REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LEGUMES

Legumes (Fabaceae) are members of the pea family. They give protein-rich seeds in long pods. Peas, Pisum
sativum; peanuts, Arachis hypogaea; and soybeans, Glycine max, are legumes. Legumes often form symbiotic relationship
with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which enable them to increase or expand and form protein-rich seeds in nitrogen-poor soil.
About 45 percent of a soybean is protein (Towle, 1991).

MUNG BEANS

The mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is a legume grown for its edible seeds and sprouts across Asia. It
has been cultivated in India since ancient times until now it is still widely raised in Southeast Asia, Africa South America
and Australia. There are three subgroups of Vigna radiata: one is cultivated (Vigna radiata subsp. radiata), and two are
wild (Vigna radiata subsp. sublodata and Vigna radiata subsp. glabra). The mung bean plant is an annual, erect or semi
erect, reaching a height of 0.15-1.25m (FAO, 2012; Lambrides, Godwin, 2006; Mogotsi, 2006). It is slightly hairy with a
well-developed root system. Wild types tend to be prostate while cultivated types are more erect (Lambrides et al., 2006).
The stems are many-branded, sometimes twining at the tips. The leaves are alternate, triofoliolate with elliptical to ovate
leaflets, 5-18cm long x 3-15cm broad. The flowers (4-30) are papillonaceous, pale yellow or greenish in colour. The pods
are long, cylindrical, hairy and pending. They contain 7 to 20 small, ellipsoid or cube-shaped seeds (Mogotsi, 2006).

GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF A MUNG BEAN

The mung bean is a quick developing, warm-season legume. It achieves development rapidly under tropical and
semitropical conditions where ideal temperatures are around 28 – 30˚ C and constantly over 15˚C. It can be strewn amid
summer and harvest time. It doesn't require vast quantity of water (600-1000 mm precipitation/year) and is indulgent of dry
season. It is reactive to waterlogging. Mung bean crops developed for seeds are for the most part gathered when cases start
to obscure. They are for the most part hand-picked at week by week interims. In more up to date assortments in which the
plants develop consistently, the entire plants are gathered and sun dried before being sifted. The mung bean can be brushed
a month and a half subsequent to planting and two grazings are typically gotten (FAO, 2012). When cases have dried, the
seed are expelled by beating or trampling (Mogotsi, 2006). It can be utilized to make feed, when it ought to be sliced as it
blooms and after that immediately dried for capacity. It is conceivable to influence roughage without trading off seed to
gather.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Is a set of reactions in which light energy from the sun is converted into the chemical bond energy of glucose and
ATP. During photosynthesis, light energy from the sun rearranges the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms present in water
and atmospheric carbon dioxide into molecules of glucose, water, and oxygen. In other words, photosynthesis converts
inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water), which have low potential energy because of their lack of carbon-hydrogen
(C-H) bonds, into an organic molecule (glucose), which has high potential energy because of its many C-H bonds. This
extraordinary process drives all life on earth. Any fuel that you ingest – be it plant or animal- was originally manufactured
by the photosynthetic process (Raven & Johnson, 1995).

ROLE OF LIGHT IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The role of light in photosynthesis has been credited either to a photolysis of carbon dioxide or to a photolysis of
water and a resultant adjustment of constituent iotas into particles of oxygen and glucose (or formaldehyde). The
disclosure of photophosphorylation exhibited that photosynthesis incorporates a light-incited phosphorus digestion that
goes before, and is free from, a photolysis of water or CO2. ATP development could best be represented not by a
photolytic interruption of the covalent bonds in CO2 or water yet by the operation of a light-incited electron stream that
outcomes in an arrival of free vitality which is caught in the pyrophosphate obligations of ATP. Photophosphorylation is
currently isolated into (an) a non-cyclic sort, in which the arrangement of ATP is combined with a light-instigated electron
transport from water to ferredoxin and an attendant advancement of oxygen and (b) a cyclic sort which yields just ATP
and creates no net change in the oxidation-decrease condition of any electron giver or acceptor. Lessened ferredoxin
shaped in (a) fills in as an electron contributor for the decrease of NADP by an enzymic response that is free of light.
ATP, from both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation, and lessened NADP together constitute the assimilatory
power for the transformation of CO2 to sugars (3 moles of ATP and 2 moles of diminished NADP are required per mole
of CO2) (Arnon, 1971).

OUTDOOR SUNLIGHT AND PLANTING

Bean plants should be in a region that gets full daylight, which implies eight to 10 hours of daylight day by day. Planting
beans in a range that gets six to seven hours of full daylight day by day can decrease the plants' normal yield. Beans
needn't bother with daylight to grow, however they require warmth. Most beans require a dirt temperature of 60 degrees
Fahrenheit or higher to develop well; lima beans require no less than a 70 F soil temperature. Bean plants that are begun
inside should be solidified off before they are transplanted to a bright garden area. The solidifying off process requires
setting the youthful plants outside for some time every day for maybe a couple weeks before planting them in a garden. It
is best to put the new plants in the garden in late evening or early night to shield them from the sun's force prior in the day.
Planting youthful bean plants when the daylight is serious or brilliant can make them shrivel and even pass on. An
excessive amount of daylight additionally can dry out soil, making the plants have water stress and blooms to drop.
(Allman, 2017)

INDOOR SUNLIGHT AND PLANTING

Artificial or synthetic lighting ought to give plants vitality and data required for improvement. For this reason,
fluorescent lights, especially those having improved blue and red spectra (i.e. cool fluorescent white lights), are generally
utilized as a part of development chambers, together with extra light sources to accomplish the maintained photosynthetic
photon fluence fundamental for high efficiency (Massa, Emmerich, Morrow, Bourget, Mitchell, 2006 ; Yeh, Chung,
2009). In any case, the range and power of bright lights are not steady finished quite a while (see the similar data in the
electronic supplementary material, table S1).
High force release (Shrouded) lights, for example, metal halide and high-weight sodium lights, have moderately high
fluence (max. 200 lumens for every watt) and high photosynthetically dynamic radiations (Standards) effectiveness (max.
40%), and are regularly utilized as a part of nurseries and plant development rooms. The disadvantages including hoisted
circular segment to flame vitality prerequisite, the high operational temperature anticipating position near the shade and
the phantom dispersion (high extent of green– yellow locale, critical bright radiation and changed red : far red proportion),
which may move as indicated by the info control, firmly constrain their utilization and advancement (Martineau, Lefsrud,
Naznin, 2012). Among counterfeit lighting frameworks, LEDs show the most extreme Standard proficiency (80– 100%;
see the electronic supplementary material, table S1). LEDs emanating blue, green, yellow, orange, red and far red are
accessible and can be joined to give either high fluence (over full daylight, if wanted), or exceptional light wavelength
qualities, because of their thin data transfer capacity light range (Bula, Morrow, Tibbitts, Barta, Ignatius, Martin, 1991).
The high productivity, low working temperature and little size empower LEDs to be utilized as a part of beat lighting and
be set near the leaves in interlighting and intracanopy illumination (Yeh et al., 2009). Their long future and simplicity of
control make them perfect for nurseries being used throughout the entire year (Yeh et al., 2009). The Drove innovation is
anticipated to supplant fluorescent and shrouded lights in green frameworks and to upset controlled development
conditions.
REFERENCE:

Allman, M. (n.d). Does the Amount of Sunlight Affect the Growth of a Bean Plant? Retrieved from
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/amount-sunlight-affect-growth-bean-plant-55866.html

Arnon, D. I. (1971). The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis. PNAS, 68(11), pp. 2883. Retrieved from
http://www.pnas.org/content/68/11/2883.abstract.

Bula, R.J., Morrow, R.C., Tibbitts, T.W., Barta, D.J., Ignatius, R.W., Martin, T.S. (1991). Light emitting diodes as a
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FAO, (2012). Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes. FAO, Rome, Italy

Heuzé V., Tran G., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. Mung bean (Vigna radiata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD,
AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/235

Lambrides, C. J.; Godwin, I. D., (2006). Mungbean. In: Chittarajan, K., Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in
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Massa, G.D. Emmerich, J.C., Morrow, R.C., Bourget, C.M., Mitchell, C.A. (2006). Plant growth lighting for space life
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Martineau, V., Lefsrud, M., Naznin, MT. (2012). Comparison of light-emitting diode and high-pressure sodium light
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Mogotsi, K. K., (2006). Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. In: Brink, M. & Belay, G. (Editors). PROTA 1: Cereals and
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Towle, A. (1991). Modern Biology. United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Yeh, N., Chung, J.P. (2009). High-brightness LEDs: energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant
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