GAMBELLA

UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) GROUP ASSIGNMENT

YEAR LEVEL 5th

GROUP ONE STUDENTS NAME AND I'D NUMBER
1) TEMESGEN AMARE..................................................
2) SAMUEL ELIAS..........................................................
3) TESFALEM ADINEW....................................................
4) GATLUAK REAT.........................................................

Submitted To Submition Date

Our Group Assignment Topic Is

1) Geographic information system based
analysis of water distribution network for
efficient irrigation management

INTRODUCTION

Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analyzing water distribution networks
can be an effective way to optimize irrigation management. Here are some key steps
and considerations for implementing GIS-based analysis for efficient irrigation
management:
1. Data Collection: Gather spatial data related to the water distribution network,
including information on pipelines, pumps, reservoirs, and irrigation infrastructure.
Additionally, collect data on land use, soil types, crop types, and topography to
understand the spatial characteristics of the area.
 2. Network Analysis: Utilize GIS software to analyze the water distribution network,
identifying areas with potential inefficiencies, such as pressure drops, flow restrictions,
or areas with inadequate water supply.
3. Hydraulic Modeling: Develop hydraulic models within the GIS to simulate water flow
and pressure within the distribution network. This can help in identifying areas where
water demand exceeds supply or where there are opportunities for optimizing water
distribution.
4. Spatial Analysis: Use GIS to perform spatial analysis to identify areas with specific
irrigation needs based on factors such as soil moisture levels, crop water requirements,
and topographic features.
5. Decision Support Systems: Develop decision support systems within the GIS platform
to assist in making informed decisions regarding irrigation scheduling, water allocation,
and infrastructure upgrades.
6. Integration with Remote Sensing: Integrate GIS with remote sensing data to monitor
vegetation health, soil moisture content, and evapotranspiration rates, which can
provide valuable input for irrigation management.
7. Optimization and Planning: Use GIS-based tools to optimize irrigation schedules, plan
water allocation, and identify areas for potential infrastructure improvements to
enhance water distribution efficiency.
By leveraging GIS-based analysis of water distribution networks for efficient irrigation
management, it is possible to improve water use efficiency, reduce water wastage, and
ensure that agricultural areas receive optimal irrigation while minimizing the strain on
the overall water supply. Each steps we will discuss below 👇

1) DATA COLLECTION
Data collection based on GIS involves gathering and compiling spatial information about
the physical and environmental features of a specific area. This can include data on land
use, infrastructure, natural resources, topography, and other geographic elements. The
process typically involves the following steps:
 Identify Data Needs: Determine the specific types of spatial data required for the GIS
analysis, such as satellite imagery, aerial photographs, topographic maps, or existing
datasets related to the study area.
 Data Sources: Identify and access relevant data sources, which may include government
agencies, research institutions, commercial providers, or field surveys. Data sources may
also include remote sensing platforms, GPS devices, and other geospatial technologies.
 Data Acquisition: Acquire the necessary spatial data through methods such as satellite
or aerial imagery, digital mapping, GPS surveys, or field data collection. This may involve
using specialized equipment and software to capture and record geographic
information.
 Data Processing: Process and organize the collected data into a format that is
compatible with GIS software. This may involve digitizing paper maps, georeferencing
images, converting data formats, or cleaning and validating the collected information.
 Data Integration: Integrate the collected spatial data into the GIS platform, ensuring
that it is properly georeferenced and aligned with other relevant datasets.
 Metadata Documentation: Create metadata documentation for the collected data,
including details about its source, accuracy, date of collection, and any relevant
attributes or limitations.
Effective data collection is crucial for GIS analysis as it provides the foundation for
spatial analysis, modeling, and decision-making. Quality spatial data enables users to
perform accurate and reliable geospatial analysis for various applications, including
environmental management, urban planning, natural resource assessment, and
infrastructure development.

2) NETWORK ANALYSIS

Network analysis based on GIS involves the study and modeling of interconnected
systems such as transportation networks, utility networks, communication networks,
and more. It uses spatial data to analyze the relationships and interactions within these
networks, with the goal of optimizing efficiency, accessibility, and connectivity. Here are
some key aspects of network analysis in GIS:
 Network Representation: GIS can represent networks as a series of interconnected
nodes (points) and edges (lines or arcs) that define the routes and connections between
them. This representation allows for the analysis of network characteristics, such as
distance, travel time, flow of resources, and connectivity.
 Routing and Navigation: GIS can be used to calculate optimal routes for navigation,
considering factors such as traffic conditions, road types, speed limits, and other
variables. This is valuable for applications like logistics planning, emergency response
routing, and urban transportation management.
 Network Connectivity: GIS can assess the connectivity and accessibility of different
locations within a network. This analysis helps in identifying areas that are well-
connected or poorly connected, which is useful for urban planning, location-based
services, and infrastructure development.
 Network Flow Analysis: GIS can model the flow of resources or information through a
network, enabling the analysis of factors like congestion, capacity utilization, and
distribution patterns. This is valuable for managing utility networks, telecommunications
systems, and supply chain logistics.
 Location-Allocation Analysis: GIS can help determine the optimal locations for facilities
or services within a network to minimize travel distances or maximize coverage. This is
useful for siting new facilities, such as schools, hospitals, or retail outlets.
 Network Maintenance and Management: GIS supports the maintenance and
management of network infrastructure by providing tools for asset inventory, condition
assessment, and maintenance scheduling. It helps organizations optimize maintenance
activities and plan for infrastructure upgrades.
Overall, network analysis in GIS provides valuable insights into the spatial relationships
and dynamics of interconnected systems, enabling informed decision-making in various
domains including transportation planning, public safety, public utilities management,
and business operations.

3) HYDRAULIC MODELING

Hydraulic modeling based on GIS involves the use of spatial data and geospatial analysis
techniques to simulate and analyze the behavior of water flow, flood risk, and drainage
systems. Here are some key aspects of hydraulic modeling in GIS:
 Terrain Analysis: GIS can be used to analyze elevation data, slope, and topographic
characteristics to understand how water flows across the landscape. This information is
crucial for modeling surface water runoff, identifying flood-prone areas, and planning
drainage infrastructure.
 Hydrological Modeling: GIS can integrate hydrological models to simulate the
movement of water through watersheds, river systems, and urban drainage networks.
This allows for the assessment of factors such as flow rates, flood extents, and the
impact of land use changes on water resources.
 Flood Risk Mapping: GIS can model potential flood scenarios based on factors such as
rainfall intensity, land cover, soil type, and terrain features. This enables the creation of
flood risk maps that help in identifying areas vulnerable to flooding and developing
strategies for flood mitigation and emergency response planning.
 Stormwater Management: GIS can be used to design and analyze stormwater
management systems, such as detention ponds, culverts, and storm sewers. It helps in
evaluating the effectiveness of different infrastructure options and optimizing their
placement to minimize flooding and water quality impacts.
 Infrastructure Planning: GIS supports the planning and design of water distribution
systems, wastewater networks, and other hydraulic infrastructure by providing tools for
spatial analysis, asset management, and scenario modeling.
 Environmental Impact Assessment: GIS can be used to assess the potential
environmental impact of hydraulic projects, such as dam construction, river channel
modifications, or urban development in flood-prone areas.
Overall, hydraulic modeling based on GIS enables the analysis and visualization of
complex water-related processes, supporting informed decision-making in water
resources management, urban planning, environmental conservation, and infrastructure
development.

4) SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Spatial analysis based on GIS involves the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to
analyze and understand spatial relationships, patterns, and processes. It encompasses a
wide range of techniques and tools for examining geographic data to uncover insights
and make informed decisions. Here are some key aspects of spatial analysis in GIS:
 Spatial Data Manipulation: GIS allows for the manipulation and processing of spatial
data, such as maps, satellite imagery, and survey data. This includes tasks like data
overlay, buffering, spatial joins, and geometric operations to integrate and transform
different datasets.
 Spatial Querying: GIS enables the execution of spatial queries to retrieve specific
geographic information based on location, proximity, or spatial attributes. This can
involve finding features within a certain distance of a point, identifying areas with
specific land use characteristics, or querying spatial relationships between different
geographic features.
 Geoprocessing: GIS provides tools for geoprocessing operations, such as spatial analysis,
raster processing, and network analysis. This includes tasks like interpolation, surface
modeling, spatial statistics, and network routing to analyze and model spatial
phenomena.
 Spatial Statistics: GIS supports the application of statistical techniques to spatial data,
allowing for the analysis of patterns, clustering, and spatial autocorrelation. This helps in
identifying trends, hotspots, and spatial dependencies within geographic datasets.
 Spatial Modeling: GIS facilitates the development and execution of spatial models to
simulate and predict real-world processes, such as urban growth, natural resource
 distribution, or environmental impact assessment. This involves the integration of
spatial data with mathematical models to understand complex spatial relationships.
 Visualization and Mapping: GIS enables the creation of maps and visualizations that
communicate spatial patterns and relationships effectively. This includes thematic
mapping, cartographic representation, and interactive geovisualization to convey spatial
information to stakeholders and decision-makers.
Overall, spatial analysis based on GIS provides powerful capabilities for understanding
geographic patterns, solving spatial problems, and supporting decision-making in fields
such as urban planning, environmental management, public health, transportation, and
natural resource exploration.

5) DECISION SUPPORT
A decision support system (DSS) based on GIS is a software application that integrates
geographic information systems (GIS) with analytical tools to assist in making informed
decisions related to spatial and geographic data. Here are some key aspects of a DSS
based on GIS:
 Spatial Data Integration: A GIS-based DSS integrates various spatial datasets, such as
maps, satellite imagery, demographic information, and environmental data, into a single
platform for analysis and decision-making.
 Spatial Analysis Tools: The DSS incorporates spatial analysis tools within the GIS
environment to perform tasks such as spatial querying, geoprocessing, spatial statistics,
and spatial modeling to support decision-making processes.
 Decision Modeling: It allows for the creation of decision models that incorporate spatial
data and analytical tools to evaluate different scenarios, assess potential outcomes, and
make recommendations based on spatial considerations.
 Visualization and Reporting: The DSS provides capabilities for visualizing spatial data
through maps, charts, and other visual representations, enabling users to gain insights
into spatial patterns and relationships. It also supports the generation of reports and
presentations to communicate findings and recommendations.
 Decision Support Capabilities: The DSS facilitates decision support by providing
interactive tools for exploring spatial data, conducting what-if analyses, and evaluating
alternative courses of action based on spatial considerations.
 Application Areas: A GIS-based DSS can be applied in various fields such as urban
planning, natural resource management, emergency response, public health,
transportation planning, and environmental impact assessment.
 Overall, a decision support system based on GIS leverages spatial data and analytical
capabilities to assist decision-makers in understanding complex spatial relationships,
evaluating options, and making informed decisions that are influenced by geographic
factors.

6) INTEGRATION WITH REMOTE SENSING

Integration with remote sensing based on GIS involves combining the capabilities of
geographic information systems (GIS) with the data acquisition and analysis techniques
of remote sensing to enhance spatial analysis and decision-making. Here are some key
points to consider:
 . Data Acquisition: Remote sensing involves capturing information about the Earth's
surface using sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, or drones. These sensors collect
data in the form of images, which can include visible light, infrared, radar, and other
types of electromagnetic radiation.
 Spatial Data Input: Remote sensing data, such as satellite imagery and aerial
photographs, can be integrated into a GIS as spatial data layers. These layers can
provide valuable information about land cover, land use, vegetation health, urban
development, and environmental changes.
 Spatial Analysis: GIS allows for the integration of remote sensing data with other
geographic datasets, enabling spatial analysis tasks such as image classification, change
detection, object recognition, and terrain modeling. This integration enhances the
ability to extract meaningful information from remote sensing imagery.
 Decision Support: By integrating remote sensing with GIS, decision support systems can
leverage the rich spatial information provided by remote sensing data to support
informed decision-making in various fields, including agriculture, forestry,
environmental monitoring, disaster management, and urban planning.
 Visualization and Interpretation: GIS provides tools for visualizing and interpreting
remote sensing data within a geographic context. This includes the creation of thematic
maps, 3D visualizations, and spatial analysis outputs that help users understand and
analyze the information derived from remote sensing imagery.
Overall, integration with remote sensing based on GIS enables the utilization of spatially
explicit information derived from remote sensing platforms to enhance the analytical
capabilities of GIS and support a wide range of applications that benefit from spatial
data analysis and decision support.
 7) OPTIMIZATION AND PLANNING

Optimization and planning based on GIS involves using geographic information systems
(GIS) to analyze spatial data and make informed decisions to optimize resources,
improve efficiency, and plan for various activities. Here's a brief overview:
 Optimization: GIS can be used to optimize the allocation of resources and the routing of
vehicles or personnel based on spatial analysis. For example, it can help in determining
the most efficient locations for facilities, such as warehouses or service centers, to
minimize transportation costs and maximize coverage.
 Planning: GIS supports spatial planning by providing tools for analyzing land use,
environmental factors, infrastructure, and demographic data. It helps in identifying
suitable locations for new developments, infrastructure projects, conservation areas,
and other land-use planning activities.
 Decision Support: GIS provides decision support tools that enable stakeholders to assess
different scenarios and make informed decisions based on spatial analysis and
visualization. This can include evaluating the impact of proposed projects, identifying
potential risks, and understanding the spatial relationships between different factors.
 Emergency Response Planning: GIS is used for emergency management and response
planning by analyzing spatial data to identify vulnerable areas, plan evacuation routes,
and allocate resources during natural disasters or other emergencies.
 Environmental Planning: GIS supports environmental planning by analyzing spatial data
related to ecosystems, natural resources, and environmental hazards. It helps in
identifying areas for conservation, assessing environmental impacts, and developing
sustainable land-use plans.
In summary, optimization and planning based on GIS involve leveraging spatial data
analysis and visualization tools to make informed decisions related to resource
allocation, infrastructure development, emergency response, environmental
management, and various other planning activities that have spatial components.

CONCLUSION
Generally; GIS-based analysis of water distribution networks for efficient irrigation
management involves using spatial data and analysis tools to optimize the allocation of
water resources, minimize wastage, and improve the effectiveness of irrigation systems.
Here are some key components of this analysis: 1. Spatial Data Collection: GIS is
used to collect and integrate various spatial data related to the water distribution
network, including information on water sources, pipelines, reservoirs, irrigation
infrastructure, land use, soil types, and topography. 2. Network Analysis: GIS tools
are employed to analyze the water distribution network, including the flow rates,
pressure levels, and distribution patterns. This helps in identifying areas with inefficient
water delivery or potential leakage points. 3. Water Demand Mapping: GIS is used
to map the spatial distribution of water demand based on factors such as crop types,
evapotranspiration rates, and soil moisture levels. This helps in understanding the
varying water needs across different areas within the irrigation network. 4.
Optimization of Water Allocation: GIS-based modeling and analysis can be used to
optimize the allocation of water resources by considering factors such as crop water
requirements, soil moisture levels, and weather conditions. This can help in determining
the most efficient distribution of water for irrigation purposes. 5. Precision Irrigation
Planning: GIS can support precision irrigation planning by integrating spatial data on
soil moisture, crop health, and weather patterns. This enables the identification of areas
that require targeted irrigation and helps in optimizing water usage based on spatial
variability. 6. Risk Assessment and Mitigation: GIS can be used to assess the
vulnerability of the water distribution network to factors such as drought, flooding, or
infrastructure failures. This analysis helps in developing risk mitigation strategies and
emergency response plans. 7. Decision Support Systems: GIS-based decision
support systems provide tools for stakeholders to visualize and analyze the spatial data,
assess different scenarios, and make informed decisions related to irrigation
management and water resource allocation. By leveraging GIS-based analysis of water
distribution networks, organizations and authorities can improve the efficiency of
irrigation management, minimize water wastage, optimize resource allocation, and
support sustainable agricultural practices.

REFERENCES

• Aldrian, E., & Dwi Susanto, R. (2003). “Identification of three dominant rainfall regions
within Indonesia and their relationship to sea surface temperature”. International
Journal of Climatology, 23(12), 1435–1452. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.950
• Ayehu, G. T., Tadesse, T., Gessesse, B., & Dinku, T. (2018). “Validation of new satellite
rainfall products over the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia”. Atmospheric Measurement
Techniques, 11(4), 1921–1936. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1921-2018
• Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Molden, D. J., & Makin, I. W. (2000). “Remote sensing for
irrigated agriculture: Examples from research and possible applications”. Agricultural
Water
• Management, 46(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00080-9
• Bello, M. M., Nasidi, N. M., & Shanono, N. J. (2014). “Remote Sensing as a Tool for
Irrigation Water Management”. The 1st International Conference on Drylands, 56–60.
Kano : Centre for Dryland Agriculture.11