Article 1

Research on Band-Gap Properties of Finite Locally Resonant 2

Beam Suspended Periodically with Two-degree-of-freedom 3

Force Type Resonators 4

Hangyuan Lv 1,2,*, Shangjie Li 1, Xianzhen Huang 1,2 and Zhongliang Yu 3 5

1 School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China 6
2 Key Laboratory of Vibration and Control of Aero Propulsion Systems Ministry of Education of China, 7
Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China 8
3 College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 9
518118, China 10
* Correspondence: lvhy@me.neu.edu.cn; 11

Abstract: The propagation properties of waves in finite Timoshenko locally resonant (LR) beams 12
resting on forced vibrations and periodically attached two-degree-of-freedom force-type resonators 13
are studied by the wave-based analysis approach. Through calculating the motion equations of the 14
beam, the transmission and reflection matrices of waves at the resonator attached point are firstly 15
derived, and the forced vibration response of the finite periodic beam is deduced by the wave-based 16
approach. Several examples are also analyzed by finite element method to verify the high accuracy 17
of the developed wave-based analysis approach. Numerical results show that the wider low-fre- 18
quency band-gaps exist in this type of LR beams. It is also found the different effects of the resonator 19
masses and spring stiffnesses on the band-gap properties of combined LR beam. The desired band- 20
gap widths of the LR beam can be tuned by adjusting the mass blocks and spring stiffness in reso- 21
nators base on the results. 22

Keywords: Timoshenko LR beams; wave-based analysis approach; two-degree-of-freedom force- 23

Citation: Lastname, F.; Lastname, F.;
type resonators; low-frequency band-gaps 24
Lastname, F. Title. Crystals 2021, 11,
25
x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx

Academic Editor: Firstname Last-

name
1. Introduction 26
The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight why 27
Received: date it is important. It should define the purpose of the work and its significance. The current 28
Accepted: date state of the research field should be carefully reviewed and key publications cited. Please 29
Published: date highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary. Finally, briefly men- 30
tion the main aim of the work and highlight the principal conclusions. As far as possible, 31
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- please keep the introduction comprehensible to scientists outside your particular field of 32
tral with regard to jurisdictional
research. References should be numbered in order of appearance and indicated by a nu- 33
claims in published maps and institu-
meral or numerals in square brackets—e.g., [1] or [2,3], or [4–6]. See the end of the docu- 34
tional affiliations.
ment for further details on references. The propagation of acoustic and elastic waves in 35
periodic structures, known as phononic crystals (PCs) and acoustics/elastic metamaterials 36
(AMs/EMs) [1,2], has attracted growing interest in recent years. This structure can be de- 37
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. signed and manufactured to cease the propagation of flexural waves in specific frequency 38
Submitted for possible open access bounds, known as band-gaps, this property makes them have potential applications as 39
publication under the terms and acoustic or vibration devices such as acoustic lenses [3,4], acoustic cloaks [5], thermal in- 40
conditions of the Creative Commons sulators [6], frequency modulators [7], acoustic levitation [8], and energy harvesters [9,10] 41
Attribution (CC BY) license etc. The basis of the whole applications of noise and vibration control engineering de- 42
(https://creativecommons.org/license pends on the wide and low-frequency band-gaps, so it is essential to design a structure 43
s/by/4.0/). which has the elastic band-gaps as large as possible [11,12]. 44

Crystals 2021, 11, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals

Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14

Recently, the propagation of flexural waves along AMs/Ems has been studied by 45
many researchers. Such structure achieves low-frequency band-gaps with lattice scales 46
two orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength and greatly improved the applica- 47
tion of the AMs/EMs in low-frequency sound insulation and vibration attenuation [13,14]. 48
Among them, the LR beams as a continuous-discrete structure can effectively achieve vi- 49
bration attenuation, where resonators are one or several spring-mass systems coupled 50
with a continuous Euler or Timoshenko beam [15,16], with several potential applications 51
in mechanical and structural engineering [17,18]. 52
The LR beams are often regarded as infinite systems. The existing analysis methods 53
of the band-gap properties of LR beams are mainly about transfer matrix method (TMM) 54
[19–21], spectral element method [22], and finite element method (FEM) [23–26]. Yu et al. 55
analyzed the low-frequency flexural wave band-gaps of Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko 56
beam [15,16], the dispersive relation of flexural waves was derived by using the TMM and 57
the frequency response function (FRF) of a finite periodic system was calculated by FEM. 58
Liu and Hussein [27] improved the TMM to examine the trend of frequency band struc- 59
ture of an LR beam changed with the spring constant or mass of local resonators, and the 60
transition criterion was established by observing the transition between LR and Bragg 61
band gaps. Liang [28] proposed an improved differential quadrature method to obtain the 62
band-gap properties of an Euler-Bernoulli LR beam with spring-mass resonators. On the 63
basis of these methods, various infinite periodic structures of LR beams have been con- 64
structed and studied for the band-gap properties theoretically and experimentally [29– 65
32]. However, the boundary conditions are lacking in the analysis of infinite structures, 66
and the engineering structures cannot be infinite. Thus, the analysis of the band-gap prop- 67
erties of finite structures plays an important part in real engineering applications. The 68
FEM is the most widely applied method in vibration analysis of the finite LR beams 69
[24,26,33,34]. Although the FEM can accurately evaluate the band-gap properties of vari- 70
ous dimensions and shapes of LR beams, the time consumption and commercially expen- 71
sive prices seriously limit the wide use. 72
In recent years, many researchers have become more and more interested in wave- 73
based vibration analysis approach for finite LR beams. By using the availability of trans- 74
mission, reflection, and transmission matrices, Mei and Mace [35] firstly derived the trans- 75
mission and reflection matrices for different discontinuities on Timoshenko beams. Thus, 76
the wave-based vibration analysis approach becomes more systematic and simple. Then, 77
the wave-based vibration analysis approach was developed for the vibration analysis of 78
LR beam carried with periodic uncoupled force-moment resonators [36]. The wave-based 79
vibration analysis approach can not only realize the complex vibration analysis of distrib- 80
uted structures, but also it is efficient for combined distributed and discrete systems, and 81
offering the benchmarks for numerical methods [37,38]. 82
In this study, the wave-based vibration analysis approach is developed for the forced 83
vibration analysis of a finite Timoshenko LR beam combined with periodic 2-DOF spring– 84
mass system. The transmission and reflection matrices at the 2-DOF force-type resonator 85
attached point are firstly derived, and assembled as a module with MATLAB software to 86
be used for the calculations of forced response and band-gap properties of the LR beam. 87
Here, the module can be called and modified easily in modeling the LR structure, which 88
significantly facilitate the design work for LR structures. For testing the calculation accu- 89
racy of the developed wave-based vibration analysis approach, several examples are an- 90
alyzed by FEM and the new method for comparisons. The results show that the proposed 91
method is an efficient and accurate vibration analysis approach of finite periodical LR 92
beam, and can be used as a paradigm. Finally, with the vibration analysis of the LR beam 93
suspended with different resonators by the developed wave-based vibration analysis ap- 94
proach, also we analyze how the value of mass block and spring stiffness of resonator 95
influence the band-gap properties of finite LR beam. 96
This paper is organized as follows: In Sec. 2, the equations of motion and wave prop- 97
agation are presented. Considering the applied forces caused by the resonators as injecting 98
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 14

waves into the host beam, the propagation and reflection relations of bending wave com- 99
ponents at the 2-DOF force-type resonator attached point are obtained. In Sec. 3, the de- 100
veloped wave approach is applied for forced vibration analysis of a LR beam suspended 101
periodically with eight 2-DOF force-type resonators. The calculation accuracy of the de- 102
veloped wave-based vibration analysis approach is verified by several numerical exam- 103
ples in Sec. 4 and the effects of mass and spring stiffness of resonator on band-gap prop- 104
erties of finite LR beams are studied in detail. Conclusions are drawn in Sec. 5. 105
106

2. Wave-Based Analysis Approach 107

2.1. Overview 108

In accordance with Ref. [39], the equations of motion governing bending, rotational, 109
and longitudinal vibration for Timoshenko beams are: 110

𝜕𝜓(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕2 𝑤(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕2 𝑤(𝑥,𝑡)

𝐺𝐴𝜅 ( − ) + 𝜌𝐴 = 𝑞(𝑥, 𝑡) (1a) 111
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2

𝜕2 𝜓(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕𝑤(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕2 𝜓(𝑥,𝑡)

𝐸𝐼 + 𝐺𝐴𝜅 ( − 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)) − 𝜌𝐼 =0 (1b) 112
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2

𝜕2 𝑢(𝑥,𝑡) 𝜕2 𝑢(𝑥,𝑡)
𝜌𝐴 − 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡) (1c) 113
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2

where 𝑥 represents position along the beam neutral axis, 𝑡 is time, 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑡) is trans- 114
verse deflection, and 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) is the longitudinal deflection. 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) denotes the total bend- 115
𝜕𝑤(𝑥,𝑡)
ing cross-sectional rotational angle, is the slope of the centerline of the beam. 116
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤(𝑥,𝑡)
− 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) is the shear angle. 𝑝(𝑥, 𝑡) and 𝑞(𝑥, 𝑡) are the applied longitudinal and 117
𝜕𝑥
transverse forces on per unit length, respectively. Material properties are as follows: mass 118
density 𝜌, Young’s modulus 𝐸, and shear modulus 𝐺. Geometrical properties are: cross- 119
sectional area 𝐴, area moment of inertia I, and shear coefficient 𝜅 respectively. 120
The expressions of shear force 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑡), bending moment 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑡), and longitudinal 121
force 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡), respectively, are: 122
𝜕𝑤(𝑥,𝑡)
𝑉(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐺𝐴𝜅 ( − 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)) (2a) 123
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜓(𝑥,𝑡)
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝐼 (2b) 124
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢(𝑥,𝑡)
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝐴 (2c) 125
𝜕𝑥

We consider the absence of loading and the suppression of time dependence 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 , 126
the solutions to the free wave propagation Eqs. (1a-c) are expressed as: 127

𝑤(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑎1+ e−𝑖𝑘1𝑥 + 𝑎2+ e𝑘2𝑥 + 𝑎1− e𝑖𝑘1𝑥 + 𝑎2− e𝑘2𝑥 (3a) 128

𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = −𝑖𝑃𝑎1+ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑁𝑎2+ 𝑒 −𝑘2 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑃𝑎1− 𝑒 𝑖𝑘1 𝑥 + 𝑁𝑎2− 𝑒 𝑘2𝑥 (3b) 129

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑐 + e−𝑖𝑘3𝑥 + 𝑐 − e𝑖𝑘3 𝑥 (3c) 130

where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑐 are the amplitude of the propagating flexural wave, the near-field 131
flexural wave, and the propagating longitudinal wave, respectively. The superscripts + or 132
- represent the forward- or backward-propagating waves. 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑘3 denote the three 133
wavenumbers. 𝑖𝑃 and 𝑁 relate the rotational solution to the transverse displacement so- 134
lution as: 135

𝜔2 𝜔2
𝑃 = 𝑘1 (1 − ) , 𝑁 = 𝑘2 (1 + ) (4) 136
𝑘12 𝐶𝑠2 𝑘22 𝐶𝑠2

The relations of wavenumber-frequency dispersion are obtained as: 137

Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 14

1 1 2 𝐶 2 𝜔 1 1 2 𝐶 2
𝑘1 = √ [( ) + ( 𝑟 ) ] 𝜔 2 + √( )2 + [( ) − ( 𝑟 ) ]2 𝜔 4 (5a) 138
2 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑏 𝐶𝑏 4 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑏

1 1 2 𝐶 2 𝜔 1 1 2 𝐶 2
𝑘2 = √− [( ) + ( 𝑟 ) ] 𝜔 2 + √( )2 + [( ) − ( 𝑟 ) ]2 𝜔 4 (5b) 139
2 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑏 𝐶𝑏 4 𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑏

𝐸
𝑘3 = √ 𝜔 2 (5c) 140
𝜌

where, the wave speeds for bending, shear and rotation are expressed as: 141

𝐺𝐴𝜅 𝐸𝐼 𝜌𝐼
𝐶𝑠 = √ , 𝐶𝑏 = √ , 𝐶𝑟 = √ (6) 142
𝜌𝐴 𝜌𝐴 𝜌𝐴

Note that, for the LR beam suspended with periodic 2-DOF force-type resonators 143
investigated in this paper, bending vibrations involved only. 144

2.2. Propagation Matrix 145

Between discontinuities, Eq. (3) represents the exact state of wave propagation at a 146
single frequency in a uniform beam. Here we consider two points A and B of a beam 147
falling between discontinuities and separated by a distance 𝑥 , as shown in Fig. 1. Since 148
only bending vibrations involved in the LR beam, the propagation matrix can be defined 149
as: 150

𝒃+ = 𝒇(𝑥)𝒂+ , 𝒂− = 𝒇(𝑥)𝒃− (7) 151

where 152

𝑎+ 𝑎− 𝑏+ 𝑏−
𝒂+ = [ 1+ ] , 𝒂− = [𝑎1− ] , 𝒃+ = [ 1+ ] , 𝒃− = [ 1− ] (8) 153
𝑎2 2 𝑏2 𝑏2
𝒂+ and 𝒂− are the wave coefficients for forward and backward propagating waves 154
at point A. 𝒃+ and 𝒃− are wave coefficients at point B. 155
−𝑖𝑘1 𝑥
𝒇(𝑥) = [𝑒 0 ] (9) 156
0 𝑒 −𝑘2𝑥

a+ b+
A B
-
a b-
157
Figure. 1. Wave propagation at two points separated by a distance x along a uniform beam. 158

2.3. Reflection at a Free Boundary 159

The boundary condition for the LR beam investigated in this paper is free-free ends. 160
Thus, the transverse force and bending moment must all vanish. The relates of the incident 161
waves 𝒂+ to the reflected waves 𝒂− is expressed with a reflection matrix as: 162

𝒂− = 𝒓𝒇 𝒂+ (10) 163

where 164
−𝑃𝑘1 (−𝑁+𝑘2 )+𝑖𝑘2 𝑁(𝑘1 −𝑃) 2𝑁𝑘2 (−𝑁+𝑘2 )
𝑃𝑘1 (−𝑁+𝑘2 )+𝑖𝑘2 𝑁(𝑘1 −𝑃) 𝑃𝑘1 (−𝑁+𝑘2 )+𝑖𝑘2 𝑁(𝑘1 −𝑃)
𝒓𝒇 = [ 2𝑖𝑃𝑘1 (−𝑃+𝑘1 ) 𝑃𝑘1 (−𝑁+𝑘2 )−𝑖𝑘2 𝑁(𝑘1 −𝑃)
] (11) 165
𝑃𝑘1 (−𝑁+𝑘2 )+𝑖𝑘2 𝑁(𝑘1 −𝑃) 𝑃𝑘1 (−𝑁+𝑘2 )+𝑖𝑘2 𝑁(𝑘1 −𝑃)

2.4. Applied Forces and Moments 166

Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 14

Fig. 2 depicts the waves 𝒂 and 𝒃 generated by the external force applied at 𝑥 = 0. 167
Continuity and equilibrium conditions can be obtained as: 168

𝒃 + − 𝒂+ = 𝒇 (12a) 169

𝒃− − 𝒂− = −𝒇 (12b) 170

where the vectors of the excited wave amplitudes are: 171

𝑖𝑁 𝐹
𝒇=[ ] (13) 172
𝑃 𝐺𝐴𝜅(𝑘2𝑃−𝑘1𝑁)

173
Figure 2. Waves generated by external force. 174

2.5. Transmission and Reflection at the 2-DOF Force-Type Resonator Attached Point 175

The LR beam suspended with 2-DOF force-type resonators is depicted in Fig. 3, 176
where 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are the masses of the resonators, 𝑘𝐴 and 𝑘𝐵 are the stiffnesses of two 177
linear elastic springs, and 𝐿 is the lattice constant of the periodic structure (distance be- 178
tween two adjacent 2 DOF force-type resonators). 179

180
Figure 3. A beam with periodic 2-DOF force-type resonators. 181

Fig. 4 presents the free body diagram of a single resonator on the beam. In the fig- 182
ure, 𝑤𝑚𝐴 and 𝑤𝑚𝐵 donate the transverse deflections of the mass blocks 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 , re- 183
spectively. 𝐹𝐴 is the force caused by the spring between the mass blocks 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 . 184
Similarly, 𝐹𝐵 is the force caused by the spring between the mass block 𝑚2 and the host 185
beam. 𝑤, 𝑢, and 𝜓 are the transverse deflection, axial deflection and angular rotation of 186
the host beam at the point resonator attached. F is the force of the resonator applied on 187
the host beam. Here, for the 2-DOF force-type resonator, 𝐹 = 𝐹𝐵 . Note that, the transverse 188
deflection w is only involved here because the 2-DOF force-type resonator applies trans- 189
verse force only to the host beam. 190
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 14

191
Figure 4. Free body diagram of a cell of resonators. 192

As shown in Fig. 4, the equation of motion of the resonator can be written as: 193

−𝐹𝐴 = 𝑚1 𝑤̈ 𝑚𝐴 (14a) 194

𝐹𝐴 − 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚2 𝑤̈ 𝑚𝐵 (14b) 195

where 196

𝐹𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 (𝑤𝑚𝐴 − 𝑤𝑚𝐵 ) (15a) 197

𝐹𝐵 = 𝑘𝐵 (𝑤𝑚𝐵 − 𝑤) (15b) 198

Combining Eqs. (14) and (15), and considering the motion of the system is time har- 199
monic with frequency 𝜔, the displacements of the mass blocks 𝑤𝑚𝐴 and 𝑤𝑚𝐵 can be ex- 200
pressed in terms of the deflection at the attachment point 𝑤 as: 201
−𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵
𝑤𝑚𝐴 = 𝑤 (16a) 202
𝑘𝐴 𝑚1 𝜔2 +𝑘𝐵 𝑚1 𝜔2 +𝑘𝐴 𝑚2 𝜔2 −𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵

𝑘𝐵 𝑚1 𝜔2 −𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵
𝑤𝑚𝐵 = 𝑤 (16b) 203
𝑘𝐴 𝑚1 𝜔2 +𝑘𝐵 𝑚1 𝜔2 +𝑘𝐴 𝑚2 𝜔2 −𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵

Then, the forces 𝐹𝐴 and 𝐹𝐵 between the mass blocks and host beam can be obtained 204
from Eqs. (15) and (16): 205

𝐹𝐴 = 𝑟1 𝑤 (17a) 206

𝐹 = 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑟2 𝑤 (17b) 207

where 208

−𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑚1 𝜔2
𝑟1 = 209
𝑘𝐴 𝑚1 𝜔 2 + 𝑘𝐵 𝑚1 𝜔 2 + 𝑘𝐴 𝑚2 𝜔 2 − 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵
−𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝜔2
𝑟2 = 210
𝑘𝐴 𝑚1 𝜔 2 + 𝑘𝐵 𝑚1 𝜔 2 + 𝑘𝐴 𝑚2 𝜔 2 − 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵
As in Ref. [40], the applied forces caused by the resonators can be considered as in- 211
jecting waves into the host beam. Substituting the expression of transverse force 𝐹 in Eq. 212
(17b) into Eq. (13), and combing Eqs. (3) and (12), one can obtain the relations of vibration 213
waves at the point resonator attached, 214

𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒂+ 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒃+

[ ] [ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ] = 0 (18) 215
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒂− 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒃−
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 14

where, the coefficient matrices in Eq. (18) are, 216

𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2 + 1 𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2
𝑨𝟏𝟏 = [ ] 217
𝑃𝛽𝑟2 𝑃𝛽𝑟2 + 1
𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2 𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2
𝑨𝟏𝟐 = [ ] 218
𝑃𝛽𝑟2 𝑃𝛽𝑟2
−𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2 −𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2
𝑨𝟐𝟏 = [ ] 219
−𝑃𝛽𝑟2 −𝑃𝛽𝑟2
−𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2 + 1 −𝑖𝑁𝛽𝑟2
𝑨𝟐𝟐 = [ ] 220
−𝑃𝛽𝑟2 −𝑃𝛽𝑟2 + 1
−1 0
𝑩𝟏𝟏 = 𝑩𝟐𝟐 = [ ] 221
0 −1
0 0
𝑩𝟏𝟐 = 𝑩𝟐𝟏 = [ ] 222
0 0
1
𝛽= 223
2(𝐺𝐴𝜅)(𝑘2 𝑃 − 𝑘1 𝑁)

3. Vibration Analysis with Wave-Based Approach 224

Fig. 5 denotes a LR beam suspended periodically with eight 2-DOF force-type reso- 225
nators with the involved wave components. As shown in the figure, the resonators are 226
attached at points B, C, D, E, F, H, J, and K. The lattice constant of the structure is 𝐿. Two 227
ends of the host beam are freely supported. The external force is applied at point G with 228
the generated waves 𝒈+ − + −
𝟏𝟏 , 𝒈𝟏𝟏 , 𝒈𝟏𝟐 and 𝒈𝟏𝟐 .The distance between the point G and the 229
left end of the host beam (point A) is 𝐿11 , and the distance from point G to point B (the 230
first resonator attached point) is 𝐿12 . The length from the last resonator to the right end of 231
the host beam (point M) is 𝐿. According to the propagation, transmission, and reflection 232
relations described in Sec. 2, the relations of waves at discontinuities of the LR beam can 233
be obtained as follows. 234
At eight resonator attachment points B, C, D, E, F, H, J, and K: 235
+ +
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝟏 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝟐
[ ][ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]=0 (19a) 236
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝟐 −
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟐 +
[ ][ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]=0 (19b) 237
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟐 −
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝟐 +
[ ][ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]=0 (19c) 238
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝟐 −
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒆𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒆𝟐 +
[ ][ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]=0 (19d) 239
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝟐 −
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝟐 +
[ ][ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]=0 (19e) 240
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝟐 −
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒉𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒉𝟐 +
[ ][ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]=0 (19f) 241
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝟐 −
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒋𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒋𝟐 +
[ ] [ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ] = 0 (19g) 242
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒋𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒋𝟐 −
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝟏 + 𝑩 𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝟐 +
[ ][ ] + [ 𝟏𝟏 ][ ]=0 (19h) 243
𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝟏 − 𝑩𝟐𝟏 𝑩𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝟐 −
At free support boundaries A and M: 244

𝒂+ = 𝒓𝒇 𝒂− (19i) 245

𝒎 − = 𝒓 𝒇 𝒎+ (19j) 246
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 14

Ten pairs of propagation relations along the beam elements are included for the LR 247
structure, AG, GB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FH, HJ, JK, and KM. 248
Along AG 249
+
𝒈𝟏𝟏 = 𝒇(𝐿11 )𝒂+ , 𝒂− = 𝒇(𝐿11 )𝒈−
𝟏𝟏 (20a) 250

Along GB 251

𝒃𝟏+ = 𝒇(𝐿12 )𝒈+

𝟏𝟐 ,
−
𝒈𝟏𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿12 )𝒃𝟏− (20b) 252

Along BC 253

𝒄+
𝟏 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒃𝟐+ , 𝒃𝟐− = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒄−
𝟏 (20c) 254

Along CD 255

𝒅𝟏+ = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒄+ − −
𝟐 , 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒅𝟏 (20d) 256

Along DE 257

𝒆+ + − −
𝟏 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒅𝟐 , 𝒅𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒆𝟏 (20e) 258

Along EF 259

𝒇+ + − −
𝟏 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒆𝟐 , 𝒆𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒇𝟏 (20f) 260

Along FH 261

𝒉𝟏+ = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒇+ − −
𝟐 , 𝒇𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒉𝟏 (20g) 262

Along HJ 263

𝒋𝟏+ = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒉𝟐+ , 𝒉−
𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒋−
𝟏 (20h) 264

Along JK 265

𝒌+ + − −
𝟏 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒋𝟐 , 𝒋𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒌𝟏 (20i) 266

Along KM 267

𝒎+ = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒌+ −
𝟐 , 𝒌𝟐 = 𝒇(𝐿)𝒎
−
(20j) 268

The relations between the external force and the generated wave amplitudes are: 269
+ +
𝒈𝟏𝟐 − 𝒈𝟏𝟏 =𝒒 (21a) 270
− −
𝒈𝟏𝟐 − 𝒈𝟏𝟏 = −𝒒 (21b) 271

Combing Eqs. (19)-(21) and writing into matrix algebraic form gives: 272

𝑨𝒇 𝒛 𝒇 = 𝑭 (22) 273

where 𝑨𝒇 is a 80 × 80 coefficient matrix, 𝒛𝒇 is a 80 × 1 component vector, and 𝑭 is a 274

80 × 1 vector holding the external transverse forces to the host beam. 275

276
Figure 5. Wave analysis of a finite LR beam. 277
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 14

4. Numerical Results and Discussion 278

Consider the aluminum LR beam suspended with eight periodic 2-DOF force-type 279
resonators like the structure in Fig. 3. Parameters are: The Young’s modulus 𝐸 = 280
70𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 , the Poisson’s ratio 𝑣 = 0.33, the shear modulus is calculated by 𝐺 = 𝐸/2(1 + 281
𝑣) . The mass density 𝜌 = 2700𝑘𝑔/ 𝑚3 . The cross section of the beam elements is 282
3 × 10−3 × 1 × 10−2 𝑚2 . The shear coefficient can be obtained from  = 10(1 + 𝑣)/(12 + 283
11𝑣). The lattice constant is 𝐿 = 0.1𝑚. The loading is applied at the position 𝐿11 = 0.01m 284
from the left end of the host beam, and the 𝐿12 = 0.09𝑚. The distance between measured 285
point and the right end of the host beam is 𝐿𝑚 = 0.01m, and the last resonate has a dis- 286
tance of 𝐿2 = 0.1𝑚 away from the right end of the host beam. 287
To investigate the influences of mass blocks 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 and spring stiffnesses 𝑘𝐴 , 𝑘𝐵 of 288
the resonator on the band-gap width of LR beam suspended with eight periodic 2-DOF 289
force-type resonators, the band-gap widths of the LR beam with different resonator struc- 290
tures are calculated. The mass blocks 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 and spring stiffnesses 𝑘𝐴 , 𝑘𝐵 of all selected 291
resonators are listed in Table 1. 292
With the new developed wave-based analysis approach described above, the band- 293
gap widths of all cases are obtained and the calculation results are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. 294
It can be seen directly from Fig. 6 that the band-gap width increases with the mass of 295
resonator, in the meanwhile, the band-gap moves to lower-frequency. The mass block 𝑚1 296
and 𝑚2 of resonator have the opposite mass ratio in case 1 and case 2. By comparing the 297
band-gap properties in Fig. 6(a) and (b), it can be seen that a larger mass proportion of 𝑚2 298
can realize better band-gap properties with the sum mass of resonator mass 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 299
unchanged. The variation trend of band-gap width with spring stiffness is depicted in Fig. 300
7. Two figures in Fig. 7 show the band-gap width increases with the spring stiffness, and 301
the band-gap moves to higher-frequency in the meanwhile. The opposite spring stiffness 302
ratios are selected in case 3 and case 4. By the comparative analysis of Fig. 7(a) and (b), the 303
band-gap width with spring stiffness ratio 𝑘𝐴 /𝑘𝐵 = 0.25 is much wider than the opposite 304
spring stiffness ratio 𝑘𝐴 /𝑘𝐵 = 4, which shows that the larger spring stiffness 𝑘𝐵 should 305
be selected for a wider band-gaps width. All these results show that the mass and spring 306
stiffness of the resonator are positively correlated with the band-gap width. It also should 307
be noted when the larger values of resonator mass 𝑚2 and spring stiffness 𝑘𝐵 than mass 308
𝑚1 and stiffness 𝑘𝐴 are selected, it is easier to widen the band-gap width in low-fre- 309
quency range. 310

Table 1. Schemes of mass distribution and spring stiffness of resonates 311

Case 𝒎𝟏 (𝒈) 𝒎𝟐 (𝒈) 𝒌𝑨 (𝑵/𝒎) 𝒌𝑩 (𝑵/𝒎) Relations

Case 1 2~20 20~200 8.1921e3 8.1921e3 m1 /m2 = 0.1
Scheme 1
Case 2 20~200 2~20 8.1921e3 8.1921e3 m1 /m2 = 10
Case 3 10 10 2000~12000 8000~48000 𝑘𝐴 /𝑘𝐵 = 0.25
Scheme 2
Case 4 10 10 8000~48000 2000~12000 𝑘𝐴 /𝑘𝐵 = 4
312

313
(a) (b) 314
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 14

Figure 6. The band-gap widths vary with mass distribution with the same spring stiffness. (a) The band-gap widths vary 315
with 𝑚1 of Case 1; (b) The band-gap widths vary with 𝑚2 of Case 2. 316

317
(a) (b) 318

Figure 7. The band-gap widths vary with spring stiffness with the same mass distribution. (a) The band-gap widths vary 319
with 𝑘𝐴 of Case 3; (b) The band-gap widths vary with 𝑘𝐵 of Case 4. 320

In order to verify the calculation accuracy of the wave-based analysis approach for 321
this kind of finite periodic LR beams, several sets of resonators are selected. The physical 322
parameters including the first 2 natural frequencies of the resonators are listed in Table 2. 323
The band-gap widths are calculated by wave-based analysis approach and FEM (ANSYS 324
Workbench), respectively. 325

Table 2. Different mass and spring stiffness of resonator samples 326

Resonator 𝒎𝟏 (𝒈) 𝒎𝟐 (𝒈) 𝒌𝑨 (𝑵/𝒎) 𝒌𝑩 (𝑵/𝒎) Mode 1 (Hz) Mode 2 (Hz)

Resonator 1 10.027 10.027 8.1921 × 103 8.1921 × 103 88.97 232.8
Resonator 2 20.054 10.027 1.6384 × 104 8.1921 × 103 74.48 277.9
Resonator 3 10.027 20.054 8.1921 × 103 1.6384 × 104 101.7 203.5
Resonator 4 20.054 20.054 1.6384 × 104 1.6384 × 104 88.91 232.77
As shown in Table 2, these resonator samples we selected have some relations - the 327
value of mass block 𝑚1 and spring stiffness 𝑘𝐴 in resonator 2 are 2 times greater than 328
resonator 1, and the resonator 3 have 2 times the mass 𝑚2 and stiffness 𝑘𝐵 in resonator 329
1. For resonator 4, all 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑘𝐴 , and 𝑘𝐵 are 2 times greater than resonator 1. As already 330
known from Figs. 6 and 7, the band-gap width is greater with the increase of resonator 331
mass and spring stiffness. Here, we increase 𝑘𝐴 and 𝑘𝐵 along with 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 , respec- 332
tively, to make sure the natural frequencies of the resonators are close to each other. The 333
effect of (a) 𝑚1 and 𝑘𝐴 , (b) 𝑚2 and 𝑘𝐵 on the band-gaps of the LR beam is discussed in 334
later results. 335
In the simulation, two ends of the host beam were free supported. Fig. 8 depicts one 336
of the geometrical models for FEM simulation. The red arrow in the figure represents the 337
harmonic force excitation with frequency range from 0 to 450Hz applied on the loading 338
site of the host beam in y direction. The loading site was the point with a distance 𝐿11 = 339
0.01𝑚 from the left end of the host beam. In the meanwhile, the measured point was the 340
point with a distance 𝐿𝑚 = 0.01𝑚 from the right end. 341
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 14

342
Figure 8. Structural model in the FEM simulation. 343

The frequency response function (FRF) of the finite LR beam suspended with differ- 344
ent sets of resonators respectively are analyzed through the new developed wave-based 345
vibration analysis approach and FEM, as is shown in the following Fig. 9. It can be seen 346
from the comparisons that the FRF curves of the periodic beam calculated by wave-based 347
vibration analysis approach and FEM are very close to each other. The fitness of the FRF 348
results calculated by the two methods verifies the correctness of the wave-based analysis 349
method proposed to calculate the band-gap properties of the finite periodic LR beam. 350

351

(a) (b) 352

353

(c) (d) 354

Figure 9. The FRF of the LR beam using wave-based vibration analysis approach and FEM. (a) The comparison of FRF 355
with resonator 1; (b) The comparison of FRF with resonator 2; (c) The comparison of FRF with resonator 3; (d) The com- 356
parison of FRF with resonator 4. 357

For a further insight into the propagation characteristics of the finite periodic LR 358
beam with different resonators, and how the mass and spring stiffness of resonator influ- 359
ence the band-gap width, the FRF curves of the LR beams with these four different sets of 360
resonators are plotted in Fig. 10. From Fig. 10 we can find that the band-gap widths of all 361
cases are wider than the one with resonator 1, and the degree of width is related to the 362
mass distribution and spring stiffness of resonators. 363
In order to observe the effects of the mass distribution and spring stiffness of the 364
resonator on the band-gap width more accurately, the band-gap widths and boundaries 365
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 14

of the LR beam with different resonators are summarized in Table 3. The data in Table 3 366
shows that the lower boundaries of the band-gaps are all around the first 2 natural fre- 367
quencies of the resonators, respectively. As excepted, the band-gap width broadens with 368
the increase of resonator mass and spring stiffness. Furthermore, the increase of (a) 𝑚1 369
and 𝑘𝐴 , (b) 𝑚2 and 𝑘𝐵 have different effects on the band-gaps. The band-gap width with 370
resonator 2 in lower-frequency range is increased by 26.8% than the one with resonator 1, 371
which depicts that the increase of mass block 𝑚1 and 𝑘𝐴 is beneficial to widen the band- 372
gap width in lower-frequency range. The band-gap width with resonator 3 in higher-fre- 373
quency range is 3.14 times greater than the one with resonator 1, this result shows that it 374
is effective to increase the mass block 𝑚2 and 𝑘𝐵 to widen the band-gap width in higher- 375
frequency range. The mass blocks 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 and spring stiffnesses 𝑘𝐴 , 𝑘𝐵 in resonator 4 is 2 376
times greater than in resonator 1, then the band-gap widths are increased by 40% in lower- 377
frequency range and 157.07% in higher-frequency range than the one with resonator 1. All 378
these results illustrate the variation trend of band-gap width with mass distribution and 379
spring stiffness. 380

381
Figure 10. The FRFs of the LR beam suspended with different resonates. 382

Table 3. Summary of band-gap widths 383

Lower frequency band-gap (Hz) Higher frequency band-gap (Hz)

Resonator
Region (Hz) Width Region (Hz) Width
Resonator 1 [84.35,148.01] 63.66 [230.77, 253.06] 22.29
Resonator 2 [71.62, 151.20] 79.58 [275.34, 288.07] 12.73
Resonator 3 [97.08, 160.75] 63.67 [202.13, 272.16] 70.03
Resonator 4 [84.35, 173.48] 89.13 [227.59, 284.89] 57.30

5. Conclusions 384
In this paper, the wave-based vibration analysis approach was employed and devel- 385
oped in solving forced vibrations of a finite LR beam suspended periodically with 2-DOF 386
force-type resonators. With the consideration of the applied force caused by resonator as 387
the injecting wave into the host beam, the reflection and transmission matrices at the 2- 388
DOF force-type resonator attached point were derived, and the propagation characteris- 389
tics of Timoshenko beam periodically suspended with eight 2-DOF force-type resonators 390
were analyzed. The vibration analysis procedure is only a simple assembly of the involved 391
reflection and transmission matrices, which shows the high efficiency of the derived ana- 392
lytical method in vibration analysis of finite LR beams. The band-gap properties of several 393
examples were calculated with the developed wave-based analysis approach and FEM, 394
good agreements with FEM results showed the high accuracy of the analytical method. 395
Thus, the developed wave-based analysis approach can be used as a valuable tool in vi- 396
bration analysis of finite LR beams. In particular, the influence of mass and spring stiffness 397
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 14

of the resonators on band-gaps width of Timoshenko beams were investigated with dif- 398
ferent cases. It was found that the mass and spring stiffness 𝑚1 and 𝑘𝐴 of the resonator 399
were in charge of the lower-frequency band-gap of the LR beam, while 𝑚2 and 𝑘𝐵 had 400
more influence on higher-frequency band-gap. The results in this paper provide guidance 401
in design of LR beam for vibration attenuation in engineering practice. 402
403
Author Contributions: Conceptualization and methodology, Hangyuan Lv; writing—original draft 404
preparation, Shangjie Li; supervision, Xianzhen Huang; validation, Zhongliang Yu. All authors 405
have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 406

Funding: This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 407
51975110), Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (Grant No. XLYC1907171) and Fundamental 408
Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. N2003005 and N2003027). 409

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 410
personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 411

References 412
1. Lu M.; Feng Y. Phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials. Mater Today 2009, 12: 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369- 413
7021(09)70315-3 414
2. Hussein M.I.; Leamy M.J.; Ruzzene M. Dynamics of phononic materials and structures: historical origins, recent progress, and 415
future outlook. Appl Mech Rev 2014, 66: 040802. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026911 416
3. Kaina N.; Lemoult F.; Fink M.; Lerosey G. Negative refractive index and acoustic superlens from multiple scattering in single 417
negative metamaterials. Nature 2015, 525: 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14678 418
4. Huang S.; Peng L.; Sun H.; Wang Q.; Zhao W.; Wang S. Frequency response of an underwater acoustic focusing composite lens. 419
Appl Acoust 2021 173: 107692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107692 420
5. Guo J.; Zhou J. An ultrathin acoustic carpet cloak based on resonators with extended necks. J Phys D 2020, 53: 505501. 421
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/abac2e 422
6. Maldovan M. Sound and heat revolutions in phononics. Nature 2013, 503: 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12608 423
7. Hinakura Y.; Akiyama D.; Ito H.; Baba T. Silicon Photonic Crystal Modulators for High-Speed Transmission and Wavelength 424
Division Multiplexing. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2021, 27: 3026957. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2020 425
8. Memoli G.; Caleap M.; Asakawa M.; Sahoo D.R.; Drinkwater B.W.; Subramanian S. Metamaterial bricks and quantization of 426
meta-surfaces. Nat Commun 2017, 8:14608. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14608 427
9. Lv H.; Tian X.; Wang M.Y.; Li D. Vibration energy harvesting using a phononic crystal with point defect. Appl Phys Lett 2013, 428
102: 034103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4788810 429
10. Hyun J.; Choi W.; Kim M. Gradient-index phononic crystals for highly dense flexural energy harvesting. Appl Phys Lett 2019, 430
115: 173901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5111566 431
11. Zhang Z.; Han X.K. A new hybrid phononic crystal in low frequencies. Phys Lett A 2016, 380 3766-3772. 432
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2016.09.019 433
12. Li S.; Dou Y.; Chen T.; Xu J.; Li B.; Zhang F. Designing a broad locally-resonant bandgap in a phononic crystals. Phys Lett A 434
2019, 383(12): 1371-1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2019.01.061 435
13. Matlack K.H.; Bauhofer A.; Krödel S.; Palermo A.; Daraio C. Composite 3D-printed metastructures for low-frequency and 436
broadband vibration absorption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2016, 113(30): 8386-8390. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600171113 437
14. An X.; Lai C.; Fan H.; Zhang C. 3D acoustic metamaterial-based mechanical metalattice structures for low-frequency and broad- 438
band vibration attenuation. Int J Solids Struct 2020, 191: 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.01.020 439
15. Yu D.; Liu Y.; Zhao H.; Wang G.; Qiu J. Flexural vibration band gaps in Euler-Bernoulli beams with locally resonant structures 440
with two degrees of freedom. Phys Rev B 2006, 73: 64301. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.064301 441
16. Yu D.; Liu Y.; Wang G.; Zhao H.; Qiu J. Flexural vibration band gaps in Timoshenko beams with locally resonant structures. J 442
Appl Phys 2006, 100: 124901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2400803 443
17. Zhu R.; Liu X.; Hu G.; Sun C.; Huang G. A chiral elastic metamaterial beam for broadband vibration suppression. J Sound Vib 444
2014, 333: 2759-2773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2014.01.009 445
18. Casalotti A.; El-Borgi S.; Lacarbonara W. Metamaterial beam with embedded nonlinear vibration absorbers. Int J Non Linear 446
Mech 2017, 98: 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2017.10.002 447
19. Zuo S.; Ni T.; Wu X. Studies of band-gaps in flexural vibrations of a locally resonant beam with novel multioscillator configu- 448
ration. J Vib Control 2017, 23: 1663-1674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546315598032 449
20. Zhou J.; Dou L.; Wang K.; Xu D.; Ouyang H. A nonlinear resonator with inertial amplification for low-frequency flexural wave 450
attenuations in beams. Nonlinear Dyn 2019, 96: 647-665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-019-04812-1 451
21. Gao F.; Wu Z.; Li F.; Zhang C. Numerical and experimental analysis of the vibration and band-gap properties of elastic beams 452
with periodically variable cross sections. Waves Random Complex Media 2019, 29: 299-316. 453
https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2018.1430918 454
Crystals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 14

22. Xiao Y.; Wen J.; Yu D.; Wen X. Flexural wave propagation in beams with periodically attached vibration absorbers: band-gap 455
behavior and band formation mechanisms. J Sound Vib 2012, 332(4): 867-893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.09.035 456
23. Chen Y.; Hu G.; Huang G. A hybrid elastic metamaterial with negative mass density and tunable bending stiffness. J Mech Phys 457
Solids 2017, 105: 179-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2017.05.009 458
24. Hajhosseini M.; Rafeeyan M.; Ebrahimi S. Vibration band gap analysis of a new periodic beam model using GDQR method. 459
Mech Res Commun 2017, 79: 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2017.01.002 460
25. Beli D.; Arruda J.R.F.; Ruzzene M. Wave propagation in elastic metamaterial beams and plates with interconnected resonators. 461
Int J Solids Struct 2018, 139-140: 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.01.027 462
26. Chen S.; Song Y.; Zhang H. Wave Propagation in L-Shape Beams with Piezoelectric Shunting Arrays. Shock Vib 2019, 2019: 463
6264251. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6264251 464
27. Liu L.; Hussein M.I. Wave Motion in Periodic Flexural Beams and Characterization of the Transition Between Bragg Scattering 465
and Local Resonance. J Appl Mech 2012, 79(1): 011003. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004592 466
28. Liang X.; Wang T.; Jiang X.; Ruan Y.; Deng Y. A Numerical Method for Flexural Vibration Band Gaps in A Phononic Crystal 467
Beam with Locally Resonant Oscillators. Crystals 2019, 9(6):293. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9060293 468
29. Xiao Y.; Wen J.; Wen X. Broadband locally resonant beams containing multiple periodic arrays of attached resonators. Phys Lett 469
A 2012, 376(16): 1384-1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2012.02.059 470
30. Pai P.; Peng H.; Jiang S. Acoustic metamaterial beams based on multi-frequency vibration absorbers. Int J Mech Sci 2014, 79: 195- 471
205. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijmecsci.2013.12.013 472
31. Wang T.; Sheng M.; Qin Q. Multi-flexural band gaps in an Euler–Bernoulli beam with lateral local resonators. Phys Lett A 2016, 473
380(4): 525-529. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.physleta.2015.12.010. 474
32. Li J.; Li S. Generating ultra wide low-frequency gap for transverse wave isolation via inertial amplification effects. Phys Lett A 475
2018, 382(5): 241-247. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.physleta.2017.11.023 476
33. Xiao Y.; Wen J.; Wang G.; Wen X. Theoretical and experimental study of locally resonant and Bragg band gaps in flexural beams 477
carrying periodic arrays of beamlike resonators. J Vib Acoust 2013, 135(4): 041006. https://doi. org/10.1115/1.4024214 478
34. Wu X.; Li Y.; Zuo S. The study of a locally resonant beam with aperiodic mass distribution. Appl Acoust 2020, 165: 107306. 479
https://doi. org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107306 480
35. Mei C.; Mace B.R. Wave reflection and transmission in Timoshenko beams and wave analysis of Timoshenko beam structures. 481
J Vib Acoust 2005, 127(4): 382-394. https://doi. org/10.1115/1.1924647 482
36. Lv H.; Zhang Y. A wave-based vibration analysis of a finite Timoshenko locally resonant beam suspended with periodic un- 483
coupled force-moment type resonators. Crystals 2020, 10(12): 1132. https://doi. org/10.3390/cryst10121132 484
37. Leamy M.J. Exact wave-based Bloch analysis procedure for investigating wave propagation in two-dimensional periodic lat- 485
tices. J Sound Vib 2012, 331(7): 1580-1596. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jsv.2011.11.023 486
38. Lv H.; Leamy M.J. Damping Frame Vibrations Using Anechoic Stubs: Analysis Using an Exact Wave-Based Approach. J Vib 487
Acoust 2021, 143(5): 051012. https://doi. org/10.1115/1.4049388 488
39. Graff K.F. Wave Motion in Elastic Solids. Ohio State University Press: Columbus, OH, USA, 1975. 489
40. Mei C. A Wave-Based Analytical Solution to Free Vibrations in a Combined Euler–Bernoulli Beam/Frame and a Two-Degree- 490
of-Freedom Spring–Mass System. J Vib Acoust 2018, 140(6): 061001. https://doi. org/10.1115/1.4039961 491