 × 10−5 3.632 × 10−5 3.975 × 10−5 1.095 × 10−5
L ∞ (I (u)) 6.011 × 10−5 3.018 × 10−5 3.105 × 10−5 4.901 × 10−5 2.896 × 10−5 2.522 × 10−5
L ∞ (u) 6.578 × 10−5 3.431 × 10−5 5.632 × 10−5 6.100 × 10−5 4.919 × 10−5 2.708 × 10−5
C PU 9.895 18.966 37.675 56.619 75.489 94.001
Table 2
L ∞ error norm at t = 1 and ∆t = 0.001 for Test Problem 2.
M [−1,1] [−5,5] [−10,10]
L ∞ (R(u)) L ∞ (I (u)) L ∞ (u) L ∞ (R(u)) L ∞ (I (u)) L ∞ (u) L ∞ (R(u)) L ∞ (I (u)) L ∞ (u)
1 1.86 × 10−2 5.40 × 10−3 1.94 × 10−2 3.48 × 10−1 5.63 × 10−1 6.62 × 10−1 1.19 × 10−1 2.12 × 10−1 2.43 × 10−1
2 9.06 × 10−3 2.29 × 10−3 9.34 × 10−3 8.39 × 10−2 5.92 × 10−2 1.02 × 10−1 3.49 × 10−1 5.91 × 10−1 6.87 × 10−1
4 2.50 × 10−3 9.31 × 10−4 2.67 × 10−3 4.63 × 10−2 3.36 × 10−2 5.73 × 10−2 1.15 × 10−1 9.31 × 10−2 1.48 × 10−1
8 5.82 × 10−4 6.16 × 10−4 8.47 × 10−4 1.32 × 10−2 8.83 × 10−3 1.51 × 10−2 4.96 × 10−2 2.94 × 10−2 5.77 × 10−2
16 8.56 × 10−5 5.38 × 10−4 5.45 × 10−4 3.71 × 10−3 1.97 × 10−3 4.09 × 10−3 1.40 × 10−2 7.97 × 10−3 1.58 × 10−2
32 3.94 × 10−5 5.19 × 10−4 5.20 × 10−4 1.14 × 10−3 2.51 × 10−4 1.15 × 10−3 3.95 × 10−3 1.81 × 10−3 4.28 × 10−3
64 7.07 × 10−5 5.14 × 10−4 5.19 × 10−4 4.90 × 10−4 2.93 × 10−4 5.71 × 10−4 1.20 × 10−3 3.87 × 10−4 1.20 × 10−3
128 7.85 × 10−5 5.13 × 10−4 5.19 × 10−4 3.32 × 10−4 3.96 × 10−4 5.14 × 10−4 5.10 × 10−4 4.18 × 10−4 5.98 × 10−4
Numerical results for Test Problem 1 with different collocation points N at time t = 1 are shown in Fig. 2
for three different intervals [−1,1], [−5,5] and [−10,10]. One can see from this figure that the accuracy of the
proposed method increases with increase in collocation points N. The L ∞ error norm and CPU time in seconds
for t = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 are shown in Table 1. This table shows the accuracy as well as the efficiency of the
HWCM.
Test Problem 2. Taking α = −1, β = 0 and γ = 0, the linear diffusion form of Eq. (1) is as follows
∂u ∂ 2u
i − 2 = 0, (19)
∂t ∂x
u(x, t) = eit cos(x). (20)
The initial and boundary conditions are obtained from Eq. (20). It can be observed from Fig. 3 and Table 2 that
better accuracy is achieved in this case as well by the HWCM for three different intervals [-1,1], [-5,5] and [-10,10].
Test Problem 3. Taking α = 1, β = 0 and γ = 1 − 2

x2
, the linear reaction–diffusion form of Eq. (1) is given as
∂u ∂ 2u 2
i + 2 + (1 − 2 )u = 0, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. (21)
∂t ∂x x
Fig. 3. Relationship between the L ∞ error norm and number of nodes N at ∆t = 0.001 and t = 1, for Test Problem 2.
Table 3
Comparison of numerical results at t = 0.1. M = 16 and ∆t = 0.001 for Test Problem 3.
x u [16] u (Present method) u exact
1.1 1.2190 + 0.1149i 1.2039 + 0.1208i 1.2040 + 0.1208i
1.2 1.4566 + 0.1428i 1.4327 + 0.1438i 1.4328 + 0.1438i
1.3 1.7131 + 0.1690i 1.6814 + 0.1688i 1.6816 + 0.1687i
1.4 1.9901 + 0.1937i 1.9501 + 0.1957i 1.9502 + 0.1957i
1.5 2.2871 + 0.2177i 2.2386 + 0.2247i 2.2388 + 0.2246i
1.6 2.6025 + 0.2426i 2.5471 + 0.2556i 2.5472 + 0.2556i
1.7 2.9337 + 0.2703i 2.8755 + 0.2886i 2.8756 + 0.2885i
1.8 3.2779 + 0.3026i 3.2237 + 0.3235i 3.2238 + 0.3235i
1.9 3.6331 + 0.3400i 3.5919 + 0.3604i 3.5920 + 0.3604i
Table 4
Comparison of numerical results for Test Problem 3 at ∆t = 0.001 and M = 16 for different final time.
t L ∞ (deg = 9) [16] L ∞ (deg = 5) [16] L ∞ (Present method) CPU
0.05 0.0133 0.0135 7.808 × 10−5 1.1
0.10 0.0561 0.0568 1.336 × 10−4 2.1
0.15 0.1287 0.1392 1.920 × 10−4 3.1
Exact solution is given in [16]
u(x, t) = x 2 eit .
Tables 3 and 4 show the comparison of numerical results obtained by the HWCM with the MQ quasi interpolation
method reported in [16]. It is observed from both the tables that the proposed HWCM is more accurate than the
method reported in [16], although the collocation points (for Table 4) of the proposed method (N = 32) are less
then the method (N = 50) reported in [16]. The better performance of the present method is also verified from
visual representation given in Fig. 4. Fig. 5, we have plotted the maximum error for real part, imaginary part and
the maximum absolute error which shows the relationship between the L ∞ error norm and number of collocation N.
Test Problem 4. On successful implementation on linear case of Schrödinger equation, we are going to implement
the HWCM for nonlinear case by taking α = 1, β = 2 and γ = 0 in Eq. (1), we get
∂u ∂ 2u
i + 2 + 2|u|2 u = 0. (22)
∂t ∂x
Fig. 4. Comparison of numerical results for Test Problem 3 at ∆t = 0.001 and 2M = 32.
Exact solution is given in the following form [15]
u(x, t) = ei(x+t) .
The L ∞ error norm of R(u), I (u) and |u| in the domain [0, 1] is given in Table 5. From this table one can observe
that as the collocation points increase the accuracy and CPU time increase.
Fig. 5. Relationship between the L ∞ error norm and number of nodes N at ∆t = 0.001 and t = 0.10 for Test Problem 3.
Table 5
L ∞ error norm for different M with CPU time for Test Problem 4 at t = 1 and ∆t = 0.001.
M L ∞ (R(u)) L ∞ (I (u)) L ∞ (u) CPU
1 5.8789 × 10−4 6.4651 × 10−4 8.6899 × 10−4 0.2
2 1.9995 × 10−4 1.5931 × 10−4 2.5565 × 10−4 0.5
4 3.3889 × 10−5 5.0691 × 10−5 6.0976 × 10−5 1.7
8 3.0944 × 10−6 3.3195 × 10−5 3.3318 × 10−5 6
16 6.4369 × 10−6 2.9526 × 10−5 2.9836 × 10−5 25
32 7.7910 × 10−6 2.8632 × 10−5 2.9251 × 10−5 102
62 8.1362 × 10−6 2.8406 × 10−5 2.9120 × 10−5 305
Test Problem 5. Again considering the NLSE with β = −2 and other parameters are the same as given in Test
Problem 4, we have
∂u ∂ 2u
i + 2 − 2|u|2 u = 0. (23)
∂t ∂x
Exact solution u(x, t) = ei(x−3t) is given in [15].
The comparison of numerical and exact solution in terms of both real and imaginary parts is shown in Fig. 6 at
different collocation points in domain [−4, 4].
Test Problem 6. Following [30], the nonlinear spacial case of Eq. (1) is
∂u ∂ 2u
i + 2 + 2|u|2 u = 0 (24)
∂t ∂x
with exact solution given by
u(x, t) = ei(2x−3t) sech(x − 4t).
The comparison of real and imaginary parts in terms of L ∞ error norm are shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen from
this figure that reasonably good accuracy has been achieved in this case as well.
Test Problem 7. Considering Eq. (1) with the parameters α = 1, β = 2 and γ = 0. The NLSE is given in [22]
∂u ∂ 2u
i + 2 + 2|u|2 u = 0 (25)
∂t ∂x
Fig. 6. Comparison of numerical and exact solution for Test Problem 5 at ∆t = 0.001 and t = 1.
Fig. 7. Comparison of L ∞ error norm for Test Problem 6.
Fig. 8. Haar wavelet solution(single soliton) at M = 64, t = 1 and ∆t = 0.01 for Test Problem 7.
with initial condition
u(x, 0) = 1.5sech(1.5(x − 10))e−2i(x−10)
and exact solution is given as
u(x, t) = 1.5sech(1.5(x − 10))e−2i(x−10) et .
In Fig. 8, the direction of solitary wave propagation is from left to right (in domain [−10, 20]) as required and the
shape of the solitons is preserved accurately.
Test Problem 8. Finally, consider the NLSE [16], with no exact solution, of the following form
∂u 1 ∂ 2u x2
i + − u − 60|u|2 u = 0 (26)
∂t 2 ∂x 2 2
Fig. 9. Absolute values of the real part, imaginary part and |u|2 for M = 64, ∆t = 0.01 and t = 0.8 for Test Problem 8.
Fig. 10. Stability of Test Problem 8 at ∆t = 0.01 M = 16 and t = 0.8 for x ∈ [−8, 8].
with initial condition

1 −x 2
u(x, 0) = 1 e 2
π4
and boundary conditions
u(−8, t) = u(8, t) = 0.
In last problem, we have plotted absolute values of the real part, imaginary part and |u|2 against x in Fig. 9. In
Fig. 10, we have plotted the maximum eigenvalues versus time, to check the stability of the present Haar wavelet
collocation method for this challenging NLSE. This figure shows that the values of λ < 0, which means that Eq. (17)
is satisfied and hence the proposed HWCM is stable.
5. Conclusion
In this work, we have proposed the HWCM for the numerical solution of linear and nonlinear Schrödinger
equations. The L ∞ error norm and the stability condition show that the proposed numerical method is applicable
to solve NLSE. This method successfully simulates the physical behaviors of the complex valued function u(x, t).
Based on different types of numerical experiments, we may conclude that the presented the HWCM is practical and
effective for numerically solving linear and nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Due to the promising performance of
the HWCM, the current approach can be extended to 2D and coupled linear and nonlinear Schrödinger equations
with possible negatives of high computational cost and the difficulty of applicability of the HWCM on irregular
domain. These issues are the focus of our upcoming work.
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A numerical Haar wavelet-finite difference hybrid method for linear

1.1. Haar wavelets

The Haar wavelet function for x ∈ [0.1] is described as

2.1. Numerical solution based on Haar wavelets for space derivatives

To construct a Haar wavelet based numerical scheme we consider

Partially integrating Eq. (5) with respect to x, from a to x, we get

Partially integrating Eq. (6) with respect to x, from a to b, we get

2.2. Time discretization

Eq. (11) can be simplified as

u(x, t) = (I − i∆tL)−1 u(x, to ). (15)

Fig. 1. Stability of the HWCM for different test problems in terms of λ.

Test Problem 3. Taking α = 1, β = 0 and γ = 1 − 2

Exact solution is given in [16]

Exact solution is given in the following form [15]

Fig. 7. Comparison of L ∞ error norm for Test Problem 6.

with initial condition

u(x, 0) = 1.5sech(1.5(x − 10))e−2i(x−10)

and exact solution is given as

u(x, t) = 1.5sech(1.5(x − 10))e−2i(x−10) et .

with initial condition

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