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CHAPTER 2
Problem 2.1 Describe the laws of (a) multiple proportions and (b) mass conservation as related to atoms
and their chemical properties.
Answer 2.1: (a) The law of multiple proportions states that atoms of one pure substance are different
from the atoms of other pure substances and when combined, in specific simple fractions, form
different compounds. (b) The law of mass conservation states that a chemical reaction is explained by
separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms and that a chemical reaction does not lead to
creation or destruction of matter.
Problem 2.2 How did scientists find out that atoms themselves are made up of smaller particles?
Answer 2.2: Henri Becquerel and Marie and Pierre Curie showed that some atoms spontaneously emit
rays and named this phenomenon radioactivity. The radiation was shown to consist of (alpha),
(Beta), and (gamma) rays. It was also shown that and particles have both charge and mass while
particles have no detectable mass or charge.
Problem 2.3 How was the existence of electrons first verified? Discuss the characteristics of electrons.
Answer 2.3: Joseph J. Thompson using cathode ray tube experiments concluded that atoms in all
matters are made of smaller particles that are negatively charged. The negatively charged plate
(cathode) emits an invisible ray that is attracted by the positively charged plate (anode). The invisible ray
is called a cathode ray and is made up of electrons. He also calculated the ratio of mass to charge of
these electrons to be 5.60 X 10-19 g/C where Coulomb, C, is the unit of electrical charge. Robert
Millikan9, in his oil-drop experiments, determined the fundamental quantity of charge or the charge of
an electron (regardless of the source) to be 1.60 X 10-19 C. For an electron, this quantity of charge is
represented by -1. Using the ratio of mass to charge of the electron measured by Thompson and the
charge of the electron measured by Millikan, the mass of an electron was determined to be 8.96 X 10-28
g.
Answer 2.4: Ernest Rutherford, bombarded a very thin foil of gold with positively charged particles. He
noticed that many of the particles pass through the foil without deflection, some are slightly
deflected, and a few are either largely deflected or completely bounce back. He concluded that 1) most
of the atom must be made up of empty space (thus most particles pass through without deflection) and
2) a small neighborhood at the center of the atom, the nucleus, houses positively charged particles of its
own. He suggested that those alpha particles that deflected intensely or bounced back must have
interacted closely with the positively charged nucleus of the atom. The positively charged particles in
the nucleus were called protons. It was later determined that the proton carries the same quantity of
charge as an electron but opposite in sign and has a mass of 1.672 X 10-24 g (1840 times the mass of the
electron). For a proton this quantity of charge is represented by +1. Also, since atoms are electrically
neutral, they must have an equal number of electrons and protons.
Problem 2.5 What are the similarities and differences among protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Compare in detail.
Answer 2.5: Using the information in Table 2.1, one can summarize that protons and neutrons
significantly higher mass and basically constitute the total mass of the atom (the mass of electron is
minimal in comparison). On the other hand, charge of the atom comes equally from its electrons
(negative) and protons (positive). Neutron is not charged.
Charge
Particle Mass (g)
Coulomb (C) Charge Unit
Answer 2.6: One mole of iron corresponds to the number of atoms needed to create a mass in units of
grams (55.85 grams) numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu of the substance under consideration.
Thus one atom of iron has an atomic mass of 55.85 amu.
Problem 2.7 One atom of oxygen has a mass of 16.00 amu, without any calculations determine the mass
in grams of one mole of oxygen atoms.
Answer 2.7: One mole of oxygen corresponds to the number of atoms needed to create a mass in units
of grams (16.00 grams) numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu of the substance under
consideration. Thus one atom of iron has an atomic mass of 16.00 amu.
Problem 2.8 Define a) atomic number, b) atomic mass, c) atomic mass unit (amu), d) mass number, e)
isotopes, f) mole, g) relative atomic mass, h) average relative atomic mass, and i) Avogadro’s number.
Answer 2.8:
a) atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the atomic number (Z).
b) atomic mass – the mass of one atom of a substance expressed in amu.
c) atomic mass unit (amu) - one amu is defined as exactly 1/12th the mass of a carbon atom with 6
protons and 6 neutrons.
d) mass number - the sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom.
e) isotopes – atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
f) mole - one mole or gram-mole (mol) of any element is defined as the amount of substance that
contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms.
g) relative atomic mass - the mass in grams of one mole of an element is called the relative atomic
mass, molar mass, or the atomic weight.
h) average relative atomic mass
i) Avogadro’s number – number of atoms in one mole of an element.
[1] "East of Suez ... there lies upon the eyes and foreheads of all men a
law which is not found in the European Decalogue; and this law runs:
'Thou shalt honour and worship the man whom God shall set above thee
for thy king; if he cherish thee thou shalt love him; and if he plunder and
oppress thee thou shalt still love him, for thou art his slave and his
chattel.'" Imperial Rule in India (Page 43). Theodore Morison.
There must come a time when the people of every habitable part of the
world will have tried the system of government by majority of elected
representatives. Even in the case of a nation like China, which has at
present no desire among its proportionally small class of educated minds for
such a form of rule, the popular longing for enfranchisement will arise, and
sooner or later a representative form of government will be established. The
obviously possible oppression and tyranny of democratic rule are dangers
which no people as a whole will learn except by their own experience. The
stirring spirit of life that brings man self-reliance will make him claim his
share in the ordering of his own country sooner or later but in any case
sooner than he has been able to learn that a measure is liberal or tyrannous,
not according to the type of government that imposes it but according to the
degree of liberty it secures to, or takes away from, the individuals it affects.
How many Englishmen who have ever given a thought to India have
imagined themselves for a moment as natives of that land? Try to put
yourself in the place of any native-born Indian and consider fairly what
your thought would be about politics or government. If you were a ryot, an
uneducated villager, you would know nothing of such matters. For you, all
life and its affairs would be in the hands of the gods and the money-lender,
and endeavours to assuage their wrath or cruelty, to induce their patronage
or favour, would exhaust whatever surplus energy remained from daily
rounds of toil.
But put yourself for a moment in the place of the young Mohammedan
who has just left his university and is trying to obtain a berth in the post-
office, or of a Hindoo medical assistant in the hospital of a country town, or
of a large native landowner who has just left college and succeeded to an
estate in Bengal, or of a native pleader in the courts, or of a native assistant
magistrate—would you then be quite indifferent to questions of government
and politics? You would feel conscious that you were being ruled by
strangers whose superiority, in whatever respects you deemed them
superior, was the most galling thing about them—far more so than their
habitual disclination to have more touch with you than was necessary to the
efficient discharge of their official duties. Among the very few you ever
met, after leaving college, one Englishman might seem to you lovable; but
would that reconcile you to the fact that his race was ruling yours, dividing
its territories in the teeth of the protest of their powerless inhabitants, and,
as you gathered from your reading, denying you rights of self-government
which his own people years ago had risen in arms to obtain?
THE END
INDEX
ABORNIA, 129
Abu, Mount, 303, 306
Abu Road, 305, 306
Afghan, 231, 233, 234, 284
Afghanistan, 240, 278, 283
Afridi, 236, 240, 242, 244, 248
Aghoris, 203
Agra, 183, 184, 191, 193, 197, 320, 327
Ahmadabad, 309
Ahmednagar, 314, 316
Aindaw Pagoda, 74
Ajmere, 303-305
Akal Bunga, 220, 224
Akali, 272, 273, 274, 276
Akhbar, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193, 194, 197, 257, 261, 300, 304,
346
Alexander, 89
Ali Masjid, 239, 242, 243, 244, 246, 250
Aligar College, 228
Allard, 254
Amban Dance, 138
Amber, 290
Amethi, Rajah of, 156
Amias, 192
Amir of Afghanistan, 194, 229, 242, 283
Amir Khusran, 204
Amir (of Lucknow), 192
Amritsar, 217-224, 225
Annexation of Burmah, 65, 80, 81
Anundabagh, 156, 157
Aravalli Range, 303, 305
Arrakan Pagoda, 75, 78
Areca, 15, 99
Arhai-din-ka-jompra, 304, 305
Armoury, 254, 255
Assykhera, 173
Asoka, 206, 346
Assam, 100
Aurungzebe, 145, 152, 158, 194
Austin of Bordeaux, 199, 200
Australia, 175
Ava, 65
Avitabile, 228, 254
EAGLE, 24
Eastern Bengal State Railway, 106
Eastern Yomans, 23, 24
Edward the Seventh, 194, 276
Egrets, 76
Elephant Book, 96
Elephants, 19, 20, 23, 96, 97, 199, 251, 277, 296, 335, 340
Eng tree, 24
Etawah, 173
Eucalyptus, 99, 103, 211
Everest, Mount, 134, 135
HAMADRYAD, 24
Hanuman, 120, 121, 160, 300
Hari Mandar, 218
Harnai Route, 287
Hastings, the, 7
Hastings, Marquis of, 108
Hastings Memorial, 227
Hastings, Warren, 143, 160
Hawks, 23
Himalayas, 131, 132, 134, 135, 211, 214, 279
Hindoo, 1, 2, 4, 6, 36, 39, 47, 87, 96, 100, 102, 113, 119, 120, 143, 145,
146, 147, 148, 152, 154, 159, 162, 180, 182, 186, 203, 207, 218, 228,
235, 255, 261, 281, 284, 285, 294, 302, 316, 348, 350
Hindoo Architecture, 87
Hirok, 282
Hodson, 203
Holi festival, 100, 207, 285
Hooghly, River, 105
Howrah, 106, 113, 114
Hpoongi, 37
Hsipaw, 28-38
Hsipaw, Sawbwa of, 28, 31-37
Hti, 10, 35, 74
Hulling, 21
Humayun, 202, 203, 260
Hurdwar, 333-335
Hyderabad, Deccan, 176
IDAR, 309-316
Idar Road, 309
Imambara, the Great, 170, 171, 173
Imambara, the Husainabad, 171, 173
Indus, River, 278, 281
Industrialism, 177
Irrawaddy, River, 39, 54, 56, 58
Irrawaddy, Flotilla Company, 39, 42, 54
Iron Foundry, 115
Iron Pillar, 206
Italians, 200, 201, 228
Izzat, 101
NABANG, 29
Nabha, 266-277
Nabha, Rajah of, 266, 267, 268, 269, 274, 275, 276, 277
Nagas, 102, 334
Naggra, 184
Nagpur, 152
Nana Sahib, 180
Nandi, 95, 335
Narapatisezoo, King, 59
Natindaw, 66, 67, 68
Nats, 54, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68
Natsin, 68
Naurata, King, 62, 63, 68
Nautch, 6
Nayaka Dynasty, 90
Neem tree, 121, 161, 179
Nepaul, 128, 152
Nepaulis, 139
Ngapi, 24
Nicholson, General, 196, 197
Nilgiri Hills, 99
Nizam, the, 192
Nizam-ud-Din-Aulia, 204
Nour Jehan, 188, 189, 190, 192, 228, 261, 263, 264
Nyaungoo, 54, 55, 57, 64, 68
Nynung, 23
PAGAN, 55-71
Pagodas, 7, 8-12, 39, 49, 58, 59, 74, 75, 78
Palmyra palm, 87
Parrots, 92, 184, 258, 270, 295, 337
Parsee, 121, 348
Peacocks, 25, 138, 290, 296, 323, 331
Peacock hawk, 24
Peacock Throne, 199
Peepul tree, 121, 180, 211, 291
Pegu, 23, 62, 63
Pegu River, 8
Peshawar, 225-237, 239, 240, 241, 246, 260, 261, 262
Phulkian States, 266, 269
Plague, 8, 29, 290, 314
Plantain, 37, 82
Polyandry, 102
Pomegranates, 230, 293
Poogi, 29
Poozoondoung, 19, 20
Popa, 65
Potter, 153
Powkpin, 24
Prayer-wheels, 136, 137
Prendergast, General, 80
Punjabis, 79, 210, 218
Pwe, 13, 16-19, 43-48, 83, 84, 85
Python, 153, 336
RADHA, 120
Rakhykash, 335-340
Rajpur, 211, 215
Rama, 160, 300
Rameswaram Temple, 121
Rangoon, 1-22, 23, 66, 75, 80, 105, 238
Rangoon River, 8
Ranjeet Singh, 228, 254, 256, 261, 268, 272, 273
Ravi River, 256, 262
Residency, Lucknow, the, 164, 165
Rhinoceros, 128
Rice, 1, 76, 82, 219, 230, 304
Rice mills, 20, 21
Rishi, 97
Rose, 82, 156, 183
Royal Lakes, 12
Runjeet River, 135, 136
Runnymede, 99
Ruri, 279, 280
SADHUS, 334
St Mary's Church, Madras, 98
St Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta, 112
Sal, 211
Salay, 64
Salim Chisti, 186, 187, 188
Samrat Yantra, 151
Sandalwood, 37, 162, 307
Sankarati Puja Festival, 113
Santals, 102
Sarnath, 148, 149
Sarwarnath, 335
Saturday god, 147
Sawche, 28, 32, 37
Screwpines, 130, 132
Scythian, 102
Sedaw, 26
Segaw, 41
Sepaya, Queen, 80
Sesamum, 15, 230
Seychelles, 130
Shaddra, 261, 262
Shahijikidheri, 237
Shah Jehan, 197, 204, 264
Shan States, 23, 26-38
Shannon, 179
Shias, 325, 330
Shikarpur, 278
Shwe Dagon, 7, 8-12, 75
Shwemetyna, 66, 68
Siam, 130
Sibi Junction, 282
Sikandra, 181, 193, 194, 195
Sikhs, 79, 218, 220, 223, 255, 262, 268, 271, 273, 274, 334, 338, 348
Sikkim, 136, 139
Sikra, 95
Siliguri, 131, 141
Silk, 82, 227, 269, 274
Sind Desert, 278
Singh, Sir Pratap, 309, 313-316
Sinkan, 50
Siriam, 7, 8
Sita, 160
Siva, 90, 96, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 145, 146, 153, 180, 297, 300, 302,
335
Siwaliks, 215
Snipe, 23
Sookua, 131
Soutakar, 4
South Indian Railway, 87
Srirangam, 93, 94
Stambham, 88
Sugar-cane, 142, 230, 318
Sukkur, 278, 279, 281
Sundareswara Temple, 87
TAGAUNG, 66
Taj Mahal, 319
Tamarind, 5, 82
Tanjore, 90, 95, 96
Tappakulam, 88, 92
Tartara, Mount, 228
Tea, 103
Teak, 8, 19, 40
Teester River, 136
Thaton, 62, 68
Thebaw, King, 42, 78, 80, 81
Thibetans, 133, 137, 138, 139
Thurligyaung, 67
Tiger, 25
Tiger Hill, 134, 135
Tikka Gharry, 9, 14
Tindaria, 132
Tippoo Sultan, 104
Tirah Hills, 250
Tobacco, 230
Todas, 102
Toddy palms, 130, 153
Tongu, 30
Tower Bridge, 7
Tree-ferns, 103, 132, 140
Tree-climbing perch, 24
Trichinopoly, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95
Tsar of Russia, 194
Turtles, 76
Tuticorin, 86, 284
UDAIPUR, 295-299
Udaipur, Maharana of, 297-299
Ulabaria, 114
WATER-SNAKE, 13
Wazirabad, 225
Waziristan, 258
Western Yomans, 23, 24
Wheat, 230, 233
Woollen mills, 175
YAK, 138
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