Introduction of

Communication Systems

Prof. Dr. Monir Hossen

ECE, KUET

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, KUET

 Reference Books

1. Simon Haykin, An Introduction to Analog & Digital

Communication Systems.
2. B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication
Systems.
3. G. K. Mithal, Radio Engineering

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 Introduction (1/2)
 Long distance communication is called
Telecommunication
Here, ‘Tele’ Means Long Distance
 Technically Communication is the summation of:
 Transmission
 Reception and
 Processing of information by electric means
 Radio communication was greatly improved
during 2nd world war

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 Introduction (2/2)

 Communication is widely using after

invention of :
 Transistor
 Integrated circuit
 Other semiconductor devices
 Satellite and
 Fiber optics

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 Definition of Communication

 The exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or

using some other medium is communication.
“Radio, Mobile phone, telephone, television are effective
means of communication“

 Means of sending or receiving information are phone lines

or free space or cable or computers.
“Satellite communications, optical communication,
cellular communication"

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Examples of Communication System
 Telephony and Telegraphy
 Radio Broadcasting (Example?)
 Point-to-point & Mobile Communication
 Computer Communication
 Radar (Applications?)
 Television Broadcasting
 Radio Telemetry
 Radio aids to Navigation
 Radio aids to Aircraft Landing etc.

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5 Basic Components of Communication

• Data Source (where the data originates)

• Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
• Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
• Receiver (device used to receive data)
• Destination (where the data will be placed)

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 Block Diagram of Analog
Communication Systems
Transmitter

Information &
Message ??

Receiver

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Block Diagram of Digital
Communication Systems

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 Components of Digital
Communication Systems

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 Components of Digital
Communication Systems

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 Components of Digital
Communication Systems

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 Components of Digital
Communication Systems

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Open System Interconnections (OSI) Model

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 Classification of RF Spectrum (1/2)
λ= v/f = 3*108/f
Carrier Free space Class Propagation Service
Frequency wave-length (m) Characteristic
10 – 30 KHz 3*104 - 104 VLF Attenuation: Long distance
always is low P2P Commn
30 – 300 104 - 103 LF absorption : Long distance
KHz Day time > VLF P2P Commn
Night time = VLF & navigation
300 – 3000 103 - 102 MF Attenuation: Broadcasting:
KHz Day time is high Ship to shore
Night time is low
3 – 30 MHz 102 - 10 HF Ionospheric Broadcasting
propagation and P2P T&T

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 Classification of RF Spectrum (2/2)
Carrier Free space Class Propagation Service
Frequency wave-length (m) Characteristic
30 – 300 10 - 1 VHF Tropospheric Radar, TV, FM
MHz propagation broadcast,
Short distance
Commn
300 – 3000 1 - 0.1 UHF Tropospheric Facsimile, TV
MHz propagation relay, Air
navigation
3000 – 0.1 - 0.01 SHF Tropospheric Radar
30,000 MHz propagation navigation,
Radio relay

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 International Regulatory Organizations
 ITU: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a
specialized agency of the united nations responsible for many matters
related to information and communication technologies.
 It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph
Union.
 The ITU was initially aimed at helping connect telegraphic
networks between countries.
 The ITU promotes the shared global use of the radio spectrum,
facilitates international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits,
assists in developing and coordinating worldwide technical
standards, and works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in
the developing world.
 It is also active in the areas of broadband Internet, wireless
technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, TV
broadcasting, amateur radio, and next-generation networks.
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International Regulatory Organizations

 CCITT: Consultative Committee for International

Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT). The CCITT,
now known as the ITU-T (for Telecommunication
Standardization Sector of the International
Telecommunications Union), is the primary
international body for fostering cooperative standards
for telecommunications equipment and systems.

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 ITU Sectors
 The ITU comprises three Sectors, each managing a different aspect
of the matters handled by the Union, i.e., ITU-T, ITU-R, and ITU-D.
 ITU-T: ITU's Telecommunication Standardardization
Sector (ITU-T) plays a crucial role in defining the core transport
and access technologies that support communications networks
around the world. Today's advanced wireless, broadband and
multimedia technologies are all powered by ITU-T standards.
 ITU-R: ITU's Radio Communication Standardardization
Sector (ITU-R). Established in 1927 as the Consultative
Committee for International Radio (CCIR). This Sector manages
the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit
resources. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R.
 ITU-D: ITU's Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D). it
is responsible for creating policies, regulation and providing
training programs and financial strategies in developing countries.
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 National Regulatory Organizations
 Regulatory Commission in Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)

 Regulatory Commission in USA:

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

 Regulatory Commission in India:

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

 Regulatory Commission in Japan:

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

 Regulatory Commission in UK:

Office of Communications

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 Need of High Carrier Frequency

 Radiation efficiency ( Increase/ decrease?)

 Size of antenna ( Large/ small?)
 Range of Communication (Short/ long?)
 Easy of selection of radio signal in the
receiver ( Why?)

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 Need of Modulation (1/2)
1) The modulating signal produced by microphone or
camera is very weak and very low frequency (Why?)
We know energy in a signal is proportional to its frequency

 So this signal can not travel long distance. That is why,

weak signal requires high frequency carrier.

2) Height of antenna needed

For best result antenna height = the wavelength
we know v  f V= velocity of light (3*108)
f = frequency
Example: if signal is 20KHz   wavelength
Then antenna height = v/f = 15000 m ( Practical?)

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 Need of Modulation (1/2)
3) Modulation permits the transmission without wire.
4) Modulation makes the message signal more robust
against the noise.
5) Modulation is required to match the signal
frequency with the bandwidth of the channel.

For example: Microwave communication required

frequency of microwave range, Satellite
communication requires frequency of satellite
communication range, FM radio requires FM
frequency range, Optical fiber communication
required frequency of optical communication range.
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Modem (Modulator- Demodulator) (1/2)

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Modem (Modulator- Demodulator) (1/2)

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 Data Communication Modes
 Simplex
 One direction communication.
― e.g., Television
 Half-duplex
 Either direction communication, but only one
way at a time.
― e.g., Police radio
 Full-duplex
 Communication in both directions at the same
time.
― e.g., Telephone, mobile communication
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Simplex Communication

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Half-duplex Communication

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Full Duplex Communication

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Data Transmission Methods (1/5)
 Parallel Transmission
 Serial Transmission
=> Asynchronous Transmission
=> Synchronous Transmission
=> Isochronous Transmission

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 Data Transmission Methods (2/5)
• Parallel Transmission:

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Data Transmission Methods (3/5)
 Asynchronous Data Transmission: Data is sent in form of
byte or character. This transmission is the half duplex type
transmission. In this transmission, start bits and stop bits are
added with data. It does not require synchronization.

Gap between
data units

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Data Transmission Methods (4/5)
 Synchronous Data Transmission: Data is sent in form of
blocks or frames. This transmission is the full duplex type.
Between sender and receiver the synchronization is
compulsory. In synchronous transmission, There is no gap
between data frames. It is more efficient and more reliable
than asynchronous transmission to transfer the large amount
of data.

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 Data Transmission Methods (5/5)
• Isochronous Transmission: In real-time audio and video, where
delay difference between successive frames (i.e., jitter) are not
allowed, synchronous transmission is not possible. So, isochronous
transmission ensure no delay differences among the successive
frames of transmission.
• For example: in TV transmission 30 frames are transmitted per
second, they must be viewed at the same rate. If an image is sent by
using one or more frames, there should be no delays between
frames. For this type of communication synchronous transmission
is not enough. The isochronous transmission guarantees the data
arriving at the receiver at a fixed rate.

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 Transmission Media (1/25)
 Electromagnetic Spectrum:

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 Transmission Media (2/25)
 Transmission medium and physical layer:

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 Transmission Media (3/25)
 Classes of transmission media:

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 Transmission Media (4/25)
 Guided media:

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit

from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

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 Transmission Media (5/25)
 Twisted-pair cable :

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 Transmission Media (6/25)
 Twisted-pair cable applications:

 Most common medium

 Telephone network
 Between house and local exchange (subscriber
loop)
 Within buildings
 To private branch exchange (PBX)
 For local area networks (LAN)
 10Mbps or 100Mbps

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 Transmission Media (7/25)
 Twisted-pair cable pros and cons:

 Cheap
 Easy to work with
 Low data rate
 Short range

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 Transmission Media (8/25)
 Twisted-pair cable Transmission Characteristics:
 Analog
 Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
 Digital
 Use either analog or digital signals
 Repeater every 2km or 3km
 Limited distance
 Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
 Limited data rate (100MHz)
 Susceptible to interference and noise

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 Transmission Media (9/25)
 Near end crosstalk in twisted-pair cable:

 Coupling of signal from one pair to another

 Coupling takes place when transmit signal entering
the link couples back to receiving pair
 i.e. near transmitted signal is picked up by near
receiving pair

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 Transmission Media (10/25)
 Twisted-pair cable types:

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

 Ordinary telephone wire
 Cheapest
 Easiest to install
 Suffers from external EM interference
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 Metal braid or sheathing that
reduces interference
 More expensive
 Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
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 Transmission Media (11/25)
 Co-axial cable:

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 Transmission Media (12/25)
 Co-axial cable applications:

 Most versatile medium

 Television distribution
 Ariel to TV
 Cable TV
 Long distance telephone transmission
 Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
 Being replaced by fiber optic
 Short distance computer systems links
 Local area networks

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 Transmission Media (13/25)
 Co-axial cable transmission characteristics:

 Analog
 Amplifiers every few km
 Closer if higher frequency
 Up to 500MHz
 Digital
 Repeater every 1km
 Closer for higher data rates

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 Transmission Media (14/25)
 Optical Fiber:

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 Transmission Media (15/25)
 Optical Fiber benefits:

 Greater capacity
 Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
 Smaller size & weight
 Lower attenuation
 Electromagnetic isolation
 Greater repeater spacing
 10s of km at least

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 Transmission Media (16/25)
 Optical Fiber benefits:

 Long-haul trunks
 Metropolitan trunks
 Rural exchange trunks
 Subscriber loops
 LANs

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 Transmission Media (17/25)
 Optical Fiber transmission characteristics:

 Act as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz

 Portions of infrared and visible spectrum
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 Cheaper
 Wider operating temp range
 Last longer
 Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
 More efficient
 Greater data rate
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
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 Transmission Media (18/25)
 Optical Fiber transmission modes:

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 Transmission Media (19/25)
 Optical Fiber transmission modes:

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 Transmission Media (20/25)
 Comparisons among guided medias:

Frequency Typical Typical Repeater

Range Attenuation Delay Spacing
Twisted pair 0 to 3.5 kHz 0.2 dB/km @ 50 µs/km 2 km
(with loading) 1 kHz

Twisted pairs 0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km @ 5 µs/km 2 km

(multi-pair 1 kHz
cables)
Coaxial cable 0 to 500 MHz 7 dB/km @ 10 4 µs/km 1 to 9 km
MHz
Optical fiber 186 to 370 0.2 to 0.5 5 µs/km 40 km
THz dB/km

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 Transmission Media (21/25)
 Unguided media- Wireless:

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without

using a physical conductor. This type of communication
is often referred to as wireless communication.

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 Transmission Media (22/25)
 Types of wireless transmission:

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 Transmission Media (23/25)
 Radio wave:

Radio waves are used for multicast communications,

such as radio and television, and paging systems. They
can penetrate through walls.
Highly regulated. Use omni directional antennas

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 Transmission Media (24/25)
 Microwave:

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such

as cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.
Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.

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 Transmission Media (25/25)
 Infrared:

Infrared signals can be used for short-range

communication in a closed area using line-of-sight
propagation.

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 Thanks for Your Kind
Attention

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