Research Proposal  Leverage the experience from your supervisor's

 A detailed written plan of a study. previous publications.

 Informs on what will be done, why, and how.  Review background papers together.
 Functions as a blueprint, guiding all aspects of the Format of a Research Proposal
investigation. 1. Title of the Proposal:
 Initiated when the topic for the study is decided.  Brief and descriptive, avoiding confusing or
 Blends science and art, incorporating scientific facts and ambiguous words.
clear communication.  Important words at the beginning, no
Reasons for Writing Research Proposal abbreviations.
 A requirement for all research purposes.  Consider breaking into a title and subtitle if too
 Forces investigators to clarify thoughts and consider all long.
aspects of the study plan. On a Separate Page (Title Page):
 Essential guide for the research team.  University, college, and department name.
 Can be reviewed by those providing advice or requiring  Proposal identification, researcher's name,
official/ethical approval. academic title, supervisor's name, and submission
Criteria for a Good Research Proposal date.
 Convincingly demonstrates the importance of the 2. Introduction:
research, the research process, and the competence of  Background information providing an overview of
investigators. the problem.
 Addresses the study aim and objectives.  Justification statement answering why the research
 Feasible and replicable, providing sufficient information is needed and its relevance.
for study replicability.  Aim (broad statement) and SMART objectives.
How to Start Writing a Research Proposal 3. Methodology:
 Generate Ideas:  Most crucial aspect, providing details and
 Seek ideas from the department chair, potential justification for techniques and procedures.
supervisors, and their areas of research.  Includes:
 Discuss previous work and resident research  Research design (e.g., cross-sectional, case-
projects with supervisors. control, experimental, qualitative).
 Inquire about time availability and potential  Setting of the study.
collaborators.  Duration of the study.
 Establish Rationale:  Sample size and sampling.
 Build a solid rationale for the research.  Detailed study procedures.
 Data analysis methods.
4. Ethical Consideration:
 Includes an information sheet.
 Consent form (verbal and written).
 Plans for subject confidentiality and data storage
duration.
5. References:
 Cited in the text following institutional guidelines.
 Relevant and up-to-date references.
6. Appendix:
 Attached documents (if applicable):
 Questionnaire or interview protocols.
 Informed consent forms.
 Information sheet for participants.
 Official letters for permission to conduct
research.
 Ethical approval of the study.
RESEARCH
 Is a systemic effort to gain new knowledge.
 Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics.
 Qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
 Quantitative methods allow systematic measurement of
variables and hypothesis testing.
 Qualitative methods allow exploration of concepts and
experiences in more detail.
STEPS IN RESEARCH
1. Collect review of literature/Situation Analysis.
2. Identify and prioritize health problems.
3. Decide aims & objectives.
4. Planning Methodology including study design.
5. Execution.
6. Compilation, Classification & Presentation of data.
7. Analysis - Test of Significance/Test of Hypothesis.
8. Inferences.
9. Report Writing.
10. Dissemination of Report.
ANATOMY OF RESEARCH
1. Define the problem (Characteristics).
2. Specify the objectives (Hypothesis).
3. Select design or type of study.
4. Select study population.
5. Collect data.
6. Analyze data.
7. Determine conclusions.
WHAT IS A RESEARCH QUESTION?
 The researcher asks a very specific question and tests a
specific hypothesis.
 Broad questions are usually broken into smaller, testable
hypotheses or questions.
 Often called an objective or aim, though calling it a
question helps with focusing the hypothesis and thinking
about finding an answer.
WHAT MAKES A POOR RESEARCH QUESTION?
 A question that matters to nobody, even you.
 The answer cannot consist of opinion or be a mere
description of known information.
 If a scientific research question offers results that cannot
be tested, measured, or duplicated, it is ineffective.
WHAT MAKES A GOOD QUESTION?
 Feasible (answerable with a strong method).
 Interesting.
 Novel.
 Ethical.
 Relevant.
HOW TO FOCUS YOUR QUESTION
1. Brief literature search for previous evidence.
2. Discuss with colleagues.
3. Narrow down the question – time, place, group.
4. Consider the expected answer.
TURNING A RESEARCH QUESTION INTO A PROPOSAL
 Who am I collecting information from?
 What kinds of information do I need?
 How much information will I need? (Sample size – ask an
expert or a statistician for help)
 How will I use the information?
 How will I minimize chance/bias/confounding?
 How will I collect the information ethically?
RESEARCH STUDY DESIGN
 Framework or set of methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing data on specified variables.
 Various types of study designs, each with advantages and
limitations.
  Determined by the nature of the research question, goals,  Participants randomly allocated to control or
and resource availability. experimental groups.
 Understanding different study designs is crucial for  Transparency in reporting randomization method to
assessing validity. minimize bias.
DIRECTION OF STUDY e) Blinding of Participants and Administrators
 Research studies classified by directionality: Forward,  Trial participants and administrators unaware of group
Backward, and No direction. allocation.
 Forward: Obtaining values of the explanatory  Single-blind or double-blind trials to avoid bias.
variable and determining future values of the f) Appropriate Sample Characteristics and Size
response variable.  Thorough investigation to ensure representativeness.
 Backward: Obtaining values of the response  Sample size sufficient for statistically applicable results.
variable and determining past values of the g) Minimal Bias
explanatory variable.  Designing the study to control potential sources of bias.
 No direction: Obtaining values of both variables  Management of involvement by commercial partners to
simultaneously. prevent influence.
BASICS OF STUDY DESIGN a) Interest TYPES OF BIAS
 Clear understanding of what is being measured and how  Design Bias, Selection Bias, Procedural Bias, Reporting
measures will be taken. Bias, Data Collecting Bias.
 Importance of adherence to trial parameters to avoid TYPES OF STUDY DESIGN
introducing bias. Descriptive:
 Clear eligibility criteria for the population of interest.  Case reports
b) Variable  Case series
 Measurable attributes varying across study units  Cross-sectional studies
(participants, time). Analytical:
 Examples include age, sex, weight, health status, etc.  Observational
c) Define Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria  Cross-sectional studies
 Specific criteria for study population.  Case-control studies
 Inclusion criteria identical for intervention and  Cohort studies
comparison groups.  Experimental
 Exclusion criteria to ensure study quality and ethical A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
conduct.  Aims to systematically obtain information to describe a
d) Random Allocation to Groups phenomenon, situation, or population.
  Addresses what, when, where, and how questions rather
than why.
CASE REPORT STUDIES
 Detailed report of symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment,
and follow-up of an individual patient.
Advantages:
 Identification of new trends or diseases.
 Detection of new drug side effects and potential
uses.
 Educational value in sharing lessons learned.
 Identification of rare manifestations of a disease.
Disadvantages:
 Cases may not be generalizable.
 Not based on systematic studies.
 Causes or associations may have other
explanations.
 Can be perceived as emphasizing the bizarre or
focusing on misleading elements.
CASE SERIES STUDIES
 Group of case reports involving patients with similar
treatment.
 Contains demographic information about patients (e.g.,
age, gender, ethnic origin).
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES IN DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
 Type of study analyzing data from a population or subset
at a specific point in time.
 Commonly used in environmental health surveys.
Advantages:
 Quick and easy to conduct (no long follow-up
periods).
 Data collected once.
 Measures prevalence for all factors.
 Studies multiple outcomes and exposures.
Diagram:
 Cross-sectional study data collected at one point
in time.
 Contrasted with longitudinal studies where data is
collected repeatedly over time.
Public Health Significance:
 Prevalence of the disease is crucial for assessing
the disease load in a population and planning
health resources allocation.
B. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH DESIGN
1. OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN
 Sample population is not manipulated; studied as it is.
 Researcher does not change or influence the sample
population.
 Data is gathered through inferences based on
observations.
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES IN OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
 Analytical cross-sectional surveys used to investigate the
association between a risk factor and a health outcome.
 Limitations:
 Difficult to establish a sequence of events.
 Impossible for rare predictors or outcomes.
 Cannot calculate incidence or relative risk.
 Cannot establish causality or the natural history or
prognosis of a disease.
2. CASE-CONTROL STUDY DESIGN
 Assess whether exposure is disproportionately distributed
between cases and controls.
 Frequently used for studying rare health outcomes or
diseases.
 Example: Investigating a rare cancer like Kaposi's
sarcoma.
 Diagram:
 Cases (with the disease) compared to controls
(without the disease) for exposure.
Advantages:
 Helps identify the source of an existing illness or
epidemic.
 Cheap and quick to conduct.
 Few ethics issues, as the patient already has the
health condition.
 Examines multiple risk factors in a patient’s life.
Disadvantages:
 Patient recall about their history can be inaccurate
(recall bias).
 No randomization, lowering internal validity.
 Matching a control group appropriately can be
difficult.
 Does not prove a clear causal relationship, only
calculates odds.
3. COHORT STUDY DESIGN
 Follows a defined group (cohort) over a specified time
period.
 Typically starts with healthy subjects or those without the
disease under study.
 Main purpose is to assess the effects of external or
internal factors on disease risk.
Advantages:
 Investigates numerous outcomes in the same
exposure.
 Allows examination of multiple results stemming
from a single cause.
Disadvantages:
 More expensive and time-consuming.
 Inefficient for diseases with long latency.
 Losses to follow-up can bias the measure of
association.
 Exposure data may be inadequate, and there may
be insufficient data on confounding factors.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 Researcher manipulates the sample population in this
type of study.
 Population is usually divided into a treated group
(experimented on) and a control group (not
experimented on) to observe cause and effect.
 After the experiment, the researcher can adjust aspects
for more accurate results.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
 Involves planning procedures to investigate relationships
between variables.
 Requires:
 A testable hypothesis.
 At least one independent variable that can be
precisely manipulated.
 At least one dependent variable that can be
precisely measured.
TYPES OF CLINICAL TRIALS
 Treatment Trials:
 Test experimental treatments, behavioral therapies,
new drug combinations, or new approaches to
surgery or radiation therapy.
 Prevention Trials:
 Seek better ways to prevent diseases in individuals
who have never had the disease or to prevent a
disease from returning.
 Approaches may include medicines, vitamins,
vaccines, minerals, or lifestyle changes.
 Diagnostic Trials:
  Conducted to find better tests or procedures for  Experimental studies always have a forward direction.
diagnosing a particular disease or condition.  Cause-and-effect conclusions can only be made from
 Screening Trials: well-designed true experiments.
 Test the best way to detect certain diseases or
health conditions.
 Quality of Life Trials (Supportive Care Trials):
 Explore ways to improve comfort and the quality
of life for individuals with a chronic illness.
PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIALS
 Phase I Trials (Pilot Study):
 Evaluate safety, determine safe dosage range,
identify side effects.
 Phase II Trials (Larger Pilot Study):
 Test effectiveness and further evaluate safety in a
larger group.
 Phase III Trials (Randomized Control Trial - RCT):
 Confirm effectiveness, monitor side effects,
compare to commonly used treatments.
 Phase IV Trials (Implementation Research):
 Post-marketing studies to delineate additional
information on risks, benefits, and optimal use.
Non-randomized Comparison Group (Quasi-experimental
Designs)
 Next best thing to RCT.
 Used when randomization is not feasible (e.g., cross-
contamination, facility- or community-level interventions).
 Participants are allocated into treatment and control arms
by the investigator.
NOTES
 Two types of research studies: Descriptive and Analytical
(observational and experimental).
 Observational studies can be forward (cohort), backward
(case-control), or no direction (cross-sectional).
Data and Datum:  Analyzed through numerical comparisons and statistical
 Data are the values (Measurements or observations) that the inferences.
variables can assume.  Reported through statistical analysis.
 Datum is the singular form of "data" and may refer to a single Data Collection Process:
item of data.  Data Collection is the process of collecting information from
Data Collection Methods: relevant sources to find a solution to a statistical inquiry.
1. Forms and Questionnaires  Information is the result of analyzing and interpreting pieces of
2. Interview data.
3. Observation Population, Sample, Parameter, Statistic:
4. Documents and Records  Population: Well-defined group of individuals/items/objects
5. Focus Groups whose characteristics are studied.
6. Oral Histories  Sample: Part of the population, a subset used in statistics.
7. Combination Research  Parameter: Quantity defining the characteristic of the whole
8. Online Tracking population.
9. Online Marketing Analytics  Statistic: Characteristic of a sample.
10. Social Media Monitoring Data Sources:
Understanding Data: 1. Internal Sources: Reports from an organization.
 Data is a raw form of knowledge and, on its own, doesn’t carry 2. External Sources: Primary (first-hand) and Secondary (already
any significance or purpose. collected) sources.
 Data can be texts, observations, figures, images, numbers, Methods of Collecting Data:
graphs, symbols, bytes, bits, or facts stored in a person’s mind. 1. Methods of Collecting Primary Data:
 Two main types of data: Quantitative data and Qualitative data.  Direct Personal Investigation
Qualitative Data: A. Conceptual:  Indirect Oral Investigation
 Concerned with understanding human behavior from the  Information from Local Sources or Correspondents
informant's perspective.  Information through Questionnaires and Schedules
 Assumes a dynamic and negotiated reality.  Mailing Method
B. Methodological:  Enumerator's Method
 Data collected through participant observation and interviews. 2. Methods of Collecting Secondary Data:
 Analyzed by themes from descriptions by informants.  Published Sources
 Reported in the language of the informant.  Government Publications
Quantitative Data: A. Conceptual:  Semi-Government Publications
 Concerned with discovering facts about social phenomena.  Publications of Trade Associations
 Assumes a fixed and measurable reality.  Journals and Papers
B. Methodological:  International Publications
 Data collected through measuring variables.  Publications of Research Institutions
 Unpublished Sources
Methods of Presentation of Data:  Kinds: Naturalistic, Participant, Structured.
1. Numerical presentation Focus Groups:
2. Graphical presentation  Qualitative data collection involving a group providing
3. Mathematical presentation feedback and answers to open-ended questions.
Variable Types:  Aims to gather collective opinions.
 Variable is a factor that can change in quality, quantity, or size. Evaluation of Results:
 Categorical or Qualitative Variable: Non-metric variables that  Quantitative results are mathematically manipulated.
cannot be specified in numbers.  Qualitative and quantitative results presented meaningfully.
 Quantitative or Numerical Variable: Specified in numbers. Characteristics of Variables:
Types of Variables:  Distribution (frequency), Central tendency (averages),
 Discrete Variable: Countable and can take on discrete values. Variability or Dispersion (spread out values).
 Continuous Variable: Measurable and can assume all possible Absolute Measures of Dispersion:
values within a given range. 1. Range
Questionnaire: 2. Variance
 A tool used to conduct surveys. 3. Standard Deviation
 Includes specific questions to understand a topic from 4. Quartiles and Quartile Deviation
respondents' points of view. 5. Mean and Mean Deviation
Questionnaire Design: Statistical Tests:
1. Define the Goal  Errors, Accuracy, Precision, t test, f test, z test, chi-square test,
2. Make it Short and Simple ANOVA test, p-value, etc.
3. Use a Mix of Question Types
4. Proofread Carefully
5. Keep it Consistent
Questionnaire Presentation:
 Spacing between questions, number of questions, design,
layout, and how instructions/questions are written affect
respondent experience.
Survey vs. Questionnaire:
 A questionnaire is a tool; a survey is the process of gathering,
sampling, analyzing, and interpreting data.
Interview:
 Qualitative research method relying on asking questions.
 Types: Structured, Unstructured, Semi-structured.
Observational Research:
 Observing participants and phenomena in natural settings.
1. Structure and Layout of the Thesis:  The thesis should be bound with a hardcover when finally
 Preliminary Pages: submitted to HMU.
 Title page.  A white blank paper should follow the front board and
 Quotation page (optional). another one before the rear board.
 Certification and approval pages.  White A4 papers (297 X 210 mm) are used, with printing
 Certification of the supervisor(s) and the on one side.
head of the department.  Margins: 1.5 inches for the left margin, 1 inch for other
 Forwarding of the thesis for debate by the margins; text alignment should be "justified."
dean of the college.  Preliminary pages should be paginated with lower case
 Certification of the examining committee Roman numerals.
and approval of the council of the college.  Pagination in Arabic numerals starts with the first page of
 Dedication page (optional). the introduction.
 Acknowledgements page.  Total number of pages: 70 to 90 pages for M.Sc. thesis,
 Abstract. 100 to 150 pages for Ph.D. thesis.
 List of publications from the thesis.  Minimum of 50 references required, with over 70%
 Table of contents. published in the previous ten years.
 List of tables.  Titles of the body of text parts should be in uppercase
 List of figures. letters.
 List of abbreviations.  Line spacing: 1.5 space throughout the text.
 Body of the Text:  New paragraph starts at column 1, leaving a space of 6 pt

 Introduction. between paragraphs.

 Chapters of the thesis:  Font type: "Times New Roman," font size: 12-point.

 Chapter 1. Literature review.  Numerals 1 to 9 in the text are written fully.

 Chapter 2. Methods. 3. The Hard Cover:

 Chapter 3. Results.  Layout of the outside front board is the same as the title
 Chapter 4. Discussion. page, with letters printed in golden prints.
 Chapter 5. Conclusions and  HMU logo above the title, at the middle of the front
recommendations. board.
 References.  Degree of the thesis (M.Sc./Ph.D.) written horizontally at
 Appendices. the top of the spine.
 Abstract and the title page in Kurdish and Arabic  Name of the student written vertically along the spine,

languages. centered at the middle.

2. General Considerations:
  Year of the study (Month and year of correction date)
written horizontally at the bottom of the spine.
 Color of the hard cover is red for all specialties.
4. Title Page:
 4.1. Officially Approved Title:
 Written in capital and bold letters (font 16).
 Second and succeeding lines indented to form an
inverted pyramid.
 Title should be concise and descriptive; consider
breaking it into a title and subtitle if too long.
 Abbreviations should not be used.
 4.2. Submission Statement:
 Written in capitals (font 14) and arranged in an
inverted pyramid.
 Indicates that the work is submitted to partially
fulfill the degree requirement.
 Specifies the degree (Master of Science or Doctor
of Philosophy) and specialty.
 4.3. Full Name of the Student:
 Followed by qualifications and training center of
the study.
 Written in all capitals and centered.
 Candidates with M.B.Ch.B. degree should not
prefix their name with "Dr."
 4.4. Academic Title and Name of the Supervisor(s):
 Academic title (full word written) and name of the
supervisor(s).
 Degree(s) of the supervisor(s).
 Supervisors with M.B.Ch.B. degree use only their
academic title.
 4.5. Month and Year of Submission:
 Calendar year (A.D.) on the left side.
 Islamic calendar (A.H.) on the right side.
 Kurdish calendar in the middle.
 After thesis correction, mention the month and
year of correction date on the hardcover.
5. Quotation Page:
 Student may write a verse from a holy book, a gnome, or
a proverb related to the work.
6. Certification and Approval Pages:
 6.1. Certification of Supervisor(s) and Head of the
Department:
 Certification by supervisor(s) regarding the
preparation of the thesis.
 Certification by the Head of the Department,
confirming alignment with the approved proposal.
 6.2. Certification of Director of Postgraduate Studies
and Forwarding:
 Certification that the thesis format complies with
HMU guidelines.
 Forwarding of the thesis for debate by the dean
based on available recommendations.
 6.3. Certification of Examining Committee and
Approval of College Council:
 Examining committee certifies adequacy for the
degree.
 Approval by the Council of the College.
 Details of committee members and their
signatures included.
7. Dedication:
 Optional section.
 Typically dedicates the thesis to parents, spouse,
children, or a friend.
 Should be concise and short.
8. Acknowledgements:
  One of the most read parts of the thesis.
 Expresses gratitude to individuals who contributed
to the research.
 Names of those who assisted, including sponsors,
friends, faculty staff, librarians, statisticians,
computer specialists, etc.
 Recognition of financial support from
governmental/non-governmental,
local/international organizations.
9. Abstract:
 Written in one page with no references or
abbreviations.
 Structured abstract with four subheadings:
 9.1. Background and Objectives:
 Concise definition of the problem,
background, and aim of the study.
 9.2. Methods:
 Study design, setting, procedures,
subject selection, experiments, and
methods.
 9.3. Results:
 Main findings, specific data, statistical
significance, etc.
 9.4. Conclusion:
 Principal conclusions, emphasizing new
and important aspects, and
implications.
10. List of Publications from the Thesis
11. Table of Contents:
 Includes headings for all chapters, titles for
sections, first-level sub-sections/sub-headings, and
appendices.
 Corresponding page numbers aligned at the right-
hand side of the page.
12. List of Tables/Figures:
 Includes table/figure numbers with titles and
corresponding page numbers.
 Aligned at the right-hand side of the page, similar
to the table of contents.
13. List of Abbreviations:
 Nomenclature of abbreviations and acronyms
found in the thesis.
 Listed alphabetically, using standard abbreviations.
 The first usage in the text includes the full form
followed by the abbreviation in parentheses.
14. Introduction:
 14.1. Overview:
 Brief overview of the problem with up-to-date
background information.
 References only to strictly pertinent sources, no
extensive reviews.
 14.2. Justification (Rationale):
 Evidence and reasoning for the research
addressing needs and gaps.
 Answers why the research needs to be done and
its significance.
 14.3. Aim and Objective(s):
 Specific and clear main and secondary objectives.
 Avoid too many or over-ambitious objectives.
 14.4. Introduction Length:
  Around three pages.
 14.5. Outline of Thesis:
 Definitions of terms, theoretical and practical
considerations.
15. Chapters of the Thesis:
 15.1 General Considerations:
 Chapter title in uppercase letters (Font size 14).
 Numerical indexing for chapters and sub-sections.
 Avoid more than 3 levels; if needed, use letters (A,
B, C).
 Different font size for subsection titles.
 Referring to a particular chapter or section has
specific capitalization.
 15.2. Chapter One: Literature Review:
 Emphasis on recent and regional/local studies.
 Critical synthesis, not a compendium or quotation
of contents.
 Chronological writing, emphasizing progress in the
field.
 Focus on "landmark" studies and relevant articles.
 Division into logical segments using
sections/headings, subsections/subheadings.
 Length around one quarter of the whole thesis.
 Appropriate number of references based on the
topic.
15.3. Chapter Two: Methods:
 Title options based on the study.
 Description of materials, methods, instruments, etc.
 Detailed statistical analyses in the appendix.
15.4. Chapter Three: Results:
 Logical presentation in text, tables, and figures.
 Consistent use of "figure" and "table" with uppercase
letters.
 No full repetition of data in text.
 Presentation of numeric results, statistical methods, and
significance.
 Self-explanatory tables and figures, numbered
consecutively.
 Title above the table, legend below the figure.
 Short or abbreviated headings for each column and row.
 No internal lines in tables, explanatory matters in
footnotes.
 Tables and figures appear in the text after first mention.
 Raw data may be given in an appendix.
15.5Chapter Four: DISCUSSION:
 15.5.1. Overview:
 Critique on what was done and found.
 Concise restatement of the study's purpose and
answers.
 15.5.2. Research Design Discussion:
 Discussion of research design, unique features,
pitfalls, and limitations.
 Critical account of methodology aspects
(participants, analytic methods, statistical tools).
 Highlighting significantly innovated or improvised
procedures.
 15.5.3. Findings Restatement and Interpretation:
 Brief restatement of new findings.
 Thorough interpretation, discussion of
generalizability.
 Comparison with findings in previous similar
studies.
 Explanations for discrepancies, considering study
limitations.
 Contribution to scientific knowledge.
  15.5.4. Additional Discussion Points:  Writing starting with the most important points.
 Scientific knowledge contribution.  Enumerating for clarity in descending order of
 Implications of the study. importance.
 Limitations and strengths discussion.
 Areas of ignorance, new questions, suggestions for
further research.
 15.5.5. Flow of Ideas:
 Follows the sequence of objectives and results.
 15.5.6. Structuring the Chapter:
 Broken into logical segments with
subsections/subheadings.
 Rich in references to similar works and background
information.
15.6. Chapter Five: CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 15.6.1. Summary of New Observations:
 Summary of new interpretations and insights.
 Avoiding a mere restatement of findings.
 15.6.2. Linking Conclusions to Objectives:
 Linking conclusions with study objectives.
 Avoiding unqualified statements not adequately
supported.
 15.6.3. Recommendations:
 Based on candidate experience and study findings.
 Stating gaps or unanswered questions requiring
investigation.
 15.6.4. Exploration of Implications:
 Exploration of practical, applied, and clinical
implications.
 Suggestions for future research and improvement.
 15.6.5. Structure of Conclusions and
Recommendations: