QUIZRR 1

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CURVE SKETCHING
There are 5 steps to draw a curve, y = f(x)
Step 1 :
CHECK FOR SYMMETRY
1. Check whether function is even.
(a) Replace x by  x
(b) If no change in f(x), then function is even
(c) Graph is symmetrical about y-axis.
2. Check if function is odd
(a) Replace x by  x
(b) If f ( x) =  f(x), then function is odd
(c) Graph is symmetric about origin
3. Replace y by  y, if no change, then the graph is symmetrical about x-axis.
4. If function is periodic, draw graph only in the period, as the remaining curve is a repetition of
this one.

Step 2 :
POINTS OF INTERSECTION
(a) Find points of intersection with x-axis & y-axis.
for x axis, put y = 0
y axis, put x = 0
(b) Special care of double & triple roots
for example, if f (x) = (x  a)2 g (x)
here x = a, is a double root of f (x) or you can also say repeated root of f (x) = 0
note in this case f (a) = 0, f´(a) = 0 but f´´ (a)  0 i.e. can be point of local maxima / local
minima

now take f (x) = (x  a)3 g (x)

 x = a is a triple root of f (x)
here, note
f (a) = 0
f´(a) = 0
a
f´´ (a) = 0, but
f´´´(a)  0

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 a is the point of inflection (as shown in diagram) i.e. the point where shape of the
curve changes from convex to concave & vice-versa.
 TIP : if f (x) = (x  a)n g (x)
& nth derivative is the first non zero derivative then

if n is even  x = a is a point of local maxima / minima

n is odd  x = a is a point of inflection

let us take another example

y = x (x ă 1)2
we can see that x = 1 is a double root of f (x)
Step 1 : no symmetry
Step 2 : has double root at x = 1
Step 3 : put f (x) > 0
 x (x  1)2 > 0

· + +
0 1
double root so
no sign change across it.
 for x  (0, ) y > 0
x  (  0) y < 0
so approximate graph would be

0 1

from this we can also deduce that x = 1 will be point of local minima & not local
maxima. If it was local maxima then the curve will come in the negative half.
Step 3 :
SIGN OF GRAPH
(a) Put y > 0 & see where the graph is above x-axis & where it is below x-axis.
for example if f (x) = x (x  1) (x  2)
put x (x  1) (x  2) > 0 · + · +
(using wavy curve) 0 1 2

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So corresponding to it the graph will be above x-axis where region is +ve & below x-axis
where region is represented by  ve sign.

0 1 2

Further x (x  1) (x  2) is a polynomial function, so it will be continuous & hence the

following will be the curve.

Check the domain : Find the domain (especially in cases where denominator can become
zero). Draw the curve only in its domain.

Step 4 :
ASYMPTOTE
Examples of asymptote

y=Logx

y=1
x
x=0 is a vertical
asymptote
here x = 0 is a vertical asymptote
& y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote

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(a) Horizontal asymptote

Ć If lim f (x)  c1 , where c1 is finite then y = c 1 is horizontal asymptote in right half.

x

 if lim f (x)  c 2 , where c is finite then y = c is horizontal asymptote in left half.

x   2 2

for example
y = tan1 x

/2

 /2

here y = /2 is a horizontal asymptote in right half.

y =  /2 is a horizontal asymptote in left half.

(b) Vertical Asymptote

 If ylim g ( y)  c 1 , where c is finite, then x = c is a vertical asymptote.

 1 1

OR
in normal words, if for a finite value of x, y approaches ( or  ) then x = c is a vertical
asymptote.
e.g.

/2

y = tanx y = Log x

x = /2 , a vertical asymptote x = 0, a vertical asymptote

Take special care in case of

(a) when denominator can be zero. Put denominator = 0 to get the value of x for which vertical
asymptote will be formed.

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(b) Logarithmic functions

for log (f(x)) = 0, find f (x) = 1 & for those values of x it will be a vertical asymptote.

Step 5 :
 Find the points of maxima, minima.
 find the shape of curve, i.e. either concave or convex.

Concave Convex

No line segment lies above the graph No line segment lies below the graph

A twice differentiable function f defined on interval I is

(a) concave if and only if f´´(x)  0 for x  I
(b) convex if and only if f´´(x)  0 for x  I
inflection is the point where the shape of the curve changes from convex to concave or vice-versa.

Sket ch of some common cur ves :

(a) Linear inequality, straight line curve

ax + by  c or ax + by  c
 convert inequality into equality, to obtain an equation of straight line.
 For deciding which region is the answer put origin in the line and check for the region
required.
e.g 3x + 5y  15

(0,3)
now put origin (0, 0) in the inequation.

(5,0) (0, 0) satisfies the inequality

 shaded region is the required area.

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(b) Circle
general form : x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
standard form : (x  h) 2 + (y  k) 2 = r2
for inequality (x  h)2 + (y  k) 2  r2 or  r 2

(h,k) (h,k)

(x h)2 + (y  k)2 < r2

(region inside the circle) 2 2 2
(x h) + (y  k) > r
(region outside the circle)

3. Parabola
standard forms : y2 = 4ax
other forms y2 =  4ax, x2 = 4ay & x2 =  4ay

y 2 = 4ax y2 = 4ax y2 = 4ay y2 = 4ay

for inequalities

 y2  4ax  region inside the parabola

 y2 > 4ax  region outside the parabola

Ar ea of Bound ed R egions
1. For a continuous function f (x) defined over [a, b], the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the
x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b is given by

b b

 f (x ) dx
a
or  y dx
a
y = f (x)

Other types
a b

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2. When f (x) is below x-axis then the value of integral will come
out to be negative but as we know area is a positive quantity.
a b
b b

 Area =  
a
f ( x) dx 
 f (x) dx
a
y = f (x)

3. Area of such curves is obtained by using the above 2 types

Area = Area (I) + Area (II) + Area (III)
I b III
b c d a c d
II
= 
a

f (x ) dx  f (x ) dx 
b

c
f (x ) dx

4. Area between 2 function / curves

When 2 curves intersect at 2 points they form an area which we can find out by the following
formula

Area =  (upper  lower)dx

a
y = f (x)

= (difference of curves)dx
a

a b
b y = g (x)
= ( f (x)  g (x)dx
a

The result will be the same whether the curves meet in 2 points or 1.

a b

intersecting at one point on inter section

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Sometimes it is easier to take area with y-axis as in following cases :
y=b
b
b

1. Area =  f (y ) dy x = f (y)
a a
y=a
Note : The function inside the integral is a function of y not x.
It is because we have to integrate with respect to y.

2. Area =  f (y) dy
a y=b
b

= f ( y) dy
a
y=a
a

when we were integrating with respect to x, portion below x-axis gave negative area, & here left
part will give negative area.

3. Here Area = Area (I) + Area (II) + Area (III)

a
b c d I x = f (y )
= 
a
f ( y) dy 

b
f (y) dy 

c
f ( y) dy
b
II
c
III
d

4. Here area will be

b
b

area =  (right  left)dy

a
g (y) f (y)

a
b

=  f (y)  g ( y) dy
a

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see you can use any set of formula, but choose such a one which makes your calculation easier.
let us discuss some cases.
f (x)

g (x )

for such cases, use

 f (x )  g (x ) dx
for such cases use   f ( y)  g( y) dy
because to integrate wrt x is very
lengthy & cumbersome

for such case both sets can be used i.e.   f (x)  g(x)  dx
 f (y )  g (y ) dy
Illustration 1

Draw the rough sketch of the curve y  3 x  4 and find the area under the curve above
x-axis and between x = 0 and x = 4.
Solution :

The equation y  3x  4 represents the upper half of parabola y2 = 3x + 4 whose axis of

symmetry is x-axis, focus on positive direction of x-axis and vertex also on x-axis. When y = 0,

4  4 
x , therefore vertex is at   3 , 0  . The parabola opens on the right, therefore it also intersects
3  
y-axis. Putting x = 0, we get y =  2, therefore parabola passes through points (0, 2) and
(0,  2) as shown. x = 0 is equation of y-axis and x = 4 is equation of line parallel to y-axis as
shown. The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion shown.

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The region is bounded between two parallel lines x = 0 and x = 4
 required area

3 4

=  y dx  
0 0
3x  4 dx Y
y = 3x + 4

4 (0,2)
2 (3x  4)3 / 2 
= 3 
3  0

X´ ( 4, 0) X
2 3
= [16) 3 / 2  (4) 3 / 2 ] x=4
9

2 2 Y´ x = O
= [(4) 3  (2) 3 ]  (64  8)
9 9

2 112
=  56  sq. units.
9 9

Illustration 2
Find the area of region bounded by the curve 4x 2 + 9y2 = 36.
Solution :
The equation 4x2 + 9y2 = 36

x2 y2
   1, represents an ellipse, with a = 3 and b = 2.
9 4

2
y= 9  x2
3

X´ (3, 0) (3, 0) X

x=3
Y´
x=O

The region is symmetric about both coordinates axes. We determine the area of region in first
quadrant and multiply it by 4 to get the required area. The region in first quadrant is bounded
between two parallel lines x = 0 and x = 3.

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 required area

4
x2 y2
= 4  y dx
0
9

4
= 1

y2 9  x2
 =
4 9

2
 y= 9  x2
3

3 3
2 8 x 9 1 x 
 9  x2 dx  2
= 4  2 9  x  2 sin 3 
3 3  0
0

8  9 1 9  8  9 
= 3  0  2 sin (1)  0  2 (0)  3  2 . 2   6 sq. units.
   

Illustration 3
Find the area bounded by the curve y2 = 4a x and the line y = 2a and y-axis.
Solution :
The equation y2 = 4ax represents a parabola whose vertex is at origin, axis of symmetry is x-axis
and it opens on right side with focus on positive direction of x-axis, y = 2a is equation of straight
line parallel to x-axis as shown. The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded
portion.
The region is bounded between two parallel lines y = 0 and y = 2a.
 required area

2a 2a
y2
= 
0
x dy 
0
4a
dy Y y 2 = 4ax

y = 2a
2a  3  2a 
1 1 y  y=O
= 4a 
0
y2 dy =  
4 a  3 
 0

 X´ O X

1 8 a3  2
= 4a   0 = 2a sq. units. Y´
 3  3

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Illustration 4
Find the area of the region included between the parabola y 2 = x and the line x + y = 2.
Solution :
The equation y2 = x represents a parabola whose vertex is at origin, axis of symmetry is x-axis
and it opens on the right with vertex on positive direction of x-axis.
For finding the points of intersection of y2 = x and x + y = 2, we solve them to get
(2  x)2 = x  4 + x2  4x = x
 x2  5x + 4 = 0
 (x  4) (x  1) = 0
 x = 4 and x = 1
 y =  2 and y = 1
The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion.
The region is bounded between two parallel lines y =  2 and y = 1.
 required area
Y
1 1

= 
2
( x of line) dy 
 ( x of parabola) dy
2
(0, 2) y2 = x

y=1
(2, 0)
1 1 2 1 3 1 X´ O
y y X
= 
 2
(2  y) dy 

 2
y2 dy  2 y  
2 
2
 
3 
2
y = 2

x+y=2
 1  4  1 (  8) 
=   2      4       Y´
 2  2   3 3 

3   1 8  15 9
=   6       3 sq. units.
2   3 3 2 2

Illustration 5

x2 y2
Find the area of smaller region bounded by the ellipse   1 and the straight line
a2 b2
x y
 1
a b

x2 y2
Solution : The equation   1 represents an ellipse.
a2 b2

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The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion.

The region is bounded between two parallel lines x = 0 and x = b.
 required area Y
x2 y2
+ =1
a a (0, b) a 2 b2
=  (y of ellipse) dx   (y of line) dx
0 0 (a , 0)
X´ (a 0) X
a a
x y
+ =1
b b a a
= 
0
a
a2  x2 dx 
 a ( a  x) dx
0 Y´
(0, b)

x=O x= a

 a  a
b x 2 2 a2  1 x  b  ( a  x) 2  
= a  2 a  x  2 sin a    a   2
 
  0    0 
  

b  a2 1  b  a 2 
= a  0  sin (1)   
 2  a  2 

ab  ab ab   
.    1 sq. units.
2  2
=
2 2 2 

Illustration 6

Sketch the region bounded by the curve y  5  x 2 and y = |x ă 1| and find its area.

Solution :

The equation y  5  x 2 represents the upper half of the circle x2 + y2 = 5 whose centre is at
origin and radius 2.
The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded region.
For finding the points of intersection of Y

y  5  x2 and y = |x  1|, we solve them to get y = 5  x2

y= x 1
|x  1| = 5x 2

2
(x  1) = (5  x2 )
2
 x  2x + 1 = 5  x2
X´ O X
 2x2  2x  4 = 0
 x2  x  2 = 0
x = 1 x=2
 (x + 1) (x  2) = 0
 x =  1 and x = 2 Y´
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The region is bounded between two parallel lines x =  1 and x = 2
 required area

2 2

=  (y of circle)dx   (y of modulus function)dx

1 1

2 2

  x  1 dx
2
5  x dx 
=
1 1

2 1 2 
 
=   
5  x2 dx    ( x  1) dx  ( x  1) dx
 1 
1  1 

2  2 1 2
x 2 5 1 x   (x  1)  (x  1)2  
= 2 5  x  sin       
2 5  1  2  2  
  1 1 

5 1  2  5 1 1  1
= 1  2 sin    1  sin  2  
 5 2 5  2

5 1  2  5 1 1 1
=  sin    2 sin   sq. units.
2  5  5 2

Illustration 7
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the curves x 2 + y2 = 4 and y2 = 3 (2x ă 1).
Solution :
Y
The equation x2 + y2 = 4 represents a circle with
centre at origin and radius 2 and y2 = 3 (2x  1) is y 2 = 3(2x  1)
x2 + y2 =4
equation of a parabola whose axis of symmetry is
x-axis and it opens on the right. The vertex is on
x-axis, putting y = 0, we get x = 1/2, therefore
(1/2, 0) is the vertex. X
X´ O (2, 0)
For finding the points of intersection of x2 + y2 = 4
and y2 = 3 (2x  1), we solve them to get
x2 + 3 (2x  1) = 4
 x2 + 6x  7 = 0 x=2
 (x + 7) (x  1) = 0 x=1
Y´
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 x = 1 and x =  7 (not possible)

The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion.
The region is symmetric about x-axis and region in Ist quadrant can be divided into two regions
bounded between parallel lines x = 1/2 and x = 1 and x = 1 and x = 2 respectively.
 required area

1 2 
 
= 
2

1 / 2
( y of parabola) dx 
1
(

y of circle) dx 


 1 2 
 
=  3
2


1/2
2 x  1 dx 

1
4  x2 dx 


 1 2
 2 (2 x  1) 3 / 2  x x 
2  3 . .   4  x2  2sin 1  
= 3 2 2 1 
  1 / 2 2 

 1 3  1  
= 2   2 sin  1 (1)   2 sin  1   
 3 2  2  

 1   1 2 
= 2      2   
 2 3 3 2 3 3 

4 1
=  sq. units.
3 3

Illustration 8
Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the curves defined by

   3
y  tan x ,   x  ; y  cot x ,  x 
3 3 6 2
Solution :
To find the area hold by x-axis and curves
y = tan x, /3 < x < /3 ...(1)
and y = cotx /6 < x < 3/2 ...(2)
The curves interesect at P, where tan x = cot x, which is satisfied at x = /4 within the given
domain of x.

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The required area is shaded area
/4 /3
A=  / 6 y1 dx   / 4 y2 dx
P y = cotx
where (/4, 1)

y1 = tan x
 /3 /6 /4/3/2  3 /2
y2 = cot x O X

nx
b = cot x

ta
/4 / 3

y=
 A =  / 6 tan x dx   / 4 cot x dx
/4  /3
= [log sec x]  [log sin x]
/6  /4

 2   3 1 
=  log 2  log    log  log 
 3  2 2 

3 3
= log 2  log  log  log 2
2 2

 3 3
= 2  log 2 . 2  = 2 log
  2

= log 3/2 sq. units

Illustration 9

Find the area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 4, x 2   2 y and x  y

Solution :
The given curves are
x2 + y2 = 4 ...(1)

x2   2 y ...(2)

x= y ...(3)
It is clear from the equations of curves that eq. (1) represents a cricle with centre (0,0) and radius
2. (2) represents a downward parabola with vertex at origin.
(3) represents a straight line, through origin making as anlge of 45 with +ve direction of x-axis.
Now points of intersection of (1) and (2)
Substituting the value of x2 from (2) in (1), we get
y2  2 y  4  0

2  2  16 23 2
 y 
2 2
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4 2 2 2
= or = 2 2 or  2
2 2

 x2  2  2  
[rejective ve value of y as x2 can not be ve]
 x2 = 2

 x =  2

 Pts of intersection of (1) and (2) are ( 2,  2), ( 2,  2) .

Also for point of intersection of (1) and (3)

Solving eq. (1) and (3), we get

2x2 = 4  x 2 = 2  x =   2    y =  2

 point of intersection are ( 2,  2), ( 2,  2) . Thus we observe all the three curves pass

through the same point (  2,  2) .

Now required area = shaded area

y
x
0 2 y=
=   2  y C  y L  dx   0  y C  y P  dx 2+
y
2=
4

2 0 2 O x
=  y
2 C
dx   y
2 L
dx  0 yP dx x1
(- 2,- 2) A
(0,0) B
( 2,- 2)
C (0,2)
y1
2 0 2 x2
= 2 0  0
2
4  x dx  xdx  dx
2 2

0 2
x 2 4 1 x 
2  x2  x3 
2
=  2 4  x  sin       
2 2 0  2    3 2 0
2

 2  2    2  2 2
= 2 2 4  2  2sin 1   
 2    2 
    3 2

  2 1
= 1  2.   1    
 4 3 3

AREA
18 QUIZRR

Illustration 1 0
Find the area bounded by the curves, x2 + y 2 = 25, 4y = |4 ă x 2| and x = 0 above the x-axis.
Solution :
We have to find the area bounded by the cruves
x2 + y2 = 25
4y = |4  x2|
x= 0
above x-axis

4  x2 if x2  4
Now, 4 y  4  y2  
 x2  4 if x2  4

4  x2 if  2  x  2
4y  
2
x  4 if x  2 or   2

Thus we have three curves

(I) Circle x2 + y2 = 25
(II) P1 = Parabola x2 = 4(y  1), 2 < x <  2
(III) P2 = Parabola x 2 = 4(y + 1), x > 2 or x <  2
(I) and (II) intersect at  4y + 4 + y2 = 25
or (y  2)2 = 52  y  2 = μ5
y = 7, y = 3
y = 3, 7 are rejected since. y = 3 is below x axis and y = 7 gives imaginary value of x.
(I) and (III) intersect at
4y + 4 + y2 = 25 or (y + 2)2 = 52
y + 2 = μ5
y = 3, 7
y = 7 is rejected, y = 3 gives the points above x-axis. When y = 3, x = μ4. Hence the points of
intersection of (I) and (III) are (4, 3) and (4, 3). Thus we have the shape of the curve as given
in figure.
Required area is 3)
(-4, Q P (4,3)

= 2  ycircle dx   yP1 dx   yp2 dx 

4 2 4
 0 0 2 
M B A L
(-5 ,O) (-2,0) (2,0)
(5,O)

 4 1 2 1 4 
= 2  25  x 2 dx   (4  x 2) dx   ( x 2  4) dx 
 0 4 0 4 2 

AREA
 QUIZRR 19

4 2 4
 4 25 1 x 1 x3  1  x3 
= 2 0 25  x  2 sin
2
  4 x      4x 
 5 0 4  3  4 3 
0 2

 25 4 1  8  1  64  8 
= 2 2 9  sin  1   8     16     8  
 2 5 4  3  4  3  3 

 25  1 4 4 4 4 
= 2 6  sin   
 2 5 3 3 3 

4 4
= 12  25sin1  8  4  25sin 1
5 5

Illustration 1 1


Find the area of the region bounded by the curve C : y = tan x, tangent drawn to C at x 
4
and the x-axis.
Solution :
The given curve is y = tan x ...(1)
Let P be the point on (1) where x = /4
 y = tan /4 = 1
i.e. co-ordinates of P are (/4, 1)
 Equation of tangent at P is
y  1 = m (x  /4)

dy
] ( / 4, 1)  sec x 
2 2
Where m   sec  / 4  2
dx ( / 4, 1)

 Equation of tangent at P is
y  1 = 2 (x  /4)
or y = 2x + 1  /2 ...(2)
The graph of (1) and (2) are as shown in the figure.
Y
  2 
1)

Tangent (2) meet x-axis at, L  , 0 (2)

/ 4,

 4 
= (
P

Now the required area = shaded area LM X

O
= Area OPMO  Ar (PLM)
(1)

/4 1 x=- /2 x= /2

= 0
y(1) dx 
2
LM.PM

AREA
20 QUIZRR

/4 1
=  0
tan x dx 
2
(OM  OL) PM

/ 4 1    2
= [log sec x] 0     .1
2 4 4 

1  1
=  log 2  2 
Sq. units. Ans.
2 

Illustration 1 2

1
Sketh the curves and identify the region bounded by x  , x = 2, y = In x and y = 2x. Find
2
the area of this region.
Solution :
The given curves are
y = ex loge x ...(1)

log e x
and y ...(2)
ex

log x
The two curves intersect where ex log x =
ex

 1 
  ex  log x  0
 ex 

1
 x or x= 1
e

At x = 1/e or ex = 1,
log x =  log e =  1, y =  1

1 
so that  ,  1 is one pt. of intersection and at x = 1, log 1 = 0  y = 0
e 

 (1, 0) is the other common pt. of the curves.

1
Now in between, i.e.,  x 1 or 1 < ex < e
e

 1
and log   < log x < log 1
 e

AREA
 QUIZRR 21

or  1 < log x < 0

i.e. log x is  ve, throughout.

log e x
y1 = ex log e x, y2 
ex

1
Clearly under the condition stated above y1 < y 2 both being  ve in the interval  x 1
e

The rough sketch of the two curves is as shown in fig. and shaded area is the required area.
 The required area = shaded area

1 1 log x

= 1/ e
( y1  y2 ) dx =
 
1 / e
ex log x 
ex 
dx

1 1 1 log x
 
x
x log x  Log
= e dx y =ex
1/e e 1/ e x B
O (1, 0) X
1
( e, -1) A
1 1
 x2 x2  1  (log x)2  L og
X
e log x      y= ex
= e 
 2 4 
1 /e
2 
1 /e

 1   1 1  1  1
= e   4    2  2    0  2 
   2e 4 e  e  

 1 3  1 e 3 1
= e   2   e =  
 4 4e  2 4 4e 2e

5 e 5  e2 e2  5
= 4  4 = e = Ans.
e 4 4e

Illustration 1 3

2
Sketh the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y  . Find the area.
1  x2
Solution :
2
The given curves are y = x2 and y  . Here y = x2 is upward parabola with vertex at origin.
1  x2

2
Also, y  is a curve symmetrical with respect to y-axis.
1  x2

AREA
22 QUIZRR

dy  4x
At x = 0, y = 2   0 for x > 0
dx (1  x2 )2

 Curve is decreasing on (0, )

dy
Moreover  0 at x = 0
dx

 At (0, 2) tangent to curve is parallel to x-axis.

As x  , y  0
 y = 0 is asymptote of the given curve.
For the given curveÊs pt of intersection : solving their equations we get x = 1, y = 1, i.e., (1, 1).
Thus the graph of two curves is as follows :

1
y
2 
 The required area = 2  
0 1  x2
 x2  dx

(1,1)
1
 1 2x3   2 x´ O x

=  4 tan x    4. 
 3 0 4 3

2
=  sq. units. y´
3

Illustration 1 4
Find the possible values of b > 0, so that the area of the bounded region enclosed between

x2
the parabolas y = x ă bx2 and y  is maximkum.
b

Solution :
The given curves are
y = x  bx2 ... (1) and y = x2/b ...(2)
2
 1   1 
 y  4    b x  2  and x2 = by
 b  b

 1 1 
Here clearly first curve is a downward parabola with vertex at  ,  and meeting x-axis at
 2 b 4 b
(0, 0) and (1/b, 0) while second is an upward parabola with vertex at (0, 0).

 b b 
Solving (1) and (2) we get the intersection points of two curves at (0, 0) and  2
, 2 2

 1  b (1  b ) 

AREA
 QUIZRR 23

Hence the graph of given curves is as below

Shaded portion represents the required area, given by

b
 x2  y
A = 0
1  b2  x


 bx 2   dx
b  1
2 b
b , ( 1+ b )
2
2

P 1+b

O(0, 0) x
b
 x2 bx3 x3  1  b2
 A =    
 2 3 3b 
0

b2 b4 b2
=  
2 (1  b2 )2 3 (1  b2 )3 3 (1  b2 )3

b4  b2 b2
= 
6 (1  b2 )3 6 (1  b2 )2

dA
For area to be max/min we should have 0
db

1
 [2b (1 + b 2)2  (1 + b2 ) . 2b . b2] = 0
6

2b (1 + b2) (1 + b2  2b 2) = 0
 1  b2 = 0
 b = 1,  1
but given that b > 0   b = 1

Illustration 1 5

 1 
Let O (0, 0), A (2, 0) and B  1,  be the vertices of a triangle. Let R be the region consisting
 3
of all those points P inside OAB which satisfy, where d denotes the distance from the
points to the corresponding line. Sketch the region R and find its area.
Solution :
OAB is the given . Consider OI the  bisector of BOA. We know any point on OI must be at
equal distances from OB and OA.
Thus for d (P, OA)  min [d (P, OB), d (P, AB)]
Point P must lie under OI and similarly under AI. Thus within or on OIA
 Req. area = Ar ( OIA)

AREA
24 QUIZRR

1/ 3 1
Now, tan  BOA = 
1 3

 BOA = 30
 IOA = 15
SimilarlyIAO = 15
 Eqn of OI is y = (tan 15) x ...(1)
n
Eq of IA is y = ( tan 15) (x  2) ...(2)
with point of intersection I (1, tan 15)
 Required area

1
2
= 
0
(tan 15) xdx 
 1
 tan 15 (x  2)dx
Y

  2 1  2
x x2  
= tan 15      2 x   B(1, 1/ 3)
  2  
 2  
 0 1
I
A
 1  4 1 (0, 0)O
= tan15    4   2   (2, 0) X
 2  2 2

= tan 15 [1] = tan 15

= 2  3 sq. units.

Illustration 1 6
Let f (x) be a continuous function given by

 2x | x | |
f (x) = f (x )   
2
 x  ax  b , |x | |

Find the area of the region in the third quardrant bounded by the curves x = 2y2 and
y = f (x) lying on the left of the line 8x + 1 = 0.
Solution :

x2  ax  b ; x   1

2x ;  1 x 1
 2
x  ax  b ; x  1

 f (x) is continuous at x =  1

AREA
 QUIZRR 25

 ( 1)2 + a ( 1) + b =  2
and 2 = (1)2 + a.1 + b f (x
)
y= y
i.e., a  b = 3
and a + b = 1
On solving we get a = 2, b =  1
x1 O x
 x2  2x  1 ; x   1

 f (x)   2x ; 1 x1
 2

x
x = -2Y2

=
 x  2x  1 ; x  1

-2
x = -1x = -1/8

Given curves are

y = f(x), x =  2y2 and 8x + 1 = 0
Solving x =  2y2, y = x2 + 2x  1 (x <  1) we get x =  2.
Also y = 2x, x =  2y 2 meet at (0, 0)

 1  1
y = 2x and x =  1/8 meet at   , 
 8 4 

The required area is the shaded region in the figure.

 Required area

1  x  1/ 8  x 
= 


2
 2
 (x 2  2x  1) dx 
 
1

 2
 2x dx


1  1/8
 1 2( x) 3 / 2 x 3 2   1 2( x) 3 / 2 2
=    x  x    x
 2 3 3   2  2 3   1

 2 1  4 8   2 1 1   2 
=  3  3  1  1    3  3  4  2    3 .      1 
     16 2 64   3 

 2  5   4  8  18   4  3   2  3 
=  3       192    3 
   3     

257
= square units
192

AREA