Bài giảng / Slide 46 (C.

3)

Đề
Pareto diagram for Frequency and Cost:
No Defect Number of defects Cost per unit
1 Underside 224 0.25
2 Nicks 149 0.1
3 Parallelism 58 1.25
4 Porosity 52 0.75
5 Concentricity 46 1.25
6 Oversize 5 1.25
Total 534

FREQUENCY
Pareto analysis for Frequency Ranking
No Defect Number of defects Percent
1 Underside 224 41.9
2 Nicks 149 27.9
3 Parallelism 58 10.9
4 Porosity 52 9.7
5 Concentricity 46 8.6
6 Oversize 5 0.9
Total 534 100

COST
Pareto analysis for Cost Ranking
No Defect Total cost of defect Percent
1 Parallelism 72.5 29.5
2 Concentricity 57.5 23.4
3 Underside 56 22.8
4 Porosity 39 15.8
5 Nicks 14.9 6.1
6 Oversize 6.25 2.5
Total 246.15 100

Bài extra - Buổi TA 3 (C.3)

Đề
Pareto diagram for Frequency and Cost:
No Defect Frequency Repair cost/unit
1 A 200 2
2 B 300 2.5
3 C 120 3
4 D 500 1
5 E 90 3
6 F 70 4
Total 1280
FREQUENCY
Pareto analysis for Frequency Ranking
No Defect Frequency Percent
1 D 500 39.1
2 B 300 23.4
3 A 200 15.6
4 C 120 9.4
5 E 90 7.0
6 F 70 5.5
Total 1280 100

COST
Pareto analysis for Cost Ranking
No Defect Total cost of defect Percent
1 B 750 29.3
2 D 500 19.5
3 A 400 15.6
4 C 360 14.1
5 F 280 10.9
6 E 270 10.5
Total 2560 100

Ex 3.10/tr15 (C.3)
Đề
No Cause of fire Number of fires
1 Open flames 10
2 Electrical wires 21
3 Electrical appliances 12
4 Children who played with fire 15
5 Heating 27 Vậy bài này làm theo Frequency
6 Smoking 49
7 Cooking 17
8 Other 31
Total 182

a/ FREQUENCY
Pareto analysis for Frequency Ranking
No Cause of fire Number of fires Percent
1 Smoking 49 26.9
2 Heating 27 14.8
3 Electrical wires 21 11.5
4 Cooking 17 9.3
5 Children who played with fire 15 8.2
6 Electrical appliances 12 6.6
7 Open flames 10 5.5
 8 Other 31 17.0
Total 182

A Brief summary of your finding:

b/ Could these dataa be ralated to quality management?

Ex 3.11/tr15 (C.3)
Đề
Pareto diagram for Frequency and the average weekly costs of defect printed circuit boards
Average scrap
Frequency = No of
No Defect type and repair
Defects
cost/defect
1 Defective components 105 12.6
2 Component out of alignment 210 4.75
3 Improper solder joint 32 8.75
4 Solder balls 76 3.25
5 Component missing 8 2.5
Total 431

FREQUENCY
Pareto analysis for Frequency Ranking
Frequency = No of
No Defect type Percent
Defects
1 Component out of alignment 210 48.7
2 Defective components 105 24.4
3 Solder balls 76 17.6
4 Improper solder joint 32 7.4
5 Component missing 8 1.9
Total 431 100

COST
Pareto analysis for Cost Ranking
No Defect type Total cost Percent
1 Defective components 1323 46.1
2 Component out of alignment 997.5 34.8
3 Improper solder joint 280 9.8
4 Solder balls 247 8.6
5 Component missing 20 0.7
Total 2867.5 100
Ex 3.12/tr15 (C.3)
Đề
Different reasons people phone the bank
No Customer's questions Frequency
1 Credit Card Payment Questions 245
2 Transfer Call to Another Department 145
3 Balance Questions 377
4 Payment Receipt Questions 57 Vậy bài này làm theo Frequency
5 Finance Charges Questions 30
6 Other 341
Total 1195

a/ FREQUENCY
Pareto analysis for Frequency Ranking
No Customer's questions Frequency Percent
1 Balance Questions 377 31.5
2 Credit Card Payment Questions 245 20.5
3 Transfer Call to Another Department 145 12.1
4 Payment Receipt Questions 57 4.8
5 Finance Charges Questions 30 2.5
6 Other 341 28.5
Total 1195 100

b/ What steps would u take to deal with the situation in your quality improvement team

c/ Comment on what u would do about the high number of calls in the "Other" column

Ex 3.13/tr15 (C.3)
Đề
Creat a Pareto chart with this information
No Complaint No of Complaints
1 Cold Food 105
2 Flimsy Utensils 20
3 Food Tastes Bad 10
4 Salad Not Fresh 94
5 Poor Service 15 Vậy bài này làm theo Frequency
6 Food Greasy 9
7 Lack of Courtesy 5
8 Lack of Cleanliness 25
Total 283
FREQUENCY
Pareto analysis for Frequency Ranking
No Defect Frequency Percent
1 Cold Food 105 37.1
2 Salad Not Fresh 94 33.2
3 Lack of Cleanliness 25 8.8
4 Flimsy Utensils 20 7.1
5 Poor Service 15 5.3
6 Food Tastes Bad 10 3.5
7 Food Greasy 9 3.2
8 Lack of Courtesy 5 1.8
Total 283 100
 Total cost of defect
56
14.9
72.5
39
57.5
6.25
246.15

Accumulative percent
41.9
69.9
80.7
90.4
99.1
100.0

Accumulative percent
29.5
52.8
75.6
91.4
97.5
100.0

Total cost
400
750
360
500
270
280
2560
 Accumulative percent
39.1
62.5
78.1
87.5
94.5
100.0

Accumulative percent
29.3
48.8
64.5
78.5
89.5
100.0

i này làm theo Frequency

Accumulative percent
26.9
41.8
53.3
62.6
70.9
77.5
83.0
 100.0

it boards

Total cost

1323
997.5
280
247
20
2867.5

Accumulative percent
48.7
73.1
90.7
98.1
100.0

Accumulative percent
46.1
80.9
90.7
99.3
100.0
i này làm theo Frequency

Accumulative percent
31.5
52.1
64.2
69.0
71.5
100.0

t team

umn

i này làm theo Frequency

Accumulative percent
37.1
70.3
79.2
86.2
91.5
95.1
98.2
100.0
Other xếp cuối cùng khi phân hạng
Dù nó là cột cao nhất: Nằm cuối và nằm bên phải

Cost --> dùng Total cost

Frequency --> dùng number of unit
Cost per unit = Repair cost/unit

Cost --> dùng Total cost

Frequency --> dùng number of unit
Cost per unit = Repair cost/unit
 Average Range
Sample Number x1 x2 x3 x4 x-bar R
1 6 9 10 15 10 9
2 10 4 6 11 7.75 7
3 7 8 10 5 7.5 5
4 8 9 6 13 9 7
5 9 10 7 13 9.75 6
6 12 11 10 10 10.75 2
7 16 10 8 9 10.75 8
8 7 5 10 4 6.5 6
9 9 7 8 12 9 5
10 15 16 10 13 13.5 6
11 8 12 14 16 12.5 8
12 6 13 9 11 9.75 7
13 16 9 13 15 13.25 7
14 7 13 10 12 10.5 6
15 11 7 10 16 11 9
16 15 10 11 14 12.5 5
17 9 8 12 10 9.75 4
18 15 7 10 11 10.75 8
19 8 6 9 12 8.75 6
20 13 14 11 15 13.25 4
Total 206.5 125

n=4

Sample # x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄ x₅
1 -30 50 -20 10 30
2 0 50 -60 -20 30
3 -50 10 -20 30 20
4 -10 -10 30 -20 50
5 20 -40 50 20 10
6 0 0 40 -40 20
7 0 0 20 -20 10
8 70 -30 30 -10 0
9 0 0 20 -20 10
10 10 20 30 10 50
 11 40 0 20 0 20
12 30 20 30 10 40
13 30 30 0 10 10
14 30 -10 50 -10 -30
15 10 -10 50 40 0
16 0 0 30 -10 0
17 20 20 30 30 -20
18 10 -20 50 30 10
19 50 -10 40 20 0
20 50 0 0 30 10
Total

TABLE 6E.4
Printed Circuit Board Thickness for Exercise 6.4
Sample Average
Number x1 x2 x3 x-bar
1 0.0629 0.0636 0.0640 0.0635
2 0.0630 0.0631 0.0622 0.0628
3 0.0628 0.0631 0.0633 0.0631
4 0.0634 0.0630 0.0631 0.0632
5 0.0619 0.0628 0.0630 0.0626
6 0.0613 0.0629 0.0634 0.0625
7 0.0630 0.0639 0.0625 0.0631
8 0.0628 0.0627 0.0622 0.0626
9 0.0623 0.0626 0.0633 0.0627
10 0.0631 0.0631 0.0633 0.0632
11 0.0635 0.0630 0.0638 0.0634
12 0.0623 0.0630 0.0630 0.0628
13 0.0635 0.0631 0.0630 0.0632
14 0.0645 0.0640 0.0631 0.0639
15 0.0619 0.0644 0.0632 0.0632
16 0.0631 0.0627 0.0630 0.0629
17 0.0616 0.0623 0.0631 0.0623
18 0.0630 0.0630 0.0626 0.0629
19 0.0636 0.0631 0.0629 0.0632
20 0.0640 0.0635 0.0629 0.0635
21 0.0628 0.0625 0.0616 0.0623
22 0.0615 0.0625 0.0619 0.0620
23 0.0630 0.0632 0.0630 0.0631
24 0.0635 0.0629 0.0635 0.0633
25 0.0623 0.0629 0.0630 0.0627
 Total 1.5738

Centerline UCL CLC

n=3 A2 x-bar chart 0.062952 0.0639 0.0620

R chart 0.00092 0.0024 0

 Sắp xếp tăng dần
x-bar R
13.5 6
13.25 7
13.25 4
12.5 8
12.5 5
11 9
10.75 8
10.75 8
10.75 2
10.5 6
10 9
9.75 7
9.75 6
9.75 4
9 7
9 5
8.75 6
7.75 7
7.5 5
6.5 6

Average Range
x-bar R
8 80
0 110
-2 80
8 70
12 90
4 80
2 40
12 100
2 40
24 40
 16 40
26 30
16 30
6 80
18 60
4 40
16 50
16 70
20 60
18 50
226 1240

Range
R
0.0011
0.0009
0.0005
0.0004
0.0011
0.0021
0.0014
0.0006
0.0010
0.0002
0.0008
0.0007
0.0005
0.0014
0.0025
0.0004
0.0015 n=3 A2= 1.02
0.0004 D3= 0
0.0007 D4= 2.57
0.0011
0.0012
0.0010
0.0002
0.0006
0.0007
0.0230

Average Range
x-bar R
0.0639 0.0014
0.0635 0.0011
0.0635 0.0011
0.0634 0.0008
0.0633 0.0006
0.0632 0.0007
0.0632 0.0005
0.0632 0.0025
0.0632 0.0004
0.0632 0.0002
0.0631 0.0014
0.0631 0.0005
0.0631 0.0002
0.0629 0.0004
0.0629 0.0004
0.0628 0.0009
0.0628 0.0007
0.0627 0.0010
0.0627 0.0007
0.0626 0.0011
0.0626 0.0006
0.0625 0.0021
0.0623 0.0015
0.0623 0.0012
0.0620 0.0010
Example: Error of measurement

Observation Xo = 5.01
so = 0.03

Instrument q= 0.02
se = 0.025

Specification m= 5 USL =
tolerance = + 0.04 LSL =

Calculate p is outside specification

xt = 4.99
Sigma (p) = 0.01658312

Z1 = 3.0 p1 =
Z2 = 1.81 p2 =
p = p1+p2 =

Z1 = (xt - LSL)/Sigma(p)
Z2 = (USL - xt)/Sigma(p)

Ex 4.20

N= 10000 Code letter : L

Inspection level II (normal) (Table 1)
AQL = 4%
Single sampling
a)
Sampling plan n= 200
(Table 2-A) Ac = 14
Re = 15

b)
k = 10 < Ac =14 Accept
p < 4%
Wrong

c) Pa = ? p= 4%

np = 8
Ac = r = 14
Pa = 98.3% (Table C)

Ex 4.21

N= 900 - 1200
Inspection level II
AQL = 1%
Single sampling

a)
Code letter (Table 1) J
Sampling plan n= 80
(Table 2-A) Ac = 2
Re = 3

b) p% = ?
Pa = 1 - Pa = 0.5

Table C np Pa
(Poisson Distributtion) 2.6 0.518
? 0.5
2.8 0.469

np = 2.6+(0.518-0.5)(2.8-2.6)/(0.518-0.5)
2.67

p= 3.34%

c) Pa = ? p= 1%

np = 0.8

Pa = 95.3% (Table C)

Ex 4.18

N= 15000
Inspection level I, II, III
AQL = 0.15%
Single sampling

Level I Level II Level III

Table 1 K M N
n= 50 315 500
Ac = 0 1 1
Re = 1 2 2
Table 2-C Table 2-A Table 2-B

Ex 4.19

N= 1200 - 1800
Inspection level II
AQL = 1%
Double sampling
p= 0.30%
a)
Code letter (Table 1) K
Table 3-A
First sampling plan n1 = 80
Ac1 = 1
Re1 = 3

Second sampling plan n2 = 80

Ac2 = 4
Re2 = 5

b) p% = ?
Pa = 10%
np = 3.9 (Table C)
p= 4.875%

c) 1-Pa = ? p= 4%

np = 3.2
Pa = 17.10% (Table C)
1 - Pa = 82.90%
 5.04
4.96

0.0013
0.0351
3.64%