Updated Esia Nyaruguru FRDP Disclosed July 2020

REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
RWANDA TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (RTDA)

FEEDER ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP)
UPDATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (ESIA)
FOR
REHABILITATION, UPGRADING AND MULTI-YEAR
MAINTENANCE WORKS OF INDICATIVE FEEDER ROADS
NYARUGURU DISTRICT, 69Km, (2 Lots)
NYARUGURU-ESIA
July 2020
RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected
feeder roads in the District of Nyaruguru, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Government of Rwanda (GoR) through the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
(MINAGRI) and various Development Partners have intensified their support to agriculture and
feeder roads infrastructure development to minimize post-harvest loss and high transport cost
across the Country. In this regard, the GoR launched the Rwanda Feeder Roads Development
Project (FRDP) to develop agricultural marketing roads. This project received financing from IDA to
rehabilitate, upgrade and maintain 270 km of selected feeder roads in Rwamagana, Gisagara,
Karongi and Nyamasheke Districts. The GoR also recieved additional funding for the rehabilitation
of 450 km of feeder roads in other six Districts, namely Gatsibo, Nyagatare, Nyaruguru, Gakenke,
Rutsiro and Nyabihu. With additional financing from World Bank and Multilateral Donors to FRDP,
450km will be rehabilitated and upgraded in the new six districts mentioned above.
Nyaruguru District is one of the eight Districts of the Southern Province. The District covers a surface
area of 1,007.1sq.km, with a population of 294,334 inhabitants and the entire feeder roads network
linking agriculture farms to the markets is in poor conditions. This is the reason why, four selected
feeder roads in Nyaruguru have been prioritized for this additional fund. Those roads are, Huye-
Rusenge-Ngera-Nyagisozi NRFR 10, Munini-Kanama-Gatunda, Remera NRFR 3, Giswi-Rugogwe-
Kabere-Nshili Tea Factory-Kabere (Ruheru) NRFR 4, Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata NRFR 6; all with a total
length of 69 kms. The major activities associated with the rehabilitation and upgrading of the selected
feeder roads in Nyaruguru District include rehabilitation/ upgrading of carriageway pavement with
a standardized width, bridges and drainage work as well as maintenance of rehabilitated
infrastructures.
The average carriageway width of the selected feeder roads ranges from 2.5 to 5.7 m and will be
upgraded to 6 m. The project plans to construct 165 culverts and bridges with a total length of
24.4m, 71.535km of new drains and rehabilitation of 4.461km of existing drains. On the 2 prioritized
roads for FR3 there is a replacement of an old bridge located at PK 1+800 with the new construction of
box culvert with the length of 8m, construction of new pipe culverts with the total of 41 m and 25.633
km of new drains. Whereas on FR 4 the project plan to construct 44 culverts, there will be construction
of new drains with the length of 21.976 km.
The contractor for these works is STECOL Corporation in Joint venture with HORIZON Construction Ltd.
The requirements of construction materials have been identified along with the quarry and borrow
area sites. The Contractor has identified Twenty-nine (29), and Seven (7) potential borrow areas and
quarry sites respectively and also twenty-three (23) most of identified sites for borrow pit extraction
will be used as alternative for dumping sites.
Given that the FRDP has been assigned category A which means that the project is expected to have
potential negative environmental impacts, the rehabilitation of those feeder roads requires the
preparation of a f u ll Environmental and Social Impact Assessment/ Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESIA/ESMP) to ensure that the planned activities are environmentally and
socially implemented in full compliance with Rwanda’s and the World Bank’s environmental and
social policies and regulations. This ESIA will be an update of the initial ESIA prepared during the
feasibility study of the identification of the selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District.
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Updating the ESIA is the responsibility of the contractor, and the updated ESIA should be cleared by
the World Bank before any Civil works. The methodology adopted for the preparation of this report
includes the review of previous ESIA report and detailed designs, consultation of national and
international regulations related to environmental and social safeguards, field observations and public
consultation.
The findings of the ESIA study showed that the feeder roads development project in Nyaruguru District
has both positive and negative impacts. The positive impacts include employment opportunity, skill
transfer, enhanced economy in rural areas, increase and improvement in social and economic
conditions and improved transport system among others.
Potential negative impacts likely to occur include lose and change in land use, lose and damages of
biodiversity (fauna and flora), encroachment to protected areas, landslides, relocation of households,
increase in erosion rates, soil pollution due to spill of oil, grease and other chemical/material on road,
disruption of natural drainage, water pollution due to construction in water front structures or disposal
of waste; air pollution due to dust and gases emissions from the construction machineries, increase in
water demand, , risks to health due to poor waste disposal and outside labor employment; risk of
health and safety, increase in noise increased road congestion, and damage of public utilities.
However, the ESIA study also revealed that the above adverse impacts are low to medium and can be
mitigated. Therefore, this ESIA study has to end by providing appropriate mitigation measures
including adoption of a proper waste management system at the site, designing and constructing
properly the drainage pattern, provision of sanitary facilities, compensation of the affected
properties,, use of erosion control technics including vegetative and masonry structures before
discharging roadside runoff into water bodies, using motorized equipment’s in good working
conditions, regular spray of water during road construction, application of traffic management
measures or preparing alternative roads in case of road closure, provision of personal protective
equipment’s (PPE) to workers, just to list few.
The ESIA study also propose the monitoring plan to ensure the proposed mitigation measures are
properly implemented to cope with negative impacts herein identified. This monitoring plan also
involves different stakeholders of the project from the sponsor to the local communities as direct
beneficiaries.
The key stakeholders of ESIA preparation, updating and implementation include but not limited to the
following institutions: RDB, REMA, MoE, MININFRA, MINALOC, RLMUA, RWFA, RNP, RSB, RTDA,
Nyaruguru District and World Bank.
MININFRA/ RTDA, MoE, RLMUA, RWFA, RMB, RDB and Nyaruguru District are key implementers of
this ESIA and RAP. Grievance redress committees have been created at the subproject and road level
to supervise the safeguards compliance throughout the project period and resolve related issues
raised by the Project Affected Person (PAPS). A strong monitoring system will also be put in place
monitor the PAPs livelihoods during and after the project activities.
The estimated budget both for implementaion of environmental and social management and
monitoring plans are estimated at about 235, 210, 250 FrW or about USD 248,900. Out of which,
209, 250,250 FrW or USD 221, 428 is estimated for implementaion of environmental and social
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management plan and about 25,960,000 FrW USD 27, 471 is for implemntation of Environmental
and Social Monitoring plan. Other costs for certain items associated with environmental and social
management and monitoring will be an integral part of specific items incorporated in overall project
budget.
In view of the ESIA/ESMP findings, it could be concluded that the project will bring benefits
to the communities within and out of Nyaruguru District. The identified negative impacts can be
mitigated with the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plans. However, for the
successful implementation of planned development activities, the timely implementation of the
proposed mitigation measures is required to ensure effective and successful implementation of the
proposed project in an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable manner.
Once the ESIA is acceptable by the GoR and World Bank, RDB will approve this ESIA report while
REMA will oversee the project implementation and conduct environmental audit during the project
implementation. The Government of Rwanda will disclose this ESIA/ESMP report in country and
will authorize the World Bank to disclose it on its website (documents.worldbank.org).
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... I
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... I
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF PHOTOS ............................................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................ VII
ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................................ VIII
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA ............................................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 4
2 LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 6
2.1 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA 2003 ................................................................................................. 6
2.2 VISION 2020 FOR RWANDA ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR RWANDA .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.1 National Policy on Environment for Rwanda ................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 National Land Policy......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.3 National Transportation Policy ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.4 Integrated Water Resources Management Policy of 2011 ............................................................................ 11
2.3.5 Environmental Health Policy .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.6 Mining Policy, 2010 ........................................................................................................................................ 12
2.3.7 National sanitation policy .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.3.8 The National Forestry Policy, 2010 ................................................................................................................. 13
2.3.9 The National Gender Policy, 2010 .................................................................................................................. 13
2.4 THE GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA STRATEGIES ................................................................................................................ 13
2.4.1 National Development Strategy ..................................................................................................................... 13
2.4.2 National Strategy for Transformation (NST1/2017-2024) ............................................................................. 14
2.4.3 National Wetlands Conservation Program .................................................................................................... 14
2.4.4 Road Maintenance Strategy .......................................................................................................................... 14
2.4.5 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ............................................................................................. 15
2.5 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) ............................................................................................................... 15
2.6 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.1 Law N° 70/2013 of 02/09/2013 governing biodiversity in Rwanda ............................................................... 15
2.6.2 Law N°55/2011 of 14/12/2011 governing roads in Rwanda ......................................................................... 15
2.6.3 Law on Environment No 48/2018 of 13/8/2018: ........................................................................................... 16
2.5.1 Law No. 43/2013 of 16/06/2013 governing land in Rwanda ......................................................................... 19
2.6.4 Law N° 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 Relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest .......................................... 19
2.6.5 Law N° 13/2014 of 20/05/2014 on mining and quarry operations ................................................................ 19
2.6.6 Ministerial Order No 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of Projects that must undergo
environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures to conduct environmental impact
assessment .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
2.6.7 Ministerial Order N°004/16.01 of 24/05/2013 determining the list of water pollutants .............................. 20
2.6.8 Ministerial Order N° 001/16.01 of 03/01/2012 on explosives used in mining, quarrying and infrastructure
activities ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.9 Ministerial Order N°003/MINIRENA/2015 of 24/04/2015 determining modalities for application, issuance
and use of Mineral and Quarry Licenses ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.10 Ministerial Order N°02 of 17/05/2012 determining conditions for occupational health and safety ......... 21
2.6.11 The Law No 59/2008 of 10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of gender-based violence .............. 21
2.6.12 The Law N° 66/2018 of 30/08/2018 regulating labor in RWANDA ........................................................... 21
2.6.13 EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2006 ............................................................................................................... 21
2.6.14 General EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2009 ................................................................................................. 22
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2.6.15 Sector guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for road development projects in Rwanda
24
2.7 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority (RLMUA) ........................................................................................... 25
Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority (RWFA) .......................................................................................................... 25
Contractor (JV STECOL CORPORATION AND HORIZON) .............................................................................................. 26
2.8 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ........................................................................................................................... 26
2.8.1 Environmental Assessment (OP /BP/ 4.01) .................................................................................................... 27
2.8.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) ............................................................................................................................. 28
2.8.3 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) ...................................................................................................... 29
2.8.4 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ............................................................................................................... 29
2.8.5 Forest (OP 4.36).............................................................................................................................................. 29
2.9 INTERNATIONAL MULTILATERAL CONVENTIONS, AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS......................................................................... 30
3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................................ 34
3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................. 34
3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 ROADS STATUS IN THE PROJECT AREA .......................................................................................................................... 36
3.4 PROJECT DETAILS .................................................................................................................................................... 37
3.4.1 Nature of project activities ............................................................................................................................. 38
3.4.2 Project size ..................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.4.3 Brief Description on Feeder Roads ................................................................................................................. 39
3.5 TRAFFIC SURVEY...................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.6 FEEDER ROAD DESIGN STANDARDS ............................................................................................................................. 47
3.7 PROJECT ANCILLARY ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................................................. 49
3.7.1 Camp sites ...................................................................................................................................................... 49
3.7.2 Quarry Site ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
3.7.3 Borrow pit ...................................................................................................................................................... 52
3.7.4 Dumping sites................................................................................................................................................. 54
3.7.5 Access roads to project’s ancillary facilities ................................................................................................... 56
4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT/BASELINE DATA ......................................................................... 58
4.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.2 STUDY AREA........................................................................................................................................................... 60
4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................................... 60
4.3.1 Topography .................................................................................................................................................... 60
4.3.2 Climate ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
4.3.3 Geology .......................................................................................................................................................... 62
4.3.4 Soils ................................................................................................................................................................ 63
4.6 AMBIENT AIR AND NOISE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................................... 71
4.6.1 Ambient air environment ............................................................................................................................... 71
4.6.2 Ambient noise environment ........................................................................................................................... 73
4.9 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 82
4.9.1 Demography ....................................................................................................................................................... 82
4.9.2 Gender and child context ................................................................................................................................... 84
4.9.3 POPULATION WITHIN THE RIGHT OF WAY .......................................................................................................................... 85
4.9.4 Family size of the Household of respondents ..................................................................................................... 86
4.9.5 Age Structure of the surveyed households ......................................................................................................... 87
4.9.6 Sex of Respondents............................................................................................................................................. 87
4.9.7 Education of Respondents .................................................................................................................................. 87
4.9.8 Marital status of respondents ............................................................................................................................ 88
4.9.9 Vulnerability of PAPs .......................................................................................................................................... 89
4.9.10 Housing conditions of the PAPS ........................................................................................................................ 89
4.9.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE DISTRICT ............................................................................................................. 89
4.6.3 Agriculture...................................................................................................................................................... 90
4.9.13 Livestock ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
4.9.14 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE PAPS WITHIN THE RIGHT OF WAY ................................................................................. 92
4.9.15 Access to basic infrastructures ......................................................................................................................... 92
4.9.16 Distances to basic services ............................................................................................................................... 93
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4.9.17 Social services and prevention of communicable diseases ............................................................................... 94

4.9.18 Employment status of affected communities ................................................................................................... 94
4.9.19 Livestock in the surveyed household ................................................................................................................ 94
4.9.20 Economic Activity and Source of Income .......................................................................................................... 95
4.9.21 House Conveniences and their Conditions........................................................................................................ 95
4.10 RESETTLEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT................................................................................................................... 96
4.10.1 Loss of Houses .................................................................................................................................................. 96
4.10.2 Loss of Land ...................................................................................................................................................... 97
4.10.3 Loss of other Structures .................................................................................................................................... 98
4.10.4 Loss of trees and crops ..................................................................................................................................... 98
4.10.5 Summary of Losses ........................................................................................................................................... 99
5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................... 100
5.1 BACKGROUND....................................................................................................................................................... 100
5.2 OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................................... 100
5.3 METHODS AND PROCESS ........................................................................................................................................ 101
5.4 STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................................... 102
5.5 LOCATION OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND ATTENDANCE................................................................................................ 102
5.6 FINDINGS FROM PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING ...................................................................................................... 103
5.6.1 Consultation with district authorities ........................................................................................................... 104
5.6.2 Consultation with Cooperative Leaders ....................................................................................................... 105
5.6.3 Consultation with Church Leaders ................................................................................................................ 105
5.6.4 Consultation with School representatives .................................................................................................... 106
5.6.5 Consultation with Health Center .................................................................................................................. 106
5.6.6 Consultative Meetings with community....................................................................................................... 107
6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS........................................................................................................... 114
6.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 114
6.2 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 114
6.2.1 Impact Assessment....................................................................................................................................... 115
6.2.2 Impact identification .................................................................................................................................... 120
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ..................................................................................................................... 120
6.3.1 Positive impacts at all phases of the proposed project ................................................................................ 121
6.3.2 Negative Environmental impacts at all phases of the project ...................................................................... 126
6.3.3 Negative Social impacts at all phases of the project .................................................................................... 135
7 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ...................................................................................................................... 139
7.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 139
7.1.1 Noise pollution and excessive vibrations mitigation .................................................................................... 139
7.1.2 Air pollution and air emission mitigation ..................................................................................................... 140
7.1.3 Solid waste minimization and reclamation of borrow and quarry sites ....................................................... 141
7.1.4 Land use change and loss of vegetation and biodiversity ............................................................................ 143
7.1.5 Water quality and soil contamination minimization.................................................................................... 144
7.1.6 Soil erosion control ....................................................................................................................................... 145
7.1.7 Limit vegetation clearing ............................................................................................................................. 146
7.1.8 Public utilities damage prevention ............................................................................................................... 146
7.1.9 Minimize land sliding of road embankments ............................................................................................... 146
7.1.10 Limit the risks of spreading of STDs, HIV/AIDS, Ebola and other transmissible diseases ......................... 147
7.1.11 GBV, VAC, SEA mitigation ........................................................................................................................ 147
7.1.12 Public and Occupational Safety and Health Risk Mitigation.................................................................... 150
7.1.13 Avoid or Minimize encroachment, accidents and pass of Nature Reserves and Wildlife ........................ 151
7.1.14 Road accident mitigation ......................................................................................................................... 151
7.1.15 Loss of water point .................................................................................................................................. 152
7.1.16 Socio-dispute mitigation .......................................................................................................................... 152
7.1.17 Chance findings procedures ..................................................................................................................... 153
7.1.18 Resettlement Action Plan......................................................................................................................... 153
8 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................................................................... 165
8.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................. 165
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8.2 “DO NOTHING”/WITHOUT PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................................... 165

8.3 WITH PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................................... 166
8.3.1 Limiting works within the existing carriageway ........................................................................................... 167
8.3.2 Project siting ................................................................................................................................................ 167
8.3.3 Preference of hillside cut over valley side cut ............................................................................................... 167
8.3.4 Design alternatives....................................................................................................................................... 167
8.3.5 Alternative roads .......................................................................................................................................... 167
8.3.6 Construction material and exploitation techniques ..................................................................................... 167
8.3.7 Preference of local labor over imported labor .............................................................................................. 168
8.4 ANALYSIS/EVALUATION OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...................................................................................................... 168
9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................................................... 169
9.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 169
9.2 CESMP AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION PLANS PREPARATION............................................................... 169
10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN .......................................................................................... 171
10.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 171
10.2 REPORTING .......................................................................................................................................................... 173
11 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS .................................................................................................................. 178
12 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING COSTS ........................................................................... 181
13 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................... 182
14 REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................................ 185
15 ANNEX ............................................................................................................................................................... 187
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List of Tables
TABLE 2-1 : ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ARTICLES AND STATEMENT ......................................................................................................... 17
TABLE 2-2 : KEY INSTITUTIONS IN ESIA IMPLEMENTATION AND MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS IN FEEDER ROADS DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA ......... 24
TABLE 2-3: WORLD BANK PROJECT CATEGORIZATION .................................................................................................................... 27
TABLE 2-4: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN WORLD BANK OP 4.12 AND RWANDA LEGISLATION..................................................... 31
TABLE 3-1: SECTORS CROSSED BY THE SELECTED FEEDER ROADS IN NYARUGURU ................................................................................. 37
TABLE 3-2: LIST OF PRIORITY FEEDER ROAD FOR REHABILITATION AND UPGRADING ............................................................................. 38
TABLE 3-3: DETAILS ON SELECTED ROADS AND STRUCTURES TO BE BUILT ............................................................................................ 45
TABLE 3-4: SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC COUNT SURVEY RESULTS ON FEEDER ROADS IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ............................................. 46
TABLE 3-5: STRUCTURE OF THE SURVEYED TRAFFIC ........................................................................................................................ 46
TABLE 3-6: GEOMETRIC DESIGN STANDARDS ADOPTED FOR THE PROJECT .......................................................................................... 47
TABLE 3-7: IDENTIFIED QUARRY SITES .......................................................................................................................................... 51
TABLE 3-8: LIST OF IDENTIFIED BORROW PITS ALONG THE FEEDER ROADS FR4 AND FR6 ...................................................................... 52
TABLE 3-9: LIST OF IDENTIFIED BORROW PITS ALONG THE FEEDER ROADS FR3 AND FR10 ..................................................................... 53
TABLE 3-10: QUANTITIES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FROM BORROW PITS, QUARRIES AND DUMPING MATERIAL ................................. 54
TABLE 3-11: STATUS OF ACCESS ROADS TO ANCILLARY FACILITIES ..................................................................................................... 56
TABLE 4-1: SCOPING MATRIX FOR THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................................ 59
TABLE 4-2: SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION IN RWANDA ................................................................................................................ 67
TABLE 4-3: WATER BODIES ALONG NYARUGURU SELECTED FEEDER ROADS........................................................................................ 69
TABLE 4-4: WATER BODIES TO BE PROTECTED BY CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALLS AND GABIONS .................................................... 70
TABLE 4-5:AMBIENT AIR EMISSION LIMITS ................................................................................................................................... 72
TABLE 4-6: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TOLERANCE LIMITS .................................................................................................................... 73
TABLE 4-7: AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL LIMITS IN RESPECT TO CATEGORY OF AREA ...................................................................................... 74
TABLE 4-8 : NOISE LEVELS DURING CONSTRUCTION, DB (A) ............................................................................................................ 75
TABLE 4-9: NOISE DUE TO CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY ................................................................................................................. 75
TABLE 4-10: TREES ALONG FEEDER ROADS WITHIN THE ROAD CORRIDOR.......................................................................................... 76
TABLE 4-11: GIRTH WISE DETAILS OF TREES ................................................................................................................................. 77
TABLE 4-12: POPULATION IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT...................................................................................................................... 83
TABLE 4-13: HOUSEHOLDS PER SELECTED ROADS IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT........................................................................................ 85
TABLE 4-14: FAMILY SIZE OF THE HOUSEHOLDS ............................................................................................................................ 86
TABLE 4-15: AGE OF THE PAPS OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEYED ............................................................................................................. 87
TABLE 4-16: SEX OF PAPS IN THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYED ............................................................................................................... 87
TABLE 4-17: LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF RESPONDENTS .................................................................................................................... 88
TABLE 4-18: MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYED ..................................................................................... 88
TABLE 4-19: VULNERABILITY IN THE PAPS ................................................................................................................................... 89
TABLE 4-20: CROP PRODUCTION IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ............................................................................................................. 91
TABLE 4-21: LIVESTOCK DISTRIBUTION IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ..................................................................................................... 92
TABLE 4-22: NUMBER OF SCHOOLS, HEALTH CENTERS, CHURCHES AND PUBLIC OFFICES BY ROAD............................................................ 92
TABLE 4-23: EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF PAPS ............................................................................................................................... 94
TABLE 4-24: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK IN THE FAMILY ...................................................................................................................... 95
TABLE 4-25: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND SOURCE OF INCOME AMONG THE PAPS ................................................................................. 95
TABLE 4-26: HOUSING CONDITIONS............................................................................................................................................ 96
TABLE 4-27: CONVENIENCES IN THE SURVEYED HOUSEHOLD AND THEIR CONDITIONS .......................................................................... 96
TABLE 4-28: DETAILS OF HOUSE ON ROADSIDE ............................................................................................................................. 97
TABLE 4-29: LAND ACQUISITION FOR ROAD WIDENING ................................................................................................................... 97
TABLE 4-30: LOSS OF OTHER STRUCTURES .................................................................................................................................... 98
TABLE 4-31: LOSS OF CROPS AND TREES ....................................................................................................................................... 98
TABLE 4-32: SUMMARY OF LOSSES ............................................................................................................................................. 99
TABLE 5-1: THE ZONES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS ....................................................................................................... 103
TABLE 5-2: AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT .................................................................................................... 104
TABLE 5-3: DETAILS ABOUT CONSULTED COOPERATIVE LEADERS ..................................................................................................... 105
TABLE 5-4: DETAILS ABOUT CONSULTED CHURCH LEADERS ............................................................................................................ 106
TABLE 5-5: DETAILS OF THE CONSULTED SCHOOLS REPRESENTATIVES .............................................................................................. 106
TABLE 5-6: DETAILS OF THE CONSULTED HEALTH CENTER REPRESENTATIVES ..................................................................................... 107
TABLE 5-7: SUMMARY OF FEEDER ROADS’ PUBLIC CONSULTATION IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ............................................................. 109
TABLE 5-8: NUMBER OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND INFRASTRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ................................ 112
TABLE 6-1: SYNTHESIS OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT MATRIX ........................................................................................................... 117
TABLE 6-2: IMPACT SEVERITY ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................................... 120
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TABLE 6-3: VEHICLES EMISSION FACTORS................................................................................................................................... 126

TABLE 6-4: EMISSION DURING CONSTRUCTION (12 MONTHS) ....................................................................................................... 127
TABLE 6-5: NOISE DUE TO CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY ............................................................................................................... 128
TABLE 6-6: NOISE DUE TO CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY ............................................................................................................... 128
TABLE 6-7: LAND ACQUISITION FOR ROAD WIDENING ................................................................................................................... 130
TABLE 6-8: PROPOSED LENGTH OF RETAINING WALLS AND GABIONS ............................................................................................... 132
TABLE 6-9: IDENTIFIED AREAS TO BE PROTECTED FROM LAND SLIDING BY CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALLS ........................................ 133
TABLE 7-1: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................ 155
TABLE 10-1: ENVIRONNEMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ................................................................................................ 174
List of Figures
FIGURE 1-1: LOCATION OF NYARUGURU DISTRICT IN RWANDA .......................................................................................................... 1
FIGURE 1-2: MAP SHOWING THE FOUR SELECTED FEEDER ROADS IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT .................................................................... 3
FIGURE 2-1: EIA PROCEDURE IN RWANDA ................................................................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 3-1: MAP SHOWING THE SELECTED FEEDER ROADS AND CROSSED SECTORS IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT........................................... 34
FIGURE 3-2: ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF ALL PRIORITY SELECTED FEEDER ROADS .................................................................................... 39
FIGURE 3-3: LOCATION OF MUNINI- KANAMA- GATUNDA- REMERA (FR3) IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT.................................................... 40
FIGURE 3-4: LOCATION OF GISWI- RUGOGWE- KABERE- NSHILI TEA FACTORY- KABERE (RUHERU) (FR4)............................................... 42
FIGURE 3-5: LOCATION OF RUKORE- BIGUGU- NYABIMATA (FR6) ................................................................................................... 43
FIGURE 3-6: LOCATION OF HUYE- RUSENGE- NGERA- NYAGISOZI (FR10) IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ...................................................... 44
FIGURE 3-7: DESIGN OF THE ROAD SECTION .................................................................................................................................. 48
FIGURE 3-8: DESIGN OF THE CROSS SECTION FOR EARTH AND MASONRY DITCHES................................................................................ 48
FIGURE 3-9: LOCATION OF ANCILLARY FACILITIES ALONG SELECTED FEEDER ROADS IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ............................................ 55
FIGURE 4-1: MAP SHOWING THE ALTITUDE OF THE FEEDER ROADS PROJECT AREA IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ............................................ 61
FIGURE 4-2: : RWANDA HISTORICAL AVERAGE RAINFALL 1982-2011 .............................................................................................. 62
FIGURE 4-3: FR 10 AND FR3 CROSSING AGATOBWE AND GISWI MARSHLANDS UNDER AGRICULTURAL EXPLOITATION............................... 66
FIGURE 4-4: DISTANCE OF FR 4 & FR 6 TO NYUNGWE NATIONAL PARK AND ITS BUFFER ZONE ............................................................. 81
FIGURE 4-5: SELECTED FEEDER ROADS IN RELATION TO BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................... 82
FIGURE 4-6: SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES ALONG SELECTED FEEDER ROADS IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT ........................................................ 93
FIGURE 6-1: FLOW CHART OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF A PROJECT ................................................................... 115
FIGURE 6-2: MAP SHOWING DIFFERENT EROSION RISK ZONES IN RWANDA ....................................................................................... 130
FIGURE 7-1: ADDRESSING COMPLAINS ABOUT VAC, SEA AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT (SH) ................................................................ 149
FIGURE 11-1: THE GRIEVANCE REDRESSES MECHANISM STRUCTURE............................................................................................... 179
List of Photos
PHOTO 3-1 : TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF STARTING POINT OF FR3 ........................................................................................................... 40

PHOTO 3-2: TYPICAL GISWI RIVER CLOSER TO THE ROADS FR3 ........................................................................................................ 41
PHOTO 3-3: END LOCATION OF RUKORE- BIGUGU- NYABIMATA (FR6) ............................................................................................. 43
PHOTO 3-4: STARTING POINT OF THE FR10.................................................................................................................................. 44
PHOTO 3-5: AGATOBWE RIVER CLOSER TO THE ROADS FR10 .......................................................................................................... 45
PHOTO 4-1: PICTURE OF LAND USE ALONG THE FEEDER ROAD ALIGNMENT ......................................................................................... 63
PHOTO 4-2:GISWI RIVER CROSSING BY THE ROAD-FR3 .................................................................................................................. 65
PHOTO 4-3:TYPICAL AGATOBWE RIVER CROSSED BY THE ROAD- FR10.............................................................................................. 65
PHOTO 4-4: EROSION IN AKANYARU RIVER AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON GISWI RIVER BANK......................................................... 68
PHOTO 5-1: NURSE FROM MUNINI DH TEACHING ABOUT STD/AIDS ............................................................................................ 107
PHOTO 5-2: ENVIRONMENTALIST OF TEACHING ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 108
PHOTO 5-3: VIEW OF CONSULTATION IN NYARUGURU DISTRICT, 2019 .......................................................................................... 111
PHOTO 5-4: MEETING AT KIBEHO SECTOR-KANA CENTER .............................................................................................................. 112
F vi
List of Annexes
ANNEX 1: TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR DISCHARGED OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER .................................................................................. 187
ANNEX 2: PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGE ..................................................................................... 187
ANNEX 3: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TOLERANCE LIMITS .................................................................................................................. 188
ANNEX 4: NOISE EXPOSURE LIMITS ........................................................................................................................................... 189
ANNEX 5: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS IN PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING ............................................................................................. 190
ANNEX 6: INTERIM CHECKLIST - REVIEW OF E&S IMPLEMENTATION IN T&I BANK-FINANCED WORKS CONTRACTS ................................ 197
ANNEX 7: ROW OF SELECTED FEEDER ROADS .............................................................................................................................. 199
ANNEX 8: NUMBER OF SOCIO ECONOMIC AND INFRASTRUCTURE ALONG THE SELECTED FEEDER ROAD ................................................. 200
F vii
Acronyms
AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AMSL : Above Mean Sea Level
BP : Bank Procedure
CBD : Convention on Biological Diversity
DPR : Detailed Project Report
DP : Displaced Persons
EA : Environmental Assessment
EDPRS : Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP : Environmental Management Plans
ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMMP : Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans
ESMP : Environmental and Social Management Plan
FS : Feasibility Studies
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GoR : Government of Rwanda
HIV : Human Immune Deficiency Virus
IDA : International Development Association
IL : Impact Level
IWRM : Integrated Water Resources Management
LCV : Light Commercial Vehicle
LHS : Left Hand Side
MDG : Millennium Development Goals
MIDIMAR : Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees
MINAGRI : Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
MINECOFIN : Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
MINALOC : Ministry of Local Government
MINIRENA : Ministry of Natural Resources
MININFRA : Ministry of Infrastructure
MoE : Ministry of Environment
MoH : Ministry of Health
MSIP : Management Strategy and Implementation Plan
NAP : National Action Plan
NAPA : National Plan of Action
NBSAP : National Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan
NCC : National Consultative Committee
NFP : National Forest Policy
NGOs : Non-Governmental organizations
NMT : Non-Motorized Transport
NR : National Road
NWP : National Water Policy
F viii
OHS : Occupational Health and Safety

OP : Operational Policy
PAPs : Project Affected Persons
PCRMP : Physical Cultural Resources Management Plan
PM : Particulate Matter
POL : Petroleum, Oils and Lubricants
QA : Quality Assurance
RAP : Resettlement Action Plan
REG : Rwanda Energy Group
RoW : Right of way
RURA : Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency
VCT : Voluntary Counseling and Testing
WMP : Waste Management Plan
F ix
RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for
selected feeder roads in the District of Nyaruguru, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
th
Rwanda, the World's 149 largest Country, has an area of 2 6,338 square kilometers (10,169 sq mi).
The country is administratively divided into four provinces (Eastern, Western, Norther and
Southern provinces) and the City of Kigali. Nyaruguru District is one of the eight districts of
Southern Province. The District has 14 Sectors, which are Busanze, Cyahinda, Kibeho, Kivu, Mata,
Muganza, Munini, Ngera, Ngoma, Nyabimata, Nyagisozi, Ruheru, Ruramba and Rusenge. The
district is about 165 km from the Capital Kigali and can be reached via NR-1 to which district roads
are connected from the district. Figure 1-1 below indicates the location of Nyaruguru District in
Rwanda.
Figure 1-1: Location of Nyaruguru District in Rwanda
The Nyaruguru District is one of the 8 Districts of the Southern Province, made up of 14 sectors,
themselves subdivided into 72 Cells and 332 Villages. The District covers a surface area of
1,007.1sq.km, with a population of 294,334 inhabitants1. It is the least densely populated district
in the Southern Province and seventh least densely populated district in Rwanda. The population
1
Rwanda 4th Population and Housing Census, 2012 (NISR)
1
density accounts for 291 inhab/sq.km, ranking the District seventh from bottom country-wide;
density is 30% lower than the national average (415 inhab/sq.km) and 33% lower than the
Southern Province average (434 inhab/sq.km). The population growth is expected to decrease,
from 2.4% in 2012 down to 1.9% in 2032. The District is prevalently rural, the urban population
accounted only for 2.0 % of the total District population in 2012. The road network in the District
is in poor conditions.
The Government of Rwanda, has launched the Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project (FRDP)
initially through the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), to reduce post-
harvest loss and the high transport price in the project areas by developing roads that improve
agricultural marketing in the area. Later on the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
(MINECOFIN), requested the World Bank by a letter dated October 10, 2017, to restructure the
parent FRDP in line with changes to the institutional framework for road management, which
Rwanda Transport Development Authority (RTDA) as a main implementing agency. The MINAGRI
through FRDP prepared the feasibility report for 194.56 km of feeder roads in the district of
Nyaruguru. The major activities associated with the indicative feeder roads in Nyaruguru District
include rehabilitation /upgrading of carriageway pavement with a standardized width, bridges and
drainage work as well as maintenance of rehabilitated infrastructures. The requirements of
construction material have been identified along with the quarry and borrow sites.
The FRDP received financing from IDA to rehabilitate, upgrade and maintain 270 km of feeder
roads in Rwamagana, Gisagara, Karongi and Nyamasheke Districts. The GoR also recieved
additional funding for the rehabilitation of 450 km of feeder roads in other six Districts, namely
Gatsibo, Nyagatare, Nyaruguru, Gakenke, Rutsiro and Nyabihu. With additional financing from
World Bank and Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) to FRDP, 450km will be rehabilitated and
upgraded in the new six districts including Nyaruguru District as detailed above. In Nyaruguru
District, 69km of feeder roads will be rehabilitated and upgraded.
Nyaruguru district has a total road network estimated to 194.56 km and most of them are not in
good conditions. Through the additional finance to FRDP, in Nyaruguru District, priority has been
given to four feeder roads out of thirteen feeder roads identified during the feasibility study. The
selected feeder roads are FR3: Munini- Kanama- Gatunda- Remera, FR4: Giswi- Rugogwe- Kabere-
Nshili Tea Factory- Kabere (Ruheru) , FR6: Rukore- Bigugu- Nyabimata and FR10: Huye- Rusenge-
Ngera- Nyagisozi dived into two lots with a total length of 69 km (Figure 2).
The rehabilitation of the feeder roads requires the preparation of an Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment/ Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (ESIA/ESMP) to ensure
that the planned activities are implemented in environmentally friendly and socially acceptable
with in full compliance with Rwanda’s and the World Bank’s environmental and social policies and
regulation. In line with this during the feasibility study of the Nyaruguru indicative feeder roads
the ESIA/ESMP were prepared in 2016. However, due to the changes in project design that
considers only two lots, change in institutional arrangement for the implementation of the project,
etc. updating of this ESIA/ESMP is necessitated focused on these two lots of 69 km. Therefore, the
Nyaruguru District hired STECOL Corporation in Joint venture with HORIZON Construction Ltd as
2
contractor to carry out updating of this ESIA/ESMP, final design study, rehabilitation, upgrading
and multi-year maintenance activities for these two lots of four selected feeder roads. present
report only concerns Nyaruguru District. Figure 1-2 presents the indicative four feeder roads in
Nyaruguru District.
Figure 1-2: Map showing the four selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District
1.2 Objectives of the ESIA
The main objective of this assessment study is to carry out a comprehensive Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed 69KM of Feeder Roads in Nyaruguru District to
identify environmental and social impacts associated with the Rehabilitation, Upgrading and
Multi-Year Maintenance works of Selected Feeder Roads (69 Km, 2 Lots) and other ancillary
activities such as access road, campsites, borrow pits and dumping sites and thus developing the
appropriate mitigation measures for each identified negative impacts to ensure that the
construction activities under this proposed feeder road project is environmentally sound and
contributes to the development of environmental assets. It is also expected to provide a means
whereby the overall environmental performance of this project can be enhanced through attaining
the below specific objectives.
These are:
 describe the bio-physical and socio-economic baseline condition of the proposed feeder road
project.
3
 identification and evaluation of the potential environmental and social impacts associated
with the feeder roads rehabilitation projects in Nyaruguru District implementation and
subsequent operation.
 the adoption of measures and mechanisms for their incorporation in the project to enhance
beneficial impacts and to avoid, minimize or offset adverse impacts.
 develop an environmental and social management and monitoring plan to provide guidance
and means for monitoring the implementation of environmental and social management
measures and provide guidance; and
 produce reports in the format and level that meets the EIA guidelines, policies and
regulation of Government of Rwanda (GoR) and the safeguards operation policies (Ops) of
the World Bank (WB).
1.3 Scope of the Study
The present ESIA is to be updated for the four selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District. The
updated ESIA will therefore provide an environmental, social, health and safety safeguards
guidance to ensure that the overall implementation of the feeder roads rehabilitation and
upgrading activities are environmentally friendly, socio-economically sustainable and comply with
the country’s regulations and the World Bank’s environmental and social policies. The study will
therefore review key country policies, legal, and institutional framework and the W.B OP as well
as international environmental conventions and protocols ratified by Rwanda relevant for this
ESIA Study. In addition, the study will provide an updated description of the biophysical and socio-
economic environment of the project area with a focus on some critical areas like wetlands,
marshlands, swamps, cultural and heritages sites, graveyards, natural forests, protected area,
which have to be considered and protected during the overall project implementation.
A description of planned rehabilitation and upgrading activities will be also performed, the impacts
that they are likely to have on biophysical and socioeconomic features within and beyond the
project area as well as mitigation measures to be implemented in order to prevent or/and
attenuate negative impacts at all stages of the project.
An Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) will be developed
towards the end of the study summarizing and encompassing all identified impacts associated to
different project activities, corresponding mitigation measures as well as their implementation
and monitoring responsibilities. Finally, a conclusion and recommendations will be suggested from
the study.
1.4 Approach and Methodology
Road projects will create a range of direct and indirect impacts on physical, biological and human
environment. Understanding the environmental and social settings and environmental social
risk, issues and constraints along the proposed feeder road alignment is essential for the design
of road projects. The methodology adopted for the environmental studies is summarized below.
The methodology meets the requirements of the GoR EIA guideline and the WB operational
4
policies and guideline.

Different techniques were used to collect data required for this study and these include a
comprehensive literature review, field visits and direct site observations, surveys and interview
with key concerned respondents.
The details of methodology used by the consultant consisted of the following:
a) Scoping: A scoping exercise has been carried out to identify and highlight the key issues and
impacts likely to occur during the construction and operation and maintenance phases of the
project under consideration. The effort has focused on the most important aspects of impact
identification.
b) Literature review: Review of documentation on policies, laws, regulations and guidelines
related to environmental management, business sector, waste management, land use, EIA
process, etc. at the National level as well as the international levels has been done.
c) Interviews: Interviewed people (community members, affected person, vulnerable groups,
youths and women, ) living in the project area; farmers’ organizations, church leaders, private
sector federation, project personnel and experts, officials and experts from various local
governmental institutions in order to determine the perceived benefits of the project and the
likely negative impacts on the environment and society as a whole.
d) Site visit: during site visits, direct observation of biophysical and socio-economic features of
the project area has been performed. Photos have been taken for showing the existing situation
of the project.
e) Stakeholders’ consultations: consulted stakeholders included the Authority (REMA & RDB) and
PAPs (local people living in the project area) `
The study was conducted in such a manner and procedure that it fulfils the requirements of
Government of Rwanda and the World Bank's environmental and social appraisal procedures.
5
2 LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter describes the relevant policies and strategies, legal instruments, institutional
arrangement and international framework applicable to rehabilitation and/or construction of
feeder roads in different districts of Rwanda. It summarizes the National Laws and describes the
procedure for obtaining environmental permits to allow project implementation. In August 2018,
Rwanda adopted a legal framework in accordance with its National Policy on Environment, the
new Environmental Law n° 48/2018 of 13/08/2018 determining the modalities of protection,
conservation and promotion of environment in Rwanda. Ministerial order no 001/2018 of
15/04/2019 that list the projects that must undergo Environmental Impact Assessment prior to its
commencement and where possible surpass legal stipulations/obligations in order to minimize or
avoid negative impacts on the existing environmental status. This applies to programmes and
policies that may affect the environment. An order of the Minister having environment in his or
her attributions shall determine the list of projects mentioned in this organic law”.
More specifically, ESIA must be carried out for large scale infrastructure projects, such as the
proposed project of Rehabilitation, Upgrading and Multi-Year Maintenance Works of Selected
Feeder Roads (69Km, 2 Lots), and must outline the costs and benefits of the protection of related
ecosystems. The ESIA must be submitted to the Rwanda Development Board (RDB). The
Environmental Compliance and Cleaner Production Unit within RDB provides advice on EIA.
2.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003
As the supreme law of the country, the constitution of the Republic of Rwanda stipulates that the
state shall protect important natural resources, including land, water, air, wetlands, minerals, oil,
fauna and flora on behalf of the people of Rwanda. This constitution entrusts the government with
the duty of ensuring that Rwandese enjoy a clean and healthy environment. Among other articles
related to environments are:
 Article 22: Right to a clean environment: Everyone has the right to live in a clean and healthy
environment.
 Article 53 states that everyone has the duty to protect safeguard and promote the
environment. The State ensures the protection of the environment. A law determines
modalities for protecting, conserving and promoting the environment.
 Article 34: Right to private property: Everyone has the right to private property, whether
individually or collectively owned. Private property, whether owned individually or collectively,
is inviolable. The right to property shall not be encroached upon except in public interest and
in accordance with the provisions of the law.
 Article 35: Private ownership of land and other rights related to land are granted by the State.
A law determines modalities of concession, transfer and use of land.
2.2 Vision 2020 for Rwanda
One of the pillars of vision 2020 for the Republic of Rwanda is environmental protection and
management. By 2020, the Government of the Republic of Rwanda envisages to have built a nation
6
where stress on natural resources mainly land, water, forestry, biodiversity will have reasonably
been decreased and the pollution process and environmental degradation reversed. It is further
stipulated that; the management and protection of these natural resources be given more
attention in order to preserve and conserve for the future generations.
To achieve the objectives of Vision 2020, the Republic of Rwanda will ensure:
 The environment issue is integrated into all education, sensitization, and development
policies and programs as well as in all decision-making processes.
 The promotion of grassroots’ communities’ participation with more involvement of
women and the youth in environment protection and management.
 that the precaution principle is set up to alleviate negative effects of socio-economic
activities to our environment.
 A diversification of energy sources that will be made available to the population to
decrease pressure on biomass.
 That the “polluter-pays” principle as well as preventive and penal measures are set up to
safeguard the environment.
 That a study on environmental impact be conducted for any development project and
programme.
 The planning of industrial sites establishment and control of their effects on environment
and the population.
 The promotion of more environment friendly transport, stocking and industrial products
and waste elimination technologies.
 Regulations relating to mine exploitation and mine discharge treatment are applied.
 Rehabilitation of former quarry sites.
 That the Bureau of Standards for local and imported products is strengthened.
 a Statistic database on natural resources and environment and a quick alert system to
mitigate anticipate natural disasters are set up and that a scheme for victims of a natural
calamity is created; and
 That Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is set up and supported.
The cooperation with other countries and international institutions in the area of environment
protection and management.
2.3 Policy Framework for Rwanda

2.3.1 National Policy on Environment for Rwanda
The National Environment Policy was adopted by the Cabinet in November 2003. This policy
7
aims at the following:

 To enable the country to strike a dynamic balance between population and resources
while complying with the balance of ecosystems.
 To contribute to sustainable and harmonious socio-economic development such that, both
in rural and urban areas, men and women may realize their development and well-being
in a sound and enjoyable environment; and
 To protect, conserve and develop natural environment.
This policy therefore pursues to achieve its overall objective of the improvement of human
wellbeing, the judicious utilization of natural resources and the protection and rational
management of ecosystems for a sustainable and fair development through improved health and
quality of life for every citizen and promotion of sustainable socio-economic development through
a rational management and utilization of resources and environment, integrating environmental
aspects into all the development policies, planning and in all activities carried out at the national,
provincial and local level, with the full participation of the population, conservation, preserve and
restoration of ecosystems and maintenance of ecological and systems functions. This policy also
seeks to integrate environmental sustainability principles into all development processes,
programmes and projects. For roads, the nature of the terrain in Rwanda makes environmental
issues (e.g. water runoff and landslides), the main threats to sustainable road maintenance. The
terrain and the settlement patterns also indicate that roads which are the most common mode
of transport could be a potentially dangerous development, unless environmental and social
considerations of human safety, risk of losses, are prior anticipated, identified, analyzed and
integrated into the project design and implementation
The key principles mentioned among others that:
 It is every person’s right to live in a safe and stable environment, but on the other hand, they
must keep it healthy.
 The national economic growth must be based on rational use of resources and consider
account environmental dimensions.
 Active and effective participation of the whole population for environment protection and
management.
 A special emphasis must be laid on environmental education and sensitization program at
all levels with more involvement of women and the youth.
 Environmental impacts are to be analyzed while conducting studies of development
projects.
 Further, the policy proposes the elaboration or updating of master plans and special
planning in urban areas with regard to population and land development aspects. In natural
resources management (including land and water), the policy proposes:
8
 Ensure the preservation and protection of soils against any form of degradation.
 Ensure that a prior study of environmental impact which underlines costs and benefits from
slopes and underlying ecosystems protection is conducted for any development projects
 Encourage programs of rainwater collection, stocking and use.
 The policy also proposes the following in regard to biodiversity, forests, wetlands
management and other natural reserves and or ecosystems:
 Set up protection measures for slopes to avoid degradation of swamps.
 Promote the rehabilitation of ecosystems under degradation and restoring endangered
species.
 On the issue of environmental education, information and research, the policy proposes
among others to reinforce the human and institutional capacity building with regard to
environment and to sensitize the population to protect the environment.
 On health and sanitation, the policy proposes among others:
 Set up a system of waste collection, transport, disposal and elimination.
 Establish norms of zone protection between dumps, human buildings and water sources.
 Set up an appropriate canal and evacuation system for waste waters and rainwater in towns
and resettlement sites “Umudugudu”.
 The National Policy on Environment for Rwanda harmonizes other policies like on
agriculture, energy. The policy further proposes that the Central Government will be
concerned with conservation and protection policies while tourism and environmental
management will be transferred to the District and Kigali City levels.
This underscores the importance of EIA in road projects. This policy provides a framework
for the reconciliation of the three pillars of sustainable development, namely environment,
social and economic issues. Rwanda environment policy also advocates to ensure compliance
with environment in all transport and communications activities which includes the following:
 To ensure that land, lake and air transport regulations minimize pollution.
 To prevent air and soil pollution by emissions of gases and heavy metals from transport
equipment.
 To ensure the protection of areas bordering roads; and
 To protect the population against noise nuisances and dangers from air, lake and land
transport.
2.3.2 National Land Policy
In the past, apart from a few scattered land regulations, most of which date back to the colonial
period, Rwanda has never had a proper land policy nor has it ever had a land law, a situation that
9
enhances the existing duality between the very restrictive written law and the widely practiced
customary law, giving rise to insecurity, instability and precariousness of land tenure.
The Rwandan Government, therefore, found it compelling and necessary to establish a national
land policy that would guarantee a safe and stable form of land tenure, and bring about a rational
and planned use of land while ensuring sound land management and an efficient land
administration. Currently, the land tenure system in Rwanda operates in a dual legal system:
 The customary law, which governs almost all the rural land and promotes the excessive
parceling out of plots through the successive father‐to‐son inheritance system.
 The written law, which mostly governs land in urban districts and some rural lands
managed by churches and other natural and legal persons. This law confers several land
tenures rights to individuals such as land tenancy, long term lease and title deeds.
On the whole, Rwanda’s land tenure system requires comprehensive reforms, from the
elaboration of a national land policy to the establishment of a land law and land code, which will
guide the judicious use and management of the land resource for the economy to be able to take
off in such a way that our country is freed from the grips of poverty.
National land policy was adopted in February 2004. This policy provides register and transfer
of land and possibility of investments in land. It also highlights key principle of land use and
land management. The policy advocates the protection of green areas, marshy land, valley and
protected areas in Rwanda. These protected areas are classified as such because of their multiple
roles, namely ecological, economic, cultural, and social. The main objective of their preservation
was the conservation of different species and different habitats of biodiversity for educational,
touristic and research purposes. These areas have been affected by various changes, one of which
is the spatial reduction due to the resettlement of the population. For road scheme development,
the implications of this policy relate to resettlement and compensation; assessing the suitability
of particular areas for road infrastructure; and the influence of infrastructure development on the
changing value and use of land
In the perspective of the harmonious and sustainable development, the overall objective of the
national land policy of Rwanda is to establish a land tenure system that guarantees tenure security
for all Rwandans and give guidance to the necessary land reforms with a view to good
management and rational use of national land resources. The policy introduces the consideration
of master plans for use and sound management of land resources. The policy also provides
development of land use plans based on suitability of the areas/lands thus distinguishing the
different categories of land and their purpose.
2.3.3 National Transportation Policy
The National Transport Policy was approved in December 2008. This policy takes into account the
action plan of the Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy and cross-cutting issues such as HIV/AIDS,
gender mainstreaming, socio-economic and environment. The transport infrastructure sector
must be effective to facilitate the other socio-economic sectors and thus stimulate the growth for
achievement of the objectives of Vision 2050.
10
This policy highlights the main objective of the road sub-sector in Rwanda as to Maintain,
Rehabilitate and Develop the National Road Network, which is responsible for more than
80% of human and goods traffic in the country. The policy’s strategies to meet these objectives
are: a) Expanding and improving Rwanda’s road infrastructure, protecting existing capital
investments, and improving road safety; b) Establishing an appropriate institutional framework
for the accelerated development of the road sub sector; c) Financing road maintenance works
through multi-year maintenance contracts, renewable under performance evaluation; d)
Encouraging community participation in road maintenance through the district development
committees; e) Improving the ability and quality of local road infrastructure, thereby enabling the
rural community to market its crops; and f) Creating an environment conducive to the
encouragement of Private Sector participation in rehabilitating, maintaining, and developing road
infrastructure. Accordingly, a Road Maintenance Fund was established to provide adequate,
reliable financing for road maintenance activities; and a Road Maintenance Strategy was
formulated to guide the process
The mission of the transport sector is to strengthen the institutional framework and capacity of
transport institutions and stakeholders in the planning and management of the sector.
The objectives are to:
 Reduce and control transport costs
 Assure the quality and durability of the rural, urban and international transport network
 Improve safety for goods and passengers on the principle modes of transport
 Increase mobility of the population in order to improve access to essential services,
education, and employment
 Establish a system to ensure sustainable financing of road maintenance
 Facilitate access to cost effective transport services
2.3.4 Integrated Water Resources Management Policy of 2011
This policy aims at fair and sustainable access to water, improvement of the management of water
resources among others through reforestation and afforestation of hillsides and water catchments
areas. There is need to harmonize this policy with other policies like agriculture and mining policies
by specifying the distances vis-à-vis other economic activities like marshland development. The
policy also needs to adopt a holistic approach to the management of water resources and
integrate other polices related to it including the forest, wetlands, agriculture, infrastructure
development along water bodies and land use.
2.3.5 Environmental Health Policy
The Environmental Health Policy is articulated on four following priority programs:
 Environmental education: This policy provides the way to improve hygienic and sanitary
conditions in urban and rural areas.
 Promotion of food security and water: Food security and water issues constitute the basic
problems in many areas particularly in restaurants, bars and public places. Environmental
11
health officers will be in charge of monitoring and follow through the inspection of water and
food quality. The inspection and monitoring will be conducted in all areas where water and
food are stored for human consumption.
 Compliance with safety and environmental standards in construction activities: Environmental
health officers will be involved in the application of plans and layouts of buildings particularly
the sanitation facilities designs.
 Promotion of efficient management of solid and wastewater: Environmental health officers in
collaboration with learning institutions will propose efficient and cost benefit technologies for
solid waste and wastewater in communities, families and enterprises. This will contribute to
avoid pollution and achieve sustainable development. The selection criteria for these
technologies are their accessibility, the affordability for people to acquire them and their ability
to reduce the contamination and pollution of water, food, air and the environment in general.
The implementation of this project will comply with safety, environmental education and
environmental standards in construction activities and efficient management of solid and
wastewater.
2.3.6 Mining Policy, 2010
The policy replaced the one of 2004 covers wider aspects of regulation, institutional and
investment framework for the mining industry, value addition and capacity building strategies as
well as providing a clear plan of action to support the sub sector’s growth. The mining policy covers
not only the mineral extraction, processing and export, but also the quarrying, production of
construction materials and extraction and processing of semi-precious stones.
2.3.7 National sanitation policy
The National Sanitation policy of 2016 recognizes that Rwanda’s economic growth and poverty
reduction goals are hampered by a lack of improved sanitary facilities as well as limited service
provision for excreta disposal, management of solid and liquid wastes, combined with inadequate
hygienic practices and storm water risks.
To increase sanitation coverage, Rwanda can build on some valuable scalable sanitary
achievements. Most Rwandan households have already financed and built their waterless sanitary
facilities and adhere to basic principles regarding garbage disposal and recycling (composting). The
decentralization process provides an adequate framework for community participation and
sensitization.
Modern sanitation service provision, solid waste and storm water management require efficient
institutional capacities and somewhat costly infrastructure. Investments with high economic but
low financial return are usually not very attractive for the private sector and may need public
finance and/or subsidies.
The policy principle is built on the fact that most of the Rwandese population relies on individual
sanitation, and specific approaches for both individual and collective services must be considered.
Households have demonstrated their willingness and capacity for building their own sanitation
facilities in most areas of the country – although many of the facilities do not yet comply with the
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definition of improved facility. The willingness and sense of responsibility existing among the
population is a strong asset that should be acknowledged and supported. A second asset is
certainly the dynamic of the Rwandan business sector.
2.3.8 The National Forestry Policy, 2010
The overall goal of this policy is to promote the forestry sector as one of the bedrocks of the
economy and national ecological balance for sustainable benefits to all segments of the society.
The objectives of the policy include: 1)To encourage the participation of the private sector to
invest in the forest sector for poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of
livelihood through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests and trees; 2)To
contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity conservation, and tree
planting through sustainable management of forests and trees; 3)To strengthen the participation
of communities and other stakeholders in forest management, to conserve water catchment
areas, forest biodiversity and ensure sustainability to the forest sector; 4)To promote farm forestry
to produce timber, wood fuel and to supply wood and non-wood forest products; and 5)To
promote forest research, training and education to ensure a vibrant forestry sector.
The Proposed Project is comprising with different trees along the road alignment, a large area of
vegetation and trees will be cleared. Specific aspects of the policy will need to be considered.
2.3.9 The National Gender Policy, 2010
The Vision of the National Gender Policy is to set the Rwandan society free from all forms of
gender-based discrimination and see both men and women participate fully and enjoy equitably
from the development processes.
The main mission of this policy is to contribute to the elimination of gender inequalities in all
sectors of national life, in order to achieve the nation’s goal for sustainable development. The
Resettlement activities will involve and affect both men and women in terms of loss of property
and both genders are expected to be treated equally thus this policy will be relevant.
2.4 The Government of Rwanda Strategies
2.4.1 National Development Strategy2
The Vision 2020 document has developed National Development Strategy in year 2000 wherein it
is realized that Rwanda shall have a reliable and safe transport network of feeder roads. Hence
feeder roads will continue to be extended and improved. Land use management, urban and
transport Infrastructure development are considered as important pillar among 6 pillars of vision
2020 and protection of environment and sustainable natural resource management is one of the
crosscutting areas of the vision. The other important planning tools are the second Economic
Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS-II), the National Investment Strategy,
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework. The
vision document advocates to the development of economic infrastructure of the country and
2
Rwanda Vision 2020; Republic Of Rwanda; Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (2000).
13
transport infrastructure in particular.

The Government of Rwanda (GoR) developed National Strategies and Action plans for the
following:
 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2003,
 National Plan of Action (NAPA) for climate change adaptation (2006/7), and
 National Action Plan (NAP) for combating desertification.
These strategies and action plans reflect national priorities for Environmental Natural Resources
(ENR) sector that are online with the Rwanda’s second phase Economic Development and Poverty
Reduction Strategy (EDPRS-II) as a medium-term framework for achieving the country’s long term
development aspirations as embodied in Rwanda Vision 2020 and the Millennium Development
Goals (MDG) priorities.
2.4.2 National Strategy for Transformation (NST1/2017-2024)
The National Strategy for Transformation (NST1/2017-2024) which is 7 Government Programme,
takes environment and climate change as one of the cross-cutting areas which will be embedded
within Sector Strategic Plans and District Development Strategies.
In the area of environment and climate change, Rwanda has made significant progress in
environment and climate change mainstreaming, as reported in State of Environment Reports
(SEORs, 2009 and 2015). The environment is protected by relevant environmental laws and
regulations that are captured under the Environmental Organic Law of 2005, as revised to date,
and Climate Change has been addressed and informed by cross sectoral strategies, including the
Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (GGCRS) and the Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs) for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
In this regard, focus will be on improving cross sectoral coordination to ensure smooth
implementation of environmental policies and regulations. In this regard, critical sectors identified
for strengthening include agriculture, urbanization, infrastructure and land use management.
Additional emphasis will be put on strengthening monitoring and evaluation. High impact areas
selected include implementation of: Environmental and social Impact Assessments, biodiversity
and ecosystem management, pollution and waste management
2.4.3 National Wetlands Conservation Program
The program aims at engaging various government ministries in wetland conservation and ensure
a holistic approach to wetland management. Rules governing wetlands in the country were put in
place to enhance wetland conservation and enable environmentally adequate management of all
development project activities, roads inclusive that may negatively impact wetlands. All wetlands
crossed by the roads under study are currently used for agricultural production.
2.4.4 Road Maintenance Strategy
The Road Maintenance Strategy of May 2008 emphasizes routine maintenance as a more cost-
effective tool of establishing and managing road infrastructure. The strategy aims to: a) Provide a
14
policy framework to guide RTDA and Districts staff in maintenance programming, planning and
execution; b) Ensure that investments are made in the development of roads; c) Ensure that
infrastructures are safeguarded and allowed to deliver their maximum benefit; and to allow all
stakeholders to understand the investment decisions taken by MININFRA.
This strategy lays emphasis on building capacity, fostering public-private partnerships and a long-
term project cycle involving multi-year contracts management. Environmental management is a
key aspect of the Road Maintenance Strategy, as this is critical for cost effective road maintenance
and rehabilitation.
2.4.5 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
The first NBSAP for Rwanda has been developed in 2003 and defined the objectives and priorities
for the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity.
The revised NBSAP, as a key tool for the implementation of the CBD objectives and its Aichi
Targets, has been developed based on national needs and priorities for biodiversity conservation,
in response to threats that are facing biological resources at country level. It spells out a range of
5 objectives and 19 national targets that aim to stop biodiversity loss and increase the economic
benefits associated with the biological resources utilization and ecosystems‟ services. It defines
strategies to address the pressures on national biodiversity and for the integration of biodiversity
conservation issues into broader sector policies, strategies, development programs and actions
and created more coherence in understanding biodiversity conservation and serve as a reference
for the development and updating of biodiversity strategies and actions implemented in other
development sectors.
Finally, the revised NBSAP reflects the country’s vision for biodiversity and the broad strategic
mechanisms that Rwanda will take to fulfil the objectives of the Convention, while the action plan
comprises the concrete actions to be taken to achieve the strategy
2.5 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals the world will use over the next
15 years to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and fix climate change. Formed
through extensive consultation with all levels of society, the SDGs are a comprehensive
development plan to leave no person behind. With the SDGs, Rwandans have the opportunity to
act upon their vision for the future. No poverty, zero hunger, good health, gender equality and
infrastructure are among 17set goals.
2.6 The Legal Framework
2.6.1 Law N° 70/2013 of 02/09/2013 governing biodiversity in Rwanda
Purpose of this Law: This Law determines modalities for management and conservation of
biological diversity within Rwanda.
2.6.2 Law N°55/2011 of 14/12/2011 governing roads in Rwanda
Purpose of this Law
15
This Law regulates the road network in Rwanda and determines its reserves, classification and
management.
 Article 22: Road reserve for national roads, Districts and City of Kigali roads and those of other
urban areas
 The road reserve for national roads, Districts and City of Kigali roads and those of other urban
areas –Class One shall be demarcated by two parallel lines at twenty-two (22m) meters on
both sides of the road from the median line.
 The road reserve for Districts and City of Kigali roads and those of other urban areas –Class 2,
shall be delimited by two parallel lines at twelve (12) meters on both sides of the road from
the median line.
 Indicative feeder road project is classified as a District road.
Article 27: Restrictions within public road reserve
The following activities are prohibited on the road reserve for national roads, Districts and City of
Kigali roads and those of other urban areas roads:
 1° to erect new buildings modify or rehabilitate existing ones.
 2° to induce land degradation by using materials that constitute such land.
 3° to plant any type of trees without authorization of the authority responsible for the
concerned road.
 4° to mount any advertising billboard without authorization of the authority responsible
for the road depending on its class
2.6.3 Law on Environment No 48/2018 of 13/8/2018:
The most relevant legal provisions towards feeder road rehabilitation works are stated in the
following chapters and articles:
 Chapter IV: Conservation and protection of built environment, specify modalities of wastes
management in Article 17, Article 18, Article 19 and Article 20, respectively indicating the
way liquid wastes, solid wastes, hazardous and toxic wastes, and electronic wastes; and
 Chapter VI: Prohibited Acts and Penalties in Article 42, and Article 46, respectively stating,
prohibitions in wetlands and protected areas, and implementing a project without EIA.
Statements of articles cited up are presented in the table 1 below.
Environmental impact Assessment legislation in Rwanda
The Rwandan legislation governing EIA concerns also the construction or rehabilitation of national
roads, district roads and repair of large bridges. Some of the roads in Nyaruguru District will cross
wetlands, and the Environmental Organic Law determines discussed in detail below under
different Articles:
16
Table 2-1 : Environmental law articles and statement
Articles/Statements
Article 17: Liquid waste management
- The collection, transport and disposal of wastewater are conducted in accordance with special
regulations and guidelines issued by the competent authority.
- Water from the sewage system and any type of liquid waste must be collected in treatment
factories for purification and serve thereafter to perform hygiene, sanitation and
developmental activities.
Article 18: Solid waste management
- No person is authorized to discard solid waste in an inappropriate place.
- Solid waste must be sorted, collected and transported to appropriate destination in
accordance with relevant laws.
- Solid waste must be disposed of in appropriate landfill or in a waste processing factory for
production purposes.
Article 42: Prohibitions in wetlands and protected areas
Acts prohibited in wetlands and protected areas are as follows:
- to dump any solid, liquid waste or hazardous gaseous substances in a stream, river, swamp,
pond, lake and in their surroundings
- to damage the quality of the surface or underground water
- to dump, spill or deposit materials of any nature that may cause or increase water pollution
- to dump, make flow any hazardous waste, wastewater, except after treatment in accordance
with relevant
- to dump, make flow, dispose of and store any substance in a place where it may cause or
facilitate pollution of national water
Article 46: Implementing a project without environmental impact assessment clearance
Any person who does not carry out environmental impact assessment before launching any
project that may have harmful effects on the environment while it is required, is punished by
suspension of his/her activities or closure of his/her association and ordered to rehabilitate the
damage to environment, persons and property. He/she also pays an administrative fine of two
percent (2%) of the total cost of the project.
Article 83: It is prohibited to dump in wetlands: 1° wastewaters, except after treatment in
accordance with instructions that govern it; 2° any hazardous waste before its treatment. Any
activity that may damage the quality of water is prohibited.
Chapter IV of Rwanda Environmental Organic Law is dedicated to EIA in its articles 67 to 70 as
17
Articles/Statements
cited below:
Article 67: Every project shall be subjected to Environmental Impact Assessment/
Environmental Management Plan, before obtaining authorization for its implementation. This
applies to programmes and policies that may affect the environment. An order of the Minister
having environment in his/ her attributions shall determine the list of projects mentioned in this
organic law
Article 68: The environmental impact assessment shall at least indicate the following:
 a brief description of the project and its variants;
 a study of direct or indirect projected effects on a place;
 analysis relating to the initial state of a place;
 measures envisaged to reduce, prevent or compensate for the damage;
 reasons based on in selecting such a place;
 an explanation of the methods that will be used in monitoring and evaluating the state of
the environment before, during the activities of the project, but particularly after completion
of the project;
 an estimation of the cost of the measures recommended to prevent, reduce or compensate
for the negative effects the project may cause on the environment as well as the measures
for examining and controlling the status of the environment.
An order of the Minister having environment in his or her attributions shall specify the details
Of the provisions of this article
(Article 69): The Environmental Impact Assessment shall be examined and approved by the
Rwanda Environment Management Authority or any other person given a written authorization
by the Authority. The promoter pays a levy reduced from the operating cost of his or her project
excluding the working capital. This tax is determined by the law establishing the National Fund
for the Environment. The EIA shall be carried out at the expense of the promoter
Note: REMA used to have the legal authority/ responsibility of overseeing the conduct of
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under Article 69 of the Environmental Organic Law, but
since the establishment of the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) in September 2008, the
responsibility of overseeing the conduct of EIAs was given to RDB under Article 3 of the Organic
Law No. 53/2008 of 02/09/2008 establishing RDB and determining its responsibilities,
organization and functioning. Article 3 point 11 of the said law states that RDB should facilitate
and help investors to meet environmental standards in the execution of their projects.
(Article 70): An order of the Minister having environment in his or her attributions establishes
and revises the list of planned works, activities and projects, and of which the public
administration shall not warrant the certificate, approve or authorize without an environmental
impact assessment of the project.
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Articles/Statements
The EIA shall describe direct and indirect consequences on the environment.
The list of works, activities and projects that have to undertake an Environmental Impact
Assessment has also been published under the Ministerial Order No. 004/2008.
2.5.1 Law No. 43/2013 of 16/06/2013 governing land in Rwanda
The law entrusts the state with ownership over land including lakes, rivers, natural forests,
national parks, swamps, tourist sites among others. The law calls for inventory of the all swamps
and their boundaries the structure of the swamps, their use, how they can be organized. In order
for the swamp land to be efficiently managed and exploited, a Minister must give an order having
Environment in his or her attributions that shall determine a list of swamps and their boundaries.
The law further requires that such a list shall clearly indicate the structure of the swamps, their
use, how they can be organized so that they can be beneficial to Rwandan nationals on a
sustainable basis. The ministerial order must also certify the modalities of how swamp land shall
be managed, organized and exploited.
2.6.4 Law N° 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 Relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest
This Law determines procedures relating to expropriation of land in the public interest. Article 3
of the law stipulates that the government has the authority to carry out expropriation. However,
the project at any level which intends to carry out acts of expropriation in public interest, shall
provide funds for inventory of affected assets of the person to be expropriated.
The law defines the activities or projects that can be classified as public interest and process and
requirements for expropriation activities as well as the cost for goods and other infrastructure to
be expropriated. The law provides a window for appeal for somebody who is not satisfied by the
cost of compensation.
The proposed feeder road project will undertake this process for some families to be fully or
partially expropriated and other public works and utilities in the project zone.
2.6.5 Law N° 13/2014 of 20/05/2014 on mining and quarry operations
Mining and quarry exploitation laws provide the process of acquiring quarries for mining activities,
the licensing process and the environmental consideration in exploiting a quarry. Nevertheless,
the quarry component will be conducted by a contractor who will be required to fully respect
strictly the process. Actually, an EIA Certificate will be required for each quarry to be exploited in
the framework of this project.
2.6.6 Ministerial Order No 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of Projects that must
undergo environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures
to conduct environmental impact assessment
Article 3 talks about the list of works, activities and projects that must undergo a full
environmental impact assessment. No public institution is authorized to take a decision, to
19
warrant a certificate, approve or authorize the commencement of a project mentioned in the

annexes of this Order without prior environmental impact assessment.
The list of works, activities and projects that must undergo a full environmental impact assessment
before being granted authorization for their implementation is in Annex I of this Order.
The paragraph 11 of this list includes construction and repair of international, national, District
roads and repair of large bridges.
2.6.7 Ministerial Order N°004/16.01 of 24/05/2013 determining the list of water pollutants
Purpose of this Order: This Order determines the list of water pollutants.
A water pollutant is any substance that may contaminate a water body which is directly or
indirectly discharged into such a water body and produces harmful effects to aquatic life
2.6.8 Ministerial Order N° 001/16.01 of 03/01/2012 on explosives used in mining, quarrying
and infrastructure activities
Purpose of this Order
This Order determines the requirements for importing and exporting, manufacturing,
transporting, trading and using explosives and their accessories used in mining and quarrying
activities and civil engineering works.
Principle of environmental protection and security safeguard
Any person who imports or exports, transits, transports, uses, manufactures explosives and their
accessories or trades in Rwanda, has the obligation to abide by legislation relating to the
environment and security preservation.
2.6.9 Ministerial Order N°003/MINIRENA/2015 of 24/04/2015 determining modalities for
application, issuance and use of Mineral and Quarry Licenses
This Order determines:
 1° modalities for application of mineral license;
 2° modalities for the transfer of a mineral license between the holder thereof and third party;
 3° modalities for application for the renewal of a mineral license;
 4° modalities for application for the grant or renewal of a quarry license;
 5° requirements and conditions for transfer of quarry licenses;
 6° content of reports and their intervals;
 7° non-refundable fee to be paid by an applicant for the grant, transfer or renewal of mineral
or quarry license;
 8° annual fees to be paid by the holder of a mineral or a quarry license for the surface area
covered by the license
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2.6.10 Ministerial Order N°02 of 17/05/2012 determining conditions for occupational health
and safety
Purpose of this Order
This Order determine the general and specific rules and regulations relating to health and safety
at workplace in order to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work and protect them
against risks to safety and health arising from work. It also determines the types of works
prohibited for pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Scope
This Order shall apply to workers in formal and informal sectors and self-employed persons.
Enterprises may request practical guidance from competent authority when they want to set up
regulations on safety and health.
2.6.11 The Law No 59/2008 of 10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of gender-based
violence
This Law is aimed at preventing and suppressing the gender- based violence, defined as:
Gender Based Violence: any act that result in a bodily, psychological, sexual and economic harm
to somebody just because they are female or male. Such act results in the deprivation of freedom
and negative consequences. This violence may be exercised within or outside households them
In its article 2, the law states that it is forbidden to use threat of depriving someone of certain
rights for the purpose of having them indulge in any gender-based violence act.
2.6.12 The Law N° 66/2018 of 30/08/2018 regulating labor in RWANDA
In its article 6 state that It is prohibited to subject a child below the age of eighteen (18) years to
any of the following forms of work:
 forms of work which are physically harmful to the child.
 work with dangerous machinery, equipment and tools, or which involves the manual
handling or transport of heavy loads.
 work in an environment which exposes the child to temperatures, noise levels or vibrations
damaging to his/her health
Article 8: state that Sexual harassment in any form against supervisee is prohibited.
2.6.13 EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2006
EIA guidelines serve as a protocol for use by various stakeholders involved in the conduct of
environmental impact assessment.
Guidance is needed of a more technical nature to streamline the conduct of EIA and appraisal of
EIA reports. As such, the establishment of “General Guidelines and Procedures for Environmental
Impact Assessment”, which unifies the legal requirements with the practical conduct of EIA, meets
a need in the pursuit for sustainable development in Rwanda. EIA is a tool for prevention and
21
control of environmental impacts caused by socio-economic development. The “General

Guidelines and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment” were prepared to contribute to
improvement of EIA practice in Rwanda and they aim to serve agencies and individuals taking part
in the EIA process. These guidelines were designed to ensure that participants in the EIA process
understand their roles and that laws and regulations be interpreted correctly and consistently.
Two main principles underlie these general guidelines:
 they comply with the legal and institutional frameworks on environmental protection in
Rwanda and;
 They contribute to improvement of quality and efficiency of EIA process in the country, and
as such merge, step by step, with general global trends and practice of conducting EIA.
These general guidelines were developed with the aim of providing information necessary when
carrying out an environment impact assessment. It should be noted that our team carried out this
EIA study under the guidance of these general guidelines.
2.6.14 General EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2009
These guidelines were developed by REMA in August 2009 in order to assist projects developers,
Contractors and EIA practitioners.
An EIA process in Rwanda includes 5 steps: (i) project application and registration, (ii) screening,
coping and terms of reference, (iii) EIA study and report, (iv) submission of an EIA report and finally
(v) decision making. Figure 3 summaries the EIA procedure in Rwanda including timeline in each
stage. Screening enables categorisation of projects according to their Impact Level (IL) as follows:
Category 1: (Impact level IL1): Full EIA not required. Rwanda Development Board (RDB) advises on
the appropriate environmental management measures (plan). The Exercise may take 14 days from
the day received the project brief; (days may be less or more depending on the nature of the
project);
Category 2: (Impact level IL2): The proposed projects under this category are screened to
determine whether or not a full EIA is needed.
In this connection, RDB provides the developer with clear indication of the additional information
required. Once this information is received, RDB will determine whether or not a full EIA of the
project is needed.
Category 3: (Impact level 3): Full EIA is required.
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Figure 2-1: EIA Procedure in Rwanda3
3
General Guidelines and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment
23
2.6.15 Sector guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for road development
projects in Rwanda
The sector-specific Guidelines for the Road construction, rehabilitation and upgrading have been
developed by REMA in collaboration with other stakeholders. They recognize the role that the
road networks play in Rwanda’s development process and underscore the need to ensure that
these developments continue to take place in harmony with environmental aspirations, use and
Management of Land legislation in Rwanda.
2.7 Institutional Framework
The roads sector is an anchor to social and economic transformation, and for this reason, has
spider web-like networks with other sectors, including agriculture, international trade, local
governance, education, health; etc. The institutional framework for environmental impact
assessment in the feeder roads sector is, therefore, complex. The main institutions involved, and
their roles are summarised in Table 2-2 below.
Table 2-2 :
Key Institutions in ESIA implementation and major stakeholders in feeder roads
development in Rwanda
No Institution / Agency Key interests and responsibilities for feeder roads

1 Rwanda Environment National authority responsible for environmental protection,
Management conservation and promotion. It oversees the implementation
Authority (REMA) of EIA guidelines. It is responsible for conducting public hearing
during the ESIA process and conducts the project
environmental audit during project implementation.
2 Rwanda Development In order to facilitate the investors, RDB has been given the
Board (RDB) responsibility of reviewing the ESIA reports, providing
environmental compliance certificates to development
projects.
RDB has cleared the ESIA prepared in the feasibility study of
the feeder roads development project and issued Certificate.
3 Rwanda Standards RSB has a mission to provide standards-based solutions for
Board (RSB) consumer protection and trade promotion for socio-economic
growth in a safe and stable environment in Rwanda. It has
developed standards for design and maintenance of feeder
roads (RS 267:2015). It has also developed other standards
related to the road sector like the standards on ambient air
quality and noise levels.
4 Rwanda Mines Board Formulating policies and regulations for land administration
(RMB) and land use planning; environmental protection and natural
24

resources utilization, including expropriation. In feeder roads
development, a major responsibility is to allow the exploitation
of borrow pits and quarries for the required construction
materials
5 Ministry of Formulating policies and laws for roads development in the
Infrastructures country. It is also responsible for national roads, highways and
(MININFRA) bridges and oversees feeder roads development policies.
6 Rwanda Transport Oversees the implementation of the transport policy, including
Development Agency management of roads (National roads, District Roads and
(RTDA) Feeder Roads), initiating public investment in transport
services. It provides technical support to the Districts in the
development of feeder roads.
7 Ministry of Natural Formulating policies and regulations for land administration
Resources and land use planning; environmental protection and natural
(MINIRENA) resources utilization, including expropriation. In feeder roads
materials.
8 Ministry of Formulating policies and regulations for land administration
Environment (MoE) and land use planning; environmental protection and natural
resources utilization, including expropriation. In feeder roads
materials.
9 Ministry of Local Formulating national policies and laws on decentralisation and
Government local governance – Supervising District authorities which are
(MINALOC). responsible for feeder roads development.
10 Rwanda Land Land registration and land use planning throughout the
Management and Use country. Compensation and resettlement will depend on legal
Authority (RLMUA) ownership.
11 Rwanda Water and Obtaining relevant authorization that would be required for
Forestry Authority using water or forest resources when necessary
(RWFA)
25

12 Rwanda National The National police have statutory responsibility for law
Police (RNP) enforcement including ensuring that road traffic laws are
observed; and therefore, all roads are constructed in conform
to appropriate legislations. They also have to provide security
to road construction facilities.
RNP will also help to educate local people on road safety.
13 Isange One Stop With its initiative to complement existing efforts to prevent,
Centre Rwanda respond to GBV and violence child abuse, it will help in
awareness campaigns alongside the feeder roads and or
conducting investigation against GBV and VAC crimes in the
project area.
14 Nyaruguru District Nyaruguru District is responsible for planning and execution of
feeder roads construction, rehabilitation and maintenance
projects. For the purpose of PAPs expropriation by FRDP where
necessary, Nyaruguru District will be the “Expropriator” as per
the Expropriation Law. They also oversee ESIA study &
monitoring of the compliance with environmental and social
safeguards
15 World Bank Provision of loans and grants financing for road construction
Clearance of ESIA/ESMP report,
Technical assistance in the implementation of project
activities;
16 Contractor (JV STECOL Preparing and implementing the site specific ESMP during
CORPORATION AND construction phase, including employing an environmental and
HORIZON) social safeguards expert for the proper ESMP implementation
in Nyaruguru District.
17 Supervision Firm Supervising the proper implementation of site specific ESMP

2.8 World Bank Safeguard Policies
The objective of the World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies is to prevent and
mitigate undue harm to people and their environment during the project development process.
In order to avoid adverse negative environmental and social impacts of a proposed feeder road,
no road contract tender should be launched before a road specific ESIA and RAP based is prepared
on final design, the ESMP with the management measures is incorporated in the bidding
documents, and every person affected by the works on that section has been relocated and/or
properly compensated according to Bank policies.
26
In this regard, this ESIA has been prepared for development of proposed feeder road project in
line with the relevant laws of Rwanda and the Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the
World Bank. Review of the proposed subprojects and a rapid assessment of the project sites
located in seven sectors of Nyaruguru District, among the 10 World Bank Safeguard Policies, it was
found that only five of them (OP 4.01, OP 4. 04, OP 4.11, OP 4.12, OP 4.36) are triggered. In
addition, the project will apply the General Guidelines under WBG Environment, Health and Safety
Guidelines (EHS) to guide the implementation of the ESMP.
Safeguard policies provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and
are an important instrument for building ownership among local populations (World Bank, 2006).
The triggered safeguard policies are presented below and in Table 2-3.
2.8.1 Environmental Assessment (OP /BP/ 4.01)
This policy requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for the Bank financing
so as to help ensure that the investments made are environmentally sound and sustainable. The
EA is seen as tool to improve decision making, and as a process whose breadth, depth, and type
of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed
project. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human
health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, vulnerable peoples, and cultural and
archaeological property), and transboundary environmental aspects.
The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 requires that the Environmental and Social Assessment
report must be a standalone document to meet the bank appraisal procedures for the project.
The reports shall also be disclosed in country as well as Banks external website so that it can be
accessed by both the general public and local communities. In accordance with the World Bank
Safeguard operational policies and procedures the Rwanda Feeder Road Development Project has
been classified as Environmental Assessment (EA) category “category A” equivalent to Category
3 under the Rwanda's EIA Guidelines, due to potential risks of road construction in a
mountainous terrain and proximity to natural habitats. The EA categories are summarized on
Table 2-3 below.
Table 2-3: World Bank project Categorization
Project Description
Category
“A” This category has mandatory full EIA requirement for the investments planned
since the impacts are considered sensitive, severe and adverse to the
Projects
environment and likely irreversible and diverse with attributes such as pollutant
discharges large enough to cause degradation of air, water, or soil; large-scale
physical disturbance of the site or surroundings; as well as including extraction,
consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of natural resources;
measurable modification of hydrological cycles; use of hazardous materials in
27
more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people and

other significant social disturbances.
“B” Under Category B an EIA is not always required, but careful consideration
through Environmental Screening is required, and if founded necessary a full EIA
Projects
must be undertaken. Category B projects have impacts that are ‘less significant’
and not as sensitive, numerous, major or diverse. Few, if any, impacts are
irreversible, and remedial measures can be more easily designed.’ Typical
projects include rehabilitation, maintenance, or upgrades, rather than new
construction.
“C” No EIA or other analysis is required. Category C projects result in negligible or

minimal direct disturbance of the physical environment. Typical projects include
Projects
education, family planning, health, and human resource development.
“FI” It involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary.
Projects
The proposed project is likely to have adverse environmental impacts on human populations or
environmentally important areas – including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural
habitats. These impacts are site specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases
mitigation measures can be designed. Therefore, the EA process for this project examines the
potential negative and positive environmental and social impacts and recommends any measures
needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve
environmental performance. An ESMP is to be integrated during project implementation.
2.8.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)
This Bank Operational Policy recognizes that conservation of natural habitats, like other measures
that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long term sustainable development.
The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats.
Natural habitats are land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems biological communities are
formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially
modified the areas primary ecological functions. All-natural habitats have important biological,
social, economic, and existence value. Therefore, the Bank natural habitats operation policy (OP
4.04) is triggered in all cases where the proposed investments are likely to have potential adverse
impacts on Rwanda’s natural habitats including wetlands, underground water sources, open water
bodies, and forests.
The Bank natural habitats operational policy requires that any activities funded under the FRDP
(Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project) that adversely impacts these ecosystems, must have
a successful mitigation plan so as to maintain the overall balance and integrity of the ecosystems
impacted. This requires that FRDP designs appropriate conservation and mitigation measures to
remove or reduce adverse impacts on these ecosystems or their functions, keeping such impacts
within socially defined limits of acceptable change. Specific measures may depend on the
28
ecological characteristics of the affected ecosystem. Such measures must include provision for
monitoring and evaluation to provide feedback on conservation outcomes and to provide
guidance for developing or refining appropriate corrective actions. Activities that risk significantly
degrading or converting critical natural habitat will not be funded under the project.
2.8.3 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
Physical cultural resources are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups
of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological,
historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Their cultural interest
may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. Physical
cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as
assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity
and practices. The Bank assists countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts on physical cultural
resources from development projects that it finances.
2.8.4 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)
The objective of the Involuntary Resettlement Operation Policy (OP 4.12) is to avoid, where
feasible, or minimize, while exploring all viable alternative project designs, displacement and
having to resettle people. This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land
and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas and or
socioeconomic places. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or
to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. Involuntary Operation Policy
(OP 4.12) covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted
investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation
or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of
livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the
involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in
adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons.
Prepared RAPs will be updated upon completion of final designs. In the case of conflict between
World Bank policies and National regulations, the World Bank legal framework will prevail. The
Comparative Analysis between World Bank OP 4.12 and Rwanda Legislation is indicated in Table
4 below.
2.8.5 Forest (OP 4.36)
The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce
poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic
development and protect the vital local and global environment services and values of forests.
The bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or
degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats. The bank does not also
finance projects that contravene applicable international environment agreements. The bank
does not finance plantations that involve any conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats
29
including adjacent or downstream critical natural habitats.

When the bank finances forest plantations, it gives preference to siting such projects on un
forested sites or lands already converted (excluding any land that has been converted in
anticipation of the project). In view of the potential for plantation projects to introduce invasive
species and threaten biodiversity, such projects must be designed to prevent and mitigate these
potential threats to natural habitats.
This policy is triggered by the Project as some of the selected feeder roads, like FR3 and FR10,
traverse small forest plantations, privately owned. The widening of roads will require tree cutting
in forest plantations where the trees to be destroyed is in number of 1,954. The Project plans to
replant 25,680 trees for the protection of rehabilitated feeder roads and replacement of lost trees.
2.9 International Multilateral Conventions, and Legal frameworks
The following conventions and regulations have been signed and ratified by Rwanda and are to be
taken into consideration through the overall project cycle.
 The international Convention on Biological diversity and its habitat signed in Rio de Janeiro
in Brazil on 5 June 1992, as approved by Presidential Order No 017/01 of 18 March 1995;
 The Cartagena protocol on biodiversity to the Convention on Biological biodiversity signed
in Nairobi from May 15, to 26, 2000 and in New York from June 5, 2000 to June 4, 2001 as
authorized to be ratified by Law No 38/2003 of 29 December 2003;
 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed in Rio De Janeiro in
BRASIL on 5 June 1992, as approved by Presidential Order No 021/01 of 30 May 1995;
 The KYOTO Protocol to the framework on climate change adopted at Kyoto on March 6,
1998 as authorized to be ratified by Law No 36/2003 of December 2003;
 The RAMSAR International Convention of February 2, 1971 on Wetlands of International
importance, especially as water flows habitats as authorized to be ratified by Law No
37/2003 of 29 December 2003;
 The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, signed in Stockholm on 22
May 2001, as approved by Presidential Order No 78/01 of 8 July 2002;
 The BASEL Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Movements of Hazardous wastes
and their disposal as adopted at BASEL on 22 March 1989, and approved by Presidential
Order No 29/01 of 24 August 2003 approving the membership of Rwanda;
 The Montreal International Conventional on Substances that deplete the Ozone layer,
signed in London (1990), Copenhagen (1992), Montreal (1997), Beijing (1999), especially
in its article 2 of LONDON amendments and Article 3 Of COPENHAGEN, MONTREAL and
Beijing amendments as approved by Presidential Order no 30/01 of 24 August 2003 related
to the membership of Rwanda.
30
RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Nyaruguru,
Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498
Table 2-4: Comparative Analysis between World Bank OP 4.12 and Rwanda Legislation
Principles Rwanda Legislations World Bank’s involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) Recommendations to fill the
gaps
Valuation Valuation is covered by the OP 4.12 prefers Replacement cost method of The replacement cost method of
Expropriation Law and the Law establishing valuation of assets that helps determine the amount valuation will be used as
and organizing the real property valuation sufficient to replace lost assets and cover required in World Bank financed
profession in Rwanda and stipulates that transaction costs. In applying this method of projects.
the affected person receive fair and just valuation, depreciation of structures and assets
compensation. should not be taken into account If the residual of
the asset being taken is not economically viable;
compensation and other resettlement assistance
are provided as if the entire asset had been taken.
Compensation Article 27 of the expropriation OP 4.12 gives preference to land based Adopt OP 4.12 mode of
law No 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 entitles the resettlement strategies for displaced persons compensation by giving
landholder to compensation for the value of whose livelihoods are land-based as compared to preference to land based
the land and activities incorporated on that monetary compensation resettlement as opposed to
land on the basis of size, nature location monetary compensation
considering the prevailing market value.
Overall Section 2 of the expropriation law on Under the OP 4.12, it’s not necessary to prove that Adopt Rwanda Expropriation
strategy procedures, provides for the process to the project fits within the overall land master plan Law
show how the sub projects fits into the land
master plan of the area in question
31
gaps
Eligibility Article 26 of the law No 32/2015 of OP 4.12 criteria for eligibility include even those OP 4.12 will be more appropriate
11/06/2015 requires the person who owns who do not have formal legal rights to land at the for determining eligibility due to
land intended for expropriation to provide time the census begins but have a claim to such land the
evidence of ownership or rights on that land or assets provided that such claims are recognized fact that many of those who
and presents a certificate to that effect under the laws of the country or become recognized farm
through a process identified in the resettlement the lands don’t own it, although
plan and also those who have no recognizable legal they may have depended on
right or claim to the land they are occupying farming on such lands for their
livelihood, and as such, should
be assisted to at least maintain
their pre-project level of welfare.
(especially for assets)
Expropriation Expropriation law is silent on provision of OP 4.12 requires and prefers resettlement of Use World Bank OP 4.12 During
law alternative land and resettlement of those displaced persons. the upgrading of the feeder
to the pre-displaced status road,
some resettlement will be
required
32
gaps
Participation The Rwandan law on Expropriation simply WB OP 4.12 requires that persons to be displaced Adopt OP 4.12 methods of
stipulates that affected peoples be fully should be actively be consulted and should have participation
and
informed of expropriation issues. The law opportunity to participate in planning and design of
consultation also conflicts the very purpose of resettlement programs
consultation and involvement by
prohibiting any opposition to the
expropriation program if considered to be
under the pretext of self-centered
justification which might not be the case
Required Expropriation law does not provide for OP 4.12 requires displaced persons to be consulted Use World Bank OP 4.12
Measures alternatives when undertaking on, offered choices among, and provided with
compensation technically and economically feasible resettlement
alternatives
Grievance re- The new Expropriation Law of 2015 creates OP 4.12 requires PAPs be informed of the Adopt Rwanda Expropriation
dress the Resettlement and Grievance redress compensation exercise and establishes Grievance Law which establishes the GRM
mechanisms committee and provides complaints Redress Mechanisms formed by District (sector/cell)
procedures for individuals dissatisfied with authority, PAP representatives
the proposed project or the value of their and Project
compensation and process for expressing
dissatisfaction and for seeking redress.
33
RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
(ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Nyaruguru, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498
3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 General Description and Location of the Project
The Rwanda Feeder Roads project (FRDP) is planned the rehabilitation, upgrading and
maintenance of feeder roads in the country, including Nyaruguru district. The District
Nyaruguru is situated in the Southern Province of the Country. The district borders with
Nyamagabe District in the North, Huye and Gisagara Districts in the East, Burundi in the South
and Rusizi District in the West. The distance between Kigali and Nyaruguru is about 165 Km
on National Road 1, reachable by road in three hours. The population of Nyaruguru District is
294,334 people and spread over an area of 1,010 km2. It has a population density of 291
person/km2 (country density is 415 person/km2) and ranks 24th for population density among
the 30 Districts of Rwanda. The Nyaruguru district is also one of the 8 Districts of the Southern
Province namely Ngera, Rusenge, Nyagisozi, Munini, Busanze, Ruheru, Nyabimata, Muganza,
made up of 14 sectors, and subdivided into 72 Cells and 332 Villages (imidugudu4) and these
are the concern of the present feeder roads development project. Figure 3-1 indicated the
Map showing the selected feeder roads and crossed sectors in Nyaruguru District.
Figure 3-1: Map showing the selected feeder roads and crossed sectors in Nyaruguru District
Source: Updating ESIA Study, April 2020
4
population living in a defined rural neighbourhood
34
The landscape of the District of Nyaruguru is much diversified, with the hills taking the aspect
of peaks. The high mountains forming the Congo-Nile Crest are found in the western part of
Nyaruguru District in Nyungwe National Park. These mountains form a branch towards the
north-east via the north of the District to form a chain of mountains known as “IBISI”, located
in the Sectors of Ruramba and Mata. The annual average temperature is around 20°C; the
annual rainfall varies between 1,000 and 1,250mm depending on the altitude. (District
Monograph,2012: Busanze, Cyahinda, Kibeho, Kivu, Mata, Muganza, Munini, Ngera, Ngoma,
Nyabimata, Nyagisozi, Ruheru, Ruramba and Rusenge. The figure 3-1 above indicates the
location of different Sectors of Nyaruguru as well as the four indicative selected feeder roads
FR3, FR4, FR6 and FR10.
Nyaruguru District is mostly mountainous, the feeder roads pass in high hills terrain, lowlands
as well as in wetlands. The hills are populated with scattered settlements often located on the
small holdings of individual households. However, the government has launched an initiative,
which encourages the scattered settlers to live in small townships established at indicative
selected central locations for a population living in a defined rural neighborhood (Imidugudu).
3.2 Objectives of the project
The main objective of the project is to improve transport infrastructure with a view to support
project area's social economic development. The project development will facilitate the
economic growth, the improved transportation of goods and services. Specifically, the major
purpose of the proposed upgrading project is to construct feeder road network in Nyaruguru
District in order to meet the following objectives
 To improve the existing infrastructure in rural areas, which will boost the
connectivity and transfer of goods and people from one place to another in less
time.
 To promote socio economic development of the project area by linking it with another
district and cities.
 To improve feeder roads which will contribute towards the GDP of the regions and
the country;
 To pave the way for systematic improvement and continued investment in these
areas; and
 To increase agricultural productivity and marketing capacities, by lowering the
transport costs and losses of farm input and output.
 In particular, improved feeder networks will enhance the commercial surpluses of
rural households and their access to services, reducing poverty and isolation.
35
3.3 Roads Status in the project area

The District possesses a dense road network but most of it is in poor state due to rare
maintenances or rehabilitations. There are five axes of the main roads connecting the District
of Nyaruguru with other districts5. Most of these roads need to be rehabilitated, except one
which only requires maintenance. The first priority feeder roads to be rehabilitated cover a
length of 70.787 km. However, inter–sector roads that require maintenance are 795 km in
length. The district has only 21 bridges that are in good state, 63 bridges needing rehabilitation
and 45 others that are to be well constructed because they are currently constructed with
tree trunks.
Considering the hilly relief of Nyaruguru district, transport facilities should be the sustained
once for insuring a comfortable transport of goods and human beings. This transport of goods
is considered as key of district development as long as the agriculture of both industrial and
food crops remains the main economic activity. Currently, Nyaruguru is crossed by only one
macadamized road (27km); the later serves the national road from Huye to Burundi. Others
are still on the level of feeder roads. Such situation limits transport of agricultural inputs and
harvest to markets; moreover, the communication with other districts is still undeveloped.
Nyaruguru District is mostly mountainous; the feeder roads pass in high hills terrain, lowlands
as well as in wetlands. The hills are populated with scattered settlements often located on the
small holdings of individual households.
However, the government has launched an initiative, which encourages the scattered settlers
to live in small townships established at selected central locations for a population living in a
defined rural neighborhood (Imidugudu).
The hills are covered with forests, farms and small grazing lands. The marshlands are located
in valleys between the hills, relatively well drained with many streams and rivers. The roads
crossing marshlands may have to be raised and the side slopes may have to be flatter and
involve widening, but this will not require relocating large population. The impact on fauna
and flora is expected to be limited as the roads follow existing routes, and roadsides are
cultivated or already cleared. Roads in swamps require construction of culverts, many in
numbers, following the existing natural water course. Side drains may require stone pitching
and check dams to control erosion. The soil along the roads could be excavated by labor, which
helps in limiting damages to the environment, as labor construction involves gentle cutting
and minimal spill overs when a road section has to be widened. The project area of influence
covers the existing RoW, areas required for roads widening of selected roads, proposed
borrow pits, quarry and disposal sites in all Sectors of the Nyaruguru District.
5
The District Development Plan (2013)
36
3.4 Project Details

The project details are reproduced from the feasibility study. The project components include
rehabilitation of right of way, culvert and bridges and cross drainage works. The affected areas
of the feeder rehabilitation are limited to the Right of way, plus the widening areas as well as
the borrow and quarry areas. The existing Right of way will be widened by about 10.5m.
Cultivation extends into close to the feeder road, with mostly coffee plantations and banana
cultivated. The rehabilitation of feeder roads will have environmental and social issues. It is
noted that (carriage way, drainages, cut slope and vegetation space) are covered in the
additional land to be acquired to 10.5m road boundaries during the construction of bridges,
temporally deviation may be needed and the contractor will compensate the affected assets
and will provide the completion of compensation report. Identified risks of assets to be
affected at the downstream of the road during construction will be mitigated by constructing
water channels and compensation will be made.
The main food crops produced in the district are Maize, Wheat, Bean, Cassava, sweet potato.
Cash crops are dominated by Coffee and Tea. In high slopes, lands are occupied with crops or
Eucalyptus plantations, leaving very little room for native flora species. These feeder roads
are discussed in subsequent sections. The users of the indicative feeder roads in Nyaruguru
District are mainly pedestrians and cyclists and motorcycle related accidents remain the
prevalent accident in the District. They are mostly caused by bad condition of the road and
inattention of drivers or pedestrians. Creating awareness among common public with regards
to the proper and safe use of roads and enforcing rigorously traffic regulations.
As stated above, Nyaruguru District is subdivided into 14 Sector. The following table 3-1 shows
the sectors that are crossed by the selected feeder roads.
Table 3-1: Sectors crossed by the selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru
Feeder roads ID Feeder Roads Name Sectors Cell
Ngaburira
Munini Giheta
FR3 Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera Nyarure

Busanze Nkanda
Runyombye
Ruheru Remera
FR4 Ruheru Kabere
Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili Tea
Factory-Kabere (Ruheru) Nyabimata Mishungero
Nyabimata Nyabimata
37
Feeder roads ID Feeder Roads Name Sectors Cell

FR6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata Muganza Samiyonga
Gikunzi
Rusenge Rusenge
FR10 Huye- Rusenge- Ngera-Nyagisozi Bunge

Ngera Butare
Yabaramba
Nyagisozi Maraba
3.4.1 Nature of project activities
The Project activities include Rehabilitation, upgrading and multi-year maintenance works of
Feeder Roads (69 km) in Nyaruguru District, which comprises of two Lots (Lot1 and Lot 2). The
length of Lot1 and Lot2 are 34 km and 35 km respectively. The project components include
rehabilitation of right of way, 165 culvert, bridges of total length of 24.4 m, construction of
71.535 km new drains and rehabilitation of 4.461km of existing drains. The affected areas for
the rehabilitation of the selected feeder roads are limited to the Right of way, plus the
widening areas as well as the borrow pits, dumping and quarry areas. The existing Right of
way will be widened by about 10.5 m. Cultivation extends into close to the feeder road, with
mostly coffee plantations and banana cultivated. The rehabilitation of feeder roads will have
environmental and social issues.
3.4.2 Project size
The selected feeder roads are four in number which has total length has 69km. The below
table 6 indicated the list of priority four feeder roads for rehabilitation and upgrading in
Nyaruguru District.
Table 3-2: List of Priority feeder road for rehabilitation and upgrading
Feeder roads ID Road Name Length/km
FR3 Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera 19
FR4 Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili Tea Factory-Kabere (Ruheru) 21.5
FR6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata 13.5
FR10 Huye-Rusenge -Ngera –Nyagisozi 15
Source: Field Survey 2019 by JV STECOL and HORIZON
38
3.4.3 Brief Description on Feeder Roads

The above feeder roads to be rehabilitated in Nyaruguru District have been selected based on
their importance in the economic and social life of the District’s population. In total, 14 feeder
roads with 194.56 km were identified during the feasibility studies but four of them with a
total length of 69km were given first priority for rehabilitation and upgrading. The details
about the four selected feeder roads within various sectors described under Figure 3-2 and
discussed below under this section.
Figure 3-2: Administrative map of all priority selected feeder roads

i) Munini-Kamana-Giswi-Gatunda-Remera (NRFR3)
NRFR3 start Munini, a T junction on National road 9 (NR9). Munini located about 6.5 km from
the district headquarters and is reached by NR9 from Ndago. This road forms an important
links in the road network of Nyaruguru as it connects Sheke on NRFR08 at km 6+500, Giswi on
NRFR07 at km9+500 and Runyombyi on NRFR14 at km 13+550 before meeting National Road
9 at Remera. This road also provides a shorter connectivity to Remera from Munini compared
to NR9. NRFR3 runs in the southern direction up to Giswi and then traverse in the south
western direction to reach Remera (Figure 3-3 and Photos 3-1&3-2). This alignment also
passes through Marshland at km 10. This alignment is also on hilly terrain mainly following hill
side alignment. Widening of this road is better on the hill side as valley side filling involve
construction difficulties and must be more expensive. This alignment road at 10km passes
through Giswi wetland which has been converted into agriculture. This same road also passes
near of Giheta wetland also converted to agricultural land. These wetlands are dominated
39
with seasonal food crops.
Figure 3-3: Location of Munini- Kanama- Gatunda- Remera (FR3) in Nyaruguru District
Photo 3-1 : Typical example of Starting Point of FR3
40
Photo 3-2: Typical Giswi River closer to the roads FR3
ii) Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili Tea Factory-Kabere (Ruheru) (NRFR4)

All engineering surveys on this road is done from Ruheru towards Giswi and therefore the zero
chainage for this road is at Ruheru. The alignment description also follows the ascending
directing of chainage from Ruheru. This alignment starts from Ruheru on NR9 and end at Giswi
on NR9. Giswi is on the north east of Reheru but this alignment follows a longer route
traversing in the north western direction up to Nshili Tea factory and then proceeds to
Rugogwe in the north east direction and finally runs towards south west direction to reach
Giswi (Figure 3-4). Even though Giswi is shorter through NR9, this alignment has its
importance as it provides National Road connectivity to NRFR06 and NRFR11 which are
otherwise not properly connected. This alignment is also on hilly terrain mainly following hill
side alignment. Widening of this road is better on the hill side as valley side filling involve
construction difficulties and must be more expensive. The road is far from Nyungwe National
Park; nevertheless, it crosses Giswi River and also passes near of Nshili and Kirundwa Rivers.
41
Figure 3-4: Location of Giswi- Rugogwe- Kabere- Nshili Tea Factory- Kabere (Ruheru) (FR4)
iii) Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata (NRFR6)
Munini – Muganza section of this road is part of NR 9 and the resultant alignment will start
from Rukore on end of NRFR05 and ends at Giswi on NR9. This alignment also gives an exit
route to traffic from NRFR05 (Figure 3-5 and Photo 3-3). The NRFR06 section is passing
through private farm and forest lands following the existing alignment and ends where the
buffer zone of Nyungwe Park starts at PK 13+600 on Nyungwe Belt road in Cyarukore Village.
From the total 13.5 km of FR6, the initial section of with 6.5km of this road is recently
rehabilitated and therefore only maintenance work will be required. The remaining 7km
section, as it is in a bad condition and does not meet the required width, heavy works of roads
rehabilitation and upgrading are expected. This alignment is traverses on hilly terrain mainly
following hill side alignment. Widening of this road is better on the hill side as valley side filling
involve construction difficulties and must be more expensive. Absence of proper cross
drainage structures causing serious troubles for all types of vehicles especially during rainy
season. Construction of proposed feeder road alignment on the initial section of this road also
proposed to be within the existing carriageway to avoid and mitigate any anticipated
environmental and social impacts. The Road also crosses three small streams before reaching
its end.
42
Figure 3-5: Location of Rukore- Bigugu- Nyabimata (FR6)
Photo 3-3: End Location of Rukore- Bigugu- Nyabimata (FR6)
iv) Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- Nyagisozi (NRFR10)

This road starts from Nyagisozi and therefore stationing will start from Nyagisozi at zero
chainage and the alignment descriptions follows the ascending direction of chainage towards
Huye. Nyagisozi is on NRFR01 and is about 14 km from district headquarters, reached by
travelling through NRFR01 (Figure 3-6 and photo 3-4 &3-5). This alignment traverses north
east and ends on a bridge located on Huye border near Gishamvu. From the end points road
further proceeds towards Butare on Huye district. This alignment also runs on the hilly terrain
mainly following hillside alignment. Widening of this road is better on the hillside as valley
43
side filling involve construction difficulties and must be more expensive.
Figure 3-6: Location of Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- Nyagisozi (FR10) in Nyaruguru District
Photo 3-4: Starting Point of the FR10
The road is very far from the Nyungwe National Park. The section road crossing at Agatobwe
River associated with a wetland with dominant sorghum plantations and also pass near of
Nyabagese wetland. Both wetlands were converted into agricultural lands.
44
Photo 3-5: Agatobwe River closer to the roads FR10
The table 3-3 provides details on the total length of each of the feeder roads, existing
carriageway, number of bridges and culverts to be built, length and width of these bridges,
cross drainages, paved or all-weather roads, etc.
Table 3-3: Details on selected roads and structures to be built
Road ID Length Culvert Number length of Existing New tree to Tree to
(km) of bridge(m) drains drains destroy replant
bridges (Km) (Km)
Lot1
NRFR3 19 41 1 14.4 0 25.633 986 10,461
NRFR10 15 45 1 10 0 14.875 243 7,444
Lot2
NRFR4 21.5 44 0 0 0 21.976 603 5,136
NRFR6 13.5 35 0 0 4.461 9.051 122 2,639
Total 69 165 2 24.4 4.461 71.535 1,954 25,680
Source: FeasibilityStudyreport,2019
3.5 Traffic Survey
The present traffic in the district is estimated in the feasibility study of the project. These
projections are mostly linked to the demographic growth and the improvement of
socioeconomic conditions during the last 10 years. The same growth pattern has been taken
for the projection of traffic during next 10 years (2022). Table 3-4 presents the current and
projected traffic.
45
Table 3-4: Summary of Traffic Count Survey Results on Feeder Roads in Nyaruguru District
Road Name Feeder Road Motorized Traffic (Vehicles per day) Non-Motorized
Road Lengt Traffic
ID h
(km) Motorcycl Light Heavy Bicycle Pedestr
es Vehicles Vehicles s ians
< 3.5 > 3.5 Tons
Tons
Munini-Kanama-Gatunda- FR3
Remera 19 94 33 24 141 2014
Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere- FR4
Nshili Tea factory –Kabere
(Ruheru) 21.5 62 25 11 20 229
Rukore-Bigugu- FR6
Nyabimata 13.5 305 28 30 49 2682
Huye-Rusenge-Ngera- FR10
Nyagisozi 15 135 46 10 308 1525
Source: Feasibility Study report, June 2016

The above summary highlights the typical traffic pattern of rural roads, partly in bad condition.
Motorcycles account for two thirds of motorized traffic, whereas light and heavy vehicles are
a minor share. Another typical feature of this type of traffic is the ratio bicycles /motorized
vehicles ‐ bicycles are in greater number as compared to motorized vehicles, because of the
undulating - mountainous terrain of Nyaruguru District.
Table 3-5 below presents the shares of motorized vehicles, motorcycles account for 74% of all
motorized vehicles; the remaining 26% are mostly cars, pickups and, small or medium trucks
with a payload up to 3.5 and 7 tons respectively. The ratio bicycles / motorized vehicles
calculated on the total of the surveyed traffic highlights the prevalence of bicycles accounting
for 87% of motorized vehicles.
Table 3-5: Structure of the Surveyed Traffic
Vehicle Category Percentage of all motorized vehicles
Motorcycles 74
Light vehicles 17
Heavy vehicles 9
Total motorized traffic 100
Ratio bicycles/motorized vehicles 87
46
Source: Field Survey

3.6 Feeder Road Design Standards
Generally, the study of rehabilitation intends to improve the condition of the district network
that can:
o Ensure an average commercial speed of 40 km/h,
o Reduce routine and periodic maintenance cost, and
o Reduce vehicle operating costs and contribute to economic growth.
The existing horizontal alignments have been maintained and few corrections made near
the existing bridges or when the road cross some villages. Minor realignments are however
inevitable on the existing horizontal alignment at isolated sections where the radius fall short
of the design requirements. The vertical alignment follows the existing natural ground in
general with exceptions in the sections where the water crosses the roadway especially near
the existing bridges.
In those limited sections the consultant proposes to construct small embankments to raise
the vertical profile elevation.
The cross section consists of one carriageway with width between 6 and 7 m, no shoulder and
two side drain, one on each side of the carriageway. The proposed project aims to widen the
dual carriageway for 6-7 m. Table 3-6 summaries the geometric Design Standards adopted for
the project.
Table 3-6: Geometric Design Standards adopted for the project
S. No. Description Unit Value
Design Speed (both in settlement crossings and open
1 countryside) KM/H 40
2 Width of Roads
i) Main District Roads Meter 7
ii) Secondary Roads Meter 6
3 Right of Way
i) 3.0 m off either side of the carriageway in villages, Meter 3
ii) 5.0 m outside villages Meter 5
4 Cross-Fall
1.1. Carriageway Normal Cross-fall % 6
1.2. Shoulder Normal Cross-fall % 8
47
S. No. Description Unit Value

Horizontal alignment design parameters in general follow the existing
5 road
i) Minimum horizontal curve radius METER 20
Vertical alignment design parameters: alignment follow the existing natural
6 gradient
Source: Feasibility Study report, June 2019
The following Figure 3-7 and 3-8 indicate the designs of the proposed road section, drainage
and culvert/ bridge in Nyaruguru District.
Figure 3-7: Design of the road section
Figure 3-8: Design of the cross section for earth and masonry ditches
48
3.7 Project Ancillary activities

The implementation of the project will require sources of construction materials and facilities
such as camp sites, borrow pits, dumping sites, quarry areas, to support the project operation.
The exploitation or use of those sites has an impact on the biophysical environment since they
imply destruction of vegetation cover and land degradation due to extraction of construction
materials as well disposing spoil materials.
Land acquisition and management for any site has to be performed through the following
process and practices:
 Land acquisition process for any type of site (quarry, borrow pit, dumping site, etc.) has
to involve the landowner, the Contractor and the District (district environmentalist);
 Borrow pits and dumping sites should be preferably at the same place in order to
minimize land degradation but also it will facilitate future rehabilitation of the borrow
pits due available spoil materials nearby to fill created holes after exploitation of the
borrow pits;
 Borrow pits and dumping should be preferably on the cut slope side unless a given
dumping site serves to support the embankment of the road;
 Avoid duping soils in the embankment side of the road where soil is likely to be eroded
and causing sedimentation of rivers, streams, sources, swamps.
3.7.1 Camp sites
The project will have a temporary project campsite, which will be constructed and it is located
in Munini Sector of Nyaruguru District. They are two camps which will accommodate nearly
42 staffs. The area occupied by campsites is 2.77ha. The camp site will have facilities such as
Contractor and Consultants offices, laboratories, etc. the details are described below:
The camp site that will accommodate the headquarters of the company (JV STECOL and
HORIZON) for the Rehabilitation, upgrading and multi-year maintenance works of selected
feeder roads in Nyaruguru District, 69 km (2 lots) will be located in Munini Sector of Nyaruguru
District. The camp site has total area of 2.77 Hectares, and is composed of twenty six (26)
accommodation units for the contractor technical staff, twelve (12) accommodation units for
the consultant’s technical staff; seven (7) offices for contractor’s staff; offices for the
consultant staff; one Basketball field; one badminton field; one workshop; two car park areas
(One each for the contractor and the consultant); 1 laboratory; 1 kitchen; 1 dining hall; 1
meeting room; 1 store; 1 oil storage; Toilets (one for visitors, other for staff); 1 Vegetable plot;
a designated space for equipment parking and storage; the septic tanks in which sewage is
collected for decomposition.
Establishment of the Camp sites took into considerations environmental management issues
and is not located in areas of high conservation values, where potential environmental
impacts will be aggravated by location characteristics. The priority environmental measures
49
were to ensure compliance with relevant RDB, RTDA, WB and REMA requirements.
The camp sites are located at accessible points so that potable water can be delivered to site
storage tanks, and waste generated from the camps can be removed through a waste services
provider for disposal at an approved facility. It is envisaged that human waste will be managed
by means of a septic tank system which will provide biological degradation of the waste. Solid
wastes will be segregated during collection process into waste bins with different colors or
labelled differently based on their respective nature (food wastes, plastics, papers, metals and
glasses). They will be periodically removed by a subcontractor approved by the district for
solid wastes disposal at appropriate/approved public landfill. The liquid effluent from the
septic tanks will be discharged to a soak-away pit. Any spillage like bitumen, oils, diesel and
any other hazardous wastes will be properly managed, collected and disposed in adherence
to REMA related regulation.
Rainwater from the building roof has to be properly harvested into upper or underground
water tanks constructed in hard so that harvested water will be used for the cleanness of the
building, used in toilets, watering garden and dust suppression within the campsite. However,
during project execution, the sewerage system will be tested to determine the percolation
characteristics of the indigenous soils that would accommodate the fluid flow into the ground
water. If a discharging system proves to be unsatisfactory or incompatible with ground
conditions, an alternative system of waste removal will be suggested. The properties have
been rented and after project commissioning their owners will have them back
Access to the camp site has to be restricted and trucks and vehicles movements and speed
have to be controlled to avoid and incident due to over speed. Drivers have to inducted on
the over speeding issue and other risky behavior like drink and driving, drugs abuse, and being
reminded the road safety measures every morning before remitting them keys.
3.7.2 Quarry Site
The Contractors has identified six (6) stone quarries sites to be exploited during the phase of
Rehabilitation, Upgrading and Multiyear Maintenance of Selected Feeder Roads in Nyaruguru
District - 69 Km (2 lots), and one crusher site. All the six quarry sites are located in Nyaruguru
District. The quarry that shall be used firstly is located at PK 18+050 LHS of FR10. Aggregate
for the roadbed will be derived from local quarries, gravels will be supplied by a local
contracted company which owns a quarry located in Nyaruguru district (Table 11). From the
detailed design of the selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District, 235,140 cubic meter of
gravel are to be extracted from the quarries sites.
After extraction and processing, these materials will be transported to site (on the road) by
truck. It should be noted that the identified sites are the most promising areas for obtaining
the stones and foundation coarse materials. The impacts likely to occur during the extraction
process of the materials are: water quality deterioration due to soil erosion and sediment
50
discharge into water ways and water bodies (rivers, streams, swamps, etc.), land degradation.
Blasting can modify ground water flow, which ultimately can modify surface water flow.
Explosives create vibrations that can disturb the overburden and trigger its downward
movement into solution openings in bedrock, so care should be taken, and the contractor
should prepare and implement a Blasting management plan.
As the blasting operation will be used for quarry exploitation in Nyaruguru District, the
blasting management plan shall include all measures, including the contractor will inform
official the local authorities and local community about the blasting activities two day before
the operation. This activity shall be conducted under the supervision of the Army and the
Police. The safety measures shall be applied to ensure that no accident happened at this site.
There shall be signboards at strategic locations, advising people not to enter his area, installed
around this zone. The quarry site shall be fenced so that no people or cattle can fall in the
hole that shall be created from the exploitation. Each Quarry site will prepare a dedicated
Environmental and Social Management Plan, which will be finalized and disclosed prior to
commencement of activities on site and will guide its operations.
Table 3-7: identified quarry sites
Sr. Quarry Coordinates Site Location
No
Village(s) Cell(s) Sector(s) District
Bigugu Quarry at E=00436889 Bigugu Samuyonga Muganza Nyaruguru
11+700 LHS/RFR6 N=04704631Z
1 = 2252
Muganza/Giswi Quarry Rumbyanya Muganza Muganza Nyaruguru
2 na
Uwinteko E=00443659 Uwinteko Gashororo Busanze Nyaruguru
Center/Village N=04695613,
(Representative sample Z = 2064
of uwinteko quarries) at
4km offset form end
3 point of RFR4
Nshili Micro E=00446180 Musebeya Runyombyi Busanze Nyaruguru
Hydropower Quarry N=04693191,
Offset of 3km from Z = 1900
4 16+550 RFR3 RHS
Muhamabara Cell E=00453681 Kubitiro Rutobwe Cyahinda Nyaruguru
/Quarry Kubitiro Village N=04693878,
5 Cyahinda Sector Offset Z = 1823
51
Sr. Quarry Coordinates Site Location

No
Village(s) Cell(s) Sector(s) District
of 3km from RFR3 at
8+650LHS
Quarry at PK E=00453456 - - - -
18+050LHS/FR10 N=04693979,
6 Z = 2044
3.7.3 Borrow pit
The borrow areas have been identified in the vicinity of the proposed roads to minimize/avoid
additional transport costs. Twenty-nine (29) burrow pits were identified as potential sites for
the source of construction materials. The STECOL corporation made physical and
Environmental observation at Eighteen (18) sampled borrow pits in different Sector where 11
and 7borrow pit sites are for FR3 and FR10 respectively. Horizon construction has identified
eleven borrow (11) pit areas along feeder roads FR4 and FR6. From the detailed design of the
selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District, 287,838 cubic meter of marram and 58,785 cubic
meter of sand are to be extracted from the borrow pits. The environmental, social, health and
safety measures planned for quarry exploitation will be applied to borrow pits management,
except those related to blasting activity. The tables 3-8 and 3-9 below show identified borrow
pit areas for each feeder roads. A dedicated ESMP will be developed prior to commencement
of works on each site and will guide its operations and completion in the course of project
implementation.
Table 3-8: List of identified Borrow pits along the feeder roads FR4 and FR6
No identified Borrow Borrow pits Location GP Coordinates
pit by Horizon Village Cell Sector District X Y
1 Kabirirzi Kabirizi Ntwari Munini Nyaruguru 445498 4700770
2 ShororoIII Runyami Shororo Buganza Nyaruguru 445726 4694494
3 ShororoI Uwinteko Shororo Buganza Nyaruguru 444477 4695673
4 Shororo II Uwinteko Shororo Buganza Nyaruguru 445179 4696031
5 Muganza Nyabirondo Muganza Muganza Nyaruguru 444023 4701997
5 Sheke Sheke Nyarure Munini Nyaruguru 451929 4695850
7 Gacumbi Gacumbi Kiyonza Ngoma Nyaruguru 466104 4696472
8 Kamabuye Jali Bunge Rusenge Nyaruguru 460198 4700891
52
No identified Borrow Borrow pits Location GP Coordinates

pit by Horizon Village Cell Sector District X Y
9 Uwingoma Bugina Gihemvu Nyabimata Nyaruguru 443467 4700453
10 Kabere and 438993 4700387
Masunzu I Nyarumazi Kabere Nyabimata Nyaruguru
11 Masunzu ii Rugarama Gihemvu Nyabimata Nyaruguru 441455 4701337
Source: Field Survey, 2019 by Horizon
Table 3-9: List of identified borrow pits along the feeder roads FR3 and FR10
S/N Location Remarks Sector Cell
FR3
1 KABIRIZI Approx. 10000cum Munini Ntwari
2 PK2+840 RHS Approx.15000cum Munini Giheta
3 PK5+040 RHS Approx.12000cum Munini Nyarure
6 PK6+300 LHS Approx.14000cum Munini Nyarure
7 PK12+400 LHS Approx.88000cum Busanze Runyombyi
8 PK13+560 LHS Approx.10000cum Busanze Runyombyi
10 PK16+880 RHS Approx.8000 cum Busanze Runyombyi
11 PK18+050 RHS Approx. 2800cum Busanze Runyombyi
FR10
1 PK0+850 LHS Approx.15000cum Nyagisozi Maraba
2 PK2+100 LHS Approx.15000cum Rusenge Bunge
5 PK8+960 LHS Approx.23000cum Rusenge Rusenge
6 PK13+000 RHS Approx.20000cum Rusenge Gikunzi
53
S/N Location Remarks Sector Cell

7 PK14+150 RHS Approx.10400cum Rusenge Gikunzi
Source: Field survey, 2019 by STECOL
From the physical and technical observation made by the Contractor to all sites, the excavated
borrow pits will require to be restored and reclaimed in a satisfactory manner after
completion of borrow operations because the excavation of earth from borrow areas may
lead to undrained pits that create additional habitats for water borne disease vectors and
possible safety issues for people and livestock (drowning in deep/steep pits).
3.7.4 Dumping sites
Most of identified borrow pit will be used as dumping sites, once the materials extraction is
complete. Thus, dumping site will be preferably at the same location with the borrow pit or
nearby, and will be agreed upon with the District administration. This has multiple advantage
in terms of reducing or limiting land degradation, but also facilitating easy filling borrow pits
holes created during materials extraction process. Topsoil will be stockpiled aside prior to
unsuitable materials extraction and will be used during rehabilitation for quick revegetation
of the sites. For sites which were not previously used for borrow pits, land acquisition
agreement will be signed with land owner and local; administration, prior to the extraction of
the materials from the site Soil disposal shall not create steep slope likely to induce soil
erosion and sedimentation downside. Steep slopes have to be stabilised using radical terraces
and grassing/tree planting.
From the detailed design of the selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District, the excess cut
material from hillside for road widening which will ne to be transported to dump sites equal
to 444,868 cubic meter.
The table 3-10 below shows the summary of quantity for construction material to be extracted
from the borrow pits and quarries sites and the expected cut material from hillside for road
widening to be transported to dump sites.
Table 3-10: Quantities of construction materials from borrow pits, quarries and dumping
material
Feeder Required construction material from Excess cut material from

Road borrow pits, quarries (Cubic meter) hillside for Road
ID Marram Sand Gravel Widening/Transport to
dump sites ( Cubic meter)
FR3 75,258 22,929 91,716 199,407
FR4 81,242 12,589 50,358 100,638
FR6 67,374 4,287 17,147 38,694
54
FR10 63,964 18,980 75,919 106,129

Total 287,838 58,785 235,140 444,868
The figure 3-9 below shows the location of project ancillary facilities in relation to the selected
feeder roads in Nyaruguru District.
Figure 3-9: Location of ancillary facilities along selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District
55
3.7.5 Access roads to project’s ancillary facilities

Feeder roads rehabilitation/upgrading works will require construction materials from borrow
pits and quarries. Similar, excess cut material from hillside for road widening will require to
be transported to dumping sites; which would be close of far away from the RoW. For this
reason, access roads to these sites will be required. Reference to the identified quarries,
borrow pits and dumping sites, most of them have an existing access roads but that may
require minor rehabilitation and regular maintenance. Only few sites that will require access
road widening or construction. The table below shows the status of access roads to ancillary
facilities.
Table 3-11: Status of access roads to ancillary facilities
Feeder Type of Borrow pits Access road description

Road ID ancillary
site
FR3 Borrow pits Shororo III, Offset of 6Km Existing road in good conditions of
from 16+550RHS of RFR3 riding with sufficient width of carriage
Sheke hill, Offset of 1.2Km way
from 5+500LHS RFR3
Quarries (RFR3) STONE FROM Existing road in very poor conditions of
MUHAMBARA riding with insufficient width of carriage
way. This requires access road widening
(RFR3) STONE FROM Existing road in good conditions of
NSHILI riding with sufficient width of carriage
(RFR3)10+000 GISWI way
RIVER SAND
(RFR3)17+000 NSHILI
RIVER SAND
FR4 Borrow pits Shororo II Pit2, Offset of
4.5 from End of RFR4
Kabirizi Hill, Pit 1, Offset of
100m from 0+000 of RFR4
Kamira Centre LHS, offset Existing road in very poor conditions of
of 3.8km from 0+000RFR4 riding with insufficient width of carriage
way. This requires access road widening
Shororo I, Offset of 4.5 Existing road in poor conditions of
from End of RFR4 riding with insufficient width of carriage
way. This requires regular repairs
Gihemvu, at 4+800LHS of Good access road
RFR4
Quarries (RFR4) GISWI QUARRY – Existing road in good conditions of
Muganza riding with sufficient width of carriage
way
56
Uwinteko Center/Village New road access is to be constructed

(Representative sample of
uwinteko quarries) at 4km
offset form end point of
RFR4
2 sites Existing road in good conditions of
riding with sufficient width of carriage
way
Dumping 6 sites Good access road
site
FR6 Borrow pits Kamira Centre LHS, offset Existing road in very poor conditions of
of 6.5km from CH7+500 of riding with insufficient width of carriage
RFR6 way. This requires access road widening
Quarry (RFR6) Offset of 1km from Existing road in poor conditions of
8+500, Muhinda river riding with insufficient width of carriage
way. This requires regular repairs
FR10 Borrow pits Kiyonza cell Ngoma Existing road in good conditions of
Sector, Offset of 10Km riding with sufficient width of carriage
from 0+000 RHS ofRFR10 way
Kamabuye Hill, at Good access road
6+300LHS OF RFR10
Quarries 6 sites Good access road
site
57
4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT/BASELINE DATA

4.1 General
As sated above, the objective of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is to
ascertain the existing baseline environmental and social conditions and then assess the
impacts as a result of the implementation of proposed feeder road. Identification of project
area environmental and social parameters, data collection and impact predictions are the
core of ESIA process. A scoping matrix has been formulated to identify the attributes likely
to be affected due to proposed project and presented in Table 4-1. In order to review and
update the environmental and social aspects, the data has been collected, compiled and
analyzed for the followings:
 Land Environment (land use, geology and soils);
 Water Environment (precipitation, hydrology and drainage);
 Air Environment (air quality and meteorology);
 Noise Environment (noise levels);
 Ecological Environment (flora and fauna); and
 Socio-Economic Environment (demography, livelihood, income socio-economic etc.).
Based on environmental and social scoping matrix and project setting the attributes likely to
be affected are identified on the basis of baseline data generation, such as geology, soils, air,
noise, ecology, socioeconomic which has been collected from various sources including field
visits and desk research has been presented under this chapter. Formal and informal
discussions held with the local people, project affected people and local government and non-
government organizations, together with published and grey reports. Information on project
facilities, size, magnitude and cost of the construction activities, geology and soils of the
project sites have also been taken from the draft feasibility study of April 2016. A baseline
environmental and social condition comprises the features present within the proposed ROW
as well as a strip of 2.5 to 5.7 m on either side of the existing road.
The concept is to assess the extent that the construction and operation of the proposed
feeder roads project is likely to have impact on above environmental and social attributes. It
includes environmental features such as forest areas, ecological sensitive areas, water
bodies (rivers, marshy and swampy areas and ponds ponds), and places of historical
importance, tourism etc. The scope of this chapter is limited to only those issues, which are
of concern in the environmental and social impact assessment. The land use of the project
area is agriculture, built up, and plantation. The major purposes of describing the
environmental and social settings of the study area are:
 Understanding the need of the project and environmental characteristics of the area.
 Assessing existing environmental quality, as well as the environmental and social
impact of the proposed project development.
58
 Identification of environmentally significant factors or geographical areas that could

influence decisions about any future development.
Table 4-1: scoping Matrix for the Project
Project Likely Impacts Baseline Data Review

Cycle/Phase
A. LAND ENVIRONMENT collection
Design Phase - Change of land use - Present land use
Construction - Increase in soil erosion and soil - Soil characteristics
Phase loss
- Pollution by construction spoils, - Rainfall
grease and oil spills and domestic
waste disposal
- Use of land for labor colonies - Physiographic and Slopes
and solid waste disposal - Construction materials and
spoils
- Number of employees during
construction peak period
B. WATER ENVIRONMENT
Design Phase - Erosion of soil - Drainage Pattern
- Rainfall
Construction - Water Quality Impacts due to - Rainfall Storms
Phase disposal of wastes from labor
colonies and construction sites
- Water and energy supply - Water courses and Drainage
- Waste water treatment and - Water quality
disposal from labor camps. - Waste water treatment
Operation Run off Drainage Problems
Phase
C. AIR ENVIRONMENT
Construction - Impacts due to emissions - Ambient air quality at different
Phase generated by construction locations
machinery
- Fugitive emissions from various
sources.
Operation - Exhaust emission due to road - Ambient air quality
Phase operation
D. NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Construction - Impacts due to construction - Ambient noise quality at different
Phase machinery locations
- Vehicle noise
Operation - Noise due to road operation - Ambient noise quality at different
Phase locations
E. ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Construction - Loss of Forest and Trees - Forest Area and Tree Numbers
Phase
- Migration of Fauna - Faunal Species
59
-Description of current status of

-
Damages and deterioration of
wetlands, swamps and its wetlands and swamps and their
biodiversity and ecological biodiversity
services
F. PHYICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
Construction - Relocation of Infrastructure - Status of Infrastructure
Phase - Impact on Cultural Resources - Status of Cultural Resources
Operation - Impact on schools, hospitals etc. - Values of environmental
Phase attributes at sensitive locations
G. SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Construction Loss of land, houses, livelihood, - Land, houses, livelihood data,
Phase job potential,
Operation -Livelihood, -Socio-economic status.
Phase - Potential for increase in road -Road safety Status
accidents and fatalities from
increased use of roads and
potentially higher speeds
4.2 Study Area

The primary baseline data has been collected within the formation width of 4 to 5 m on either
side from center line of the existing as well as proposed carriageway as 6 m well as proposed
carriageway. The project influence area has been defined as 10 m on either side (Arial
distance) from boundary of road which is also considered as Right of Way (RoW) for collection
of secondary data, including impacts due to ancillary sites like borrow areas, quarry sites,
camp sites, material storage and disposal areas, access roads, etc. The location of feeder roads
is shown under project description section above. The details of baseline information are
discussed below.
4.3 Physical Environment
4.3.1 Topography
The selected four feeder roads and its associated ancillary facilities such as Borrow pit, quarry,
dumping and camping sites etc. to be rehabilitated are located within Nyaruguru District. The
altitude where these feeder roads FR3, FR4, FR6 and FR10 are passing is between 1,500 - 1,900
m. The parameters involved in land environment are Physiography, geology and soils and land
use pattern. These are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Nyaruguru District, the present feeder roads project area, is characterized generally by the
Congo-Nile Crest Mountains in the west and west-northern parts of the District, with the peak
at 2,767 m of altitude. These high mountains start from Nyungwe National Park in the Sectors
of Ruheru, Nyabimata, Muganza and Kivu, and continue towards the volcanoes area in the
north of the country, with some peaks branching towards the northeastern part of the District
60
in the Sectors of Ruramba and Mata to form a mountainous ridge known as “IBISI” culminating
at 2,300 m AMSL. The coverage of forests in Nyaruguru District is about 27.7% of total surface
area, while agriculture is practiced on 49.5%. Nyaruguru District is a mountainous region
characterized by steeper slopes, with an altitude of 1600-1900m (Figure 4-1).
Figure 4-1: Map showing the altitude of the feeder roads project area in Nyaruguru District
Given mountains and hills topography of Nyaruguru District, the feeder roads rehabilitation
and upgrading works will require roads widening to the required road width through hills
cutting. For this reason, there should be some sections that would be threatened by land
sliding issues. To mitigate these issues, the project is intended to build retaining walls and
gabions to protect those areas. The information on such area will be provided in this report.
4.3.2 Climate
The District has annual average temperature is around 20°C while the annually rainfall varies
between 1,000 and 1,250mm depending on the altitude (Figure 4-2).
In general, the District climate is characterized by 4 seasons: (i)The great dry season (June to
61
August) characterized by low agricultural activities (harvesting) and mostly by off-farm

activities; (ii)The small rain season (September to Mid-January) considered as the main
planting season; (iii) The small dry season (Mid-January to February) in which both planting
and harvesting activities take place; and (iv)The great rain season (March to May)
characterized by planting in agricultural and low off-farm activities.
Figure 4-2: : Rwanda historical Average Rainfall 1982-2011

4.3.3 Geology
In General, Rwanda has a complex geological history which presents itself in varied
topographic profiles from the mountainous Northwest to the glassy and of Akagera in the
62
East. The oldest rocks of Rwanda are the Paleoroterozoicmigmatites, gneisses and mica schist
overlain by the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran Belt. The folded and metamorphosed sediments of
the Kibaran Belt are primarily schists and quartzites introduced by granites and cover most of
Rwanda, including Nyaruguru District.
4.3.4 Soils
Nyaruguru District soils are generally clay and sandy with some aggregate of stones. The soils
of Nyaruguru District are acidic soils as its pH ranges between 5 and 5.5; such type of soil is
adapted to tea, coffee and sweet potato plantation. Given it acidity nature, for the crop type
which needs alkaline sols are needs an amendment with lime. The use of lime in acidic soils in
Nyaruguru District is also associated with development of radical terraces as measures of soils
productivity restoration. The staples crops that grow in Nyaruguru soils include Irish potatoes,
sweet potatoes, climbing beans and cash crops mainly tea and coffee.
Nyaruguru District currently has two mining sites located in Busanze Sector. Colombo tantalite
(Coltan) is the main mineral available and few quantity of wolfram. A number of twenty-nine
(29) borrow pits have been identified by the feasibility study, and they will be used as a source
of materials for the construction of feeder roads in Nyaruguru District.
The eighteen (18) and eleven (11) were identified sites of borrow pit of FR3&FR10 and
FR4&FR6 respectively in Nyaruguru District and will be used during rehabilitation and
upgrading works of selected feeder roads. The investigations have been made for site. JV.
STECOL CORPORATION & HORIZON found in all cultural heritage sites. The contractor will
avoid quarrying activities near settlements, institutions and cultural sites or in (or in proximity
to) the natural habitats and should provide warnings before blasting commences and limits
levels of vibration from quarrying sites should be at 0.5 centimeters per second beyond any
source property boundary or 30 meters from any moving source.
Photo 4-1: Picture of land use along the feeder road alignment
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4.4 Water environment

Water environment consists of water resources such as streams, lakes, estuaries, water use,
and quality. Understanding the water quality is essential in the preparation of EIA and to
identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for
implementation. Water availability is essential in the project area for the construction and
drinking. It is anticipated that water will be available for the above purposes in project area.
Rwanda is divided into two major drainage basins: the Nile to the East covering 67 per cent
and delivering 90 per cent of the national waters and the Congo to the West which covers 33
% and handles the remaining 10% of national waters. The country's hydrological network
includes numerous lakes and rivers and its associated wetlands. A recent inventory of
marshlands in Rwanda conducted in 2008 identified 860 marshlands, covering a total surface
of 278,536 ha, which corresponds to 10.6% of the country surface, 101 lakes covering 149,487
ha and 861 rivers totaling 6,462 km in length (REMA, 2008).
4.4.1 Rivers and streams
As stated above in climate section, the abundant annual rainfall intensity varying between
1250mm to 1750mm; are good characteristics for rich and vast hydrographic network in
Nyaruguru District. For this reason, there are many water springs where district counts over
832, tributaries and streams flowing in the tales of this mountains’ relief joining together to
form important water flows in Nyaruguru District.
The hydrographic network of Nyaruguru District is located in Nile basin and is very rich and
vast, with the main water bodies being Akanyaru River, a tributary of Akagera River and
constituting the border of Rwanda and Burundi. Other main river and streams in the District
are Agatobwe, Akavuguto, Giswi, Simbuka, Nshili, Agatare, Migendo, Rwerere, Kaburantu and
Mwogo. All those watercourses are tributaries of Akanyaru river, except Mwogo, the
Nyabarongo tributary.
The rivers crossed by feeder roads in Nyaruguru District are Agatobwe and Giswi crossed by
FR10 and FR 3 respectively.
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Photo 4-2:Giswi River crossing by the road-FR3
Photo 4-3:Typical Agatobwe River crossed by the road- FR10
There are no recognition of rare fauna and flora in the river and streams to be crossed by the
feeder roads. The flora around rivers are almost the same as on the surrounding lands.
4.4.2 Wetlands and marshlands

According to the Ramsar treaty, wetlands are defined as: “… areas of marsh, fen, peatland or
water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or
flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide
does not exceed six meters.”
Wetlands and marshlands are also important components of water environment. As per this
definition of wetlands, most of the existing wetlands associated with the proposed feeder
roads are marshlands, streams, etc. The existing marshland along the feeder roads are located
in valleys between the hills, relatively well drained with many streams and rivers. These
marshlands are used for recession and dry season cultivation, including those found in low-
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lying area which used for seasonal grazing and farming. Presumably, these areas are better
drained that allows dry season cultivation.
Nyaruguru District has got different marshlands including Agatobwe, Akavuguto, Urwonja,
Rwoganyoni, Akagera, Agatorove, Mazatukura, Uwarurimbi, Rutabu, Migina, Umumusizi,
Giswi, Rutabo, Ubuyumbu, Kizikoga, Nyiramurongi, Mudasomwa, Urubaya. Marshlands in
Nyaruguru District are narrow i.e. small in width due to hills and mountains relief. Most of
these marshlands are under exploitation through agricultural practices where 203 ha are
developed for this purpose. Through the Development Strategy of Nyaruguru District 2018-
2014, it is also planned to develop other more 682 ha of marshlands for irrigation within an
Integrated Water Resources Management Framework.
Considering that the objective of Feeder Roads Development Project that is to enhance
connectivity within the district by linking farms to markets, in Nyaruguru District feeder roads
will cross some of these marshlands. Among these, Agatobwe marshland crossed by selected
feeder roads- FR10 (Huye-Rusenge-Ngera-Nyagisozi). This marshland is under agricultural
farming where most grown crops include maize, Irish and sweet potatoes, vegetables, and
sorghum. Therefore, no protected wetland or untouched marsh land with sensitive habitats
are crossed by the proposed feeder roads. Although these marshlands are exploited by
agricultural activities, their conditions should be maintained to ensure the sustainability of
their capacity on provision and regulating ecosystem services such as, floods regulation, water
purification, crops, grazing, etc.
The marshlands crossed by feeder roads in Nyaruguru District are agatobwe and Giswi which
are used for agricultural production. The following figures show the status of Agatobwe and
Giswi marshlands under agriculture exploitation in relation to FR10 and FR3 respectively.
Figure 4-3: FR 10 and FR3 crossing Agatobwe and Giswi marshlands under agricultural exploitation
Among the two marshlands, only Agatobwe marshland has been developed for agriculture
exploitation, which means that water from Agatobwe river can be more used for irrigation
practice as compared to Giswi marshland which is not properly developed for agricultural
exploitation.
Being used for agricultural exploitations, the marshlands to be crossed by the feeder roads in
Nyaruguru District lack vegetation and fauna mostly present in wetland areas like papyrus of
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frogs, etc. For this reason, the ecological services like floods regulation, water purification
played by these marshlands are also limited as storm water do not stagnate in there due to
agricultural activities which have removed natural vegetation and contributed to drainage of
the marshlands.
4.4.3 Water quality consideration

According to National Nile Basin Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Report for Rwanda of
2005; water pollution in Rwanda is mainly caused by domestic waste, agro-pastoral and
industrial activities. The pollutants which enter water bodies are most commonly contained
in effluents derived from a wide range of human activities, as a result of soil erosion,
accidental spills or illegal dumping. Eight groups of pollutants in two categories has been
identified.
1. Physico-chemical pollutants:
 Organic residues, such as, sewage, brewery wastes.
 Inert suspensions: soil sediment, mine wastes.
 Fertilizers and detergents.
 Inorganic reducing agents: sulphides, sulphites.
 Petroleum products: waste oil, tanker spills.
 Toxic wastes - heavy metals, pesticides.
2. Biological pollutants:
 Micro-organism - faecal coliforms, cholera bacilli.
 Macro-organisms - parasitic worms, exotic fish species and aquatic weeds.
The table below summarizes different sources of water pollutions in Rwanda.
Table 4-2: Sources of water pollution in Rwanda
No Sources of water Pollutants Negative Effect

pollution
1 Domestic waste Used water from septic diseases such as epidemics of
tanks, latrines, animal typhoid, cholera, and gastro-
waste and refuse intestinal diseases, dysentery
2 Pollution from Fertilizers, pesticides and chemical, biological and geological
agriculture herbicides, erosion pollution of water resources
3 Industrial effluents and by-products dangerous chemical components for
pollution human and animal consumption and
for environment.
4 Natural pollution parent rocks like underground water pollution
ammonium nitrates,
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fluorides, etc.
5 Invasive and hyacinth and other bad Degradation of quality, proliferation
toxic weeds weeds of agents’ carriers of diseases
(malaria, encephalitis, bilharzias,
filariasis, etc.), increased Turbidity,
water losses through
evapotranspiration.
Source: NBI, 2005.Water quality baseline report for Rwanda
Even though no data available on water quality in Nyaruguru District, reference made to the
source of water pollution and pollutants entering into water bodies as identified in the study
of water quality baseline report for Rwanda, some of the sources and pollutants of water
pollution are excepted for occurring in Nyaruguru district. The main source and pollutants to
water bodies in Nyaruguru District are based on agriculture practices and erosion. These are
caused by steeper slope of hills and abundant rainfall observed in Nyaruguru District, and the
agricultural practices encroaching river banks.
This may be justified by high value of 11600 NTU and 1055 NTU of turbidity and 3625mg/l and
389 mg/l of total suspended solid (TSS) observed in short rain season (December 2018) and
dry short season (March 2019) respectively on Akanyaru river; the main drain of Nyaruguru
District; during the study of water quality monitoring in Rwanda, done by Water for Growth.
Photo 4-4: Erosion in Akanyaru river and agricultural activities on Giswi river bank
To build resilience on this issue, Nyaruguru District has planned to improve soil conservation,
wetland and river bank protection where 205km of river banks are to be protected through
bamboo plantation up to 2023/2024.
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Table 4-3: Water Bodies along Nyaruguru selected Feeder Roads
Road Name Feeder Water Body Cross drainage at

Road ID Chainage
Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera FR3 Giswi River 10+300
Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili Tea factory FR4 Giswi River 2+942
– Kabere (Ruheru)
Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata FR6 Nyiragasi stream 5+600
Stream 8+500
Stream 12+100
Huye-Rusenge-Ngera-Nyagisozi FR10 Agatobwe River 4+500
Stream 4+400
Stream 5+100
Stream 10+400
Stream 13+100
Maraba stream 19+800
4.4.4 Impacts of feeder roads works on water resources and mitigation measures
Considering the nature of works to be done in feeder road rehabilitation and upgrading in
Nyaruguru district, it is also expected to have such negative impacts on water resources. The
environmental and social frameworks of the feeder roads development project also pointed
out possible impacts on water resources that would be caused by road rehabilitation works.
Possible negative impacts on water resources include the following:
 Water pollution due to runoff with construction materials from excavated earth;
 Eutrophication of water resource;
 Contamination of water due to different wastes including human wastes, liquid
wastes, oils and bitumen leakage;
 Sedimentation of water bodies due to soil erosion, etc.
To cope with the above impacts, the mitigation measures should be reflected in proper wastes
management, proper dumping, provision of mobile toilet for works on site and proper oil,
bitumen transport, storage, use, spills, cleanup and different management plans that will be
prepared and integrated in the project implementation to. The following preventive and
mitigation measures will be implemented:
 Proper dumping of spoils to avoid its transport into water body;
 Avoidance of discharging un treated waste water, sewage or septic tank eﬄuents in
the environment especially waste bodies,
 Avoid and minimize any discharge of solid wastes into or near water body;
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 Never extract construction materials or dumping spoil materials in the water bodies
or nearby;
 Provide all required hygienic facilities at work sites and particularly for works executed
nearby any water body in order to prevent any contamination/pollution of water
resource;
 Installation of temporal sediments barriers where works are adjacent to water body,
 Avoid parking and washing of cars/trucks in or nearby the water body to avoid water
pollution by oil and fuel leakage,
 Handling garage, oil and bitumen works in area with impermeable layer and providing
sock way pit for collecting wastes water from those places, etc.
In addition to the above measures, protection of water bodies by means of construction of
retaining wall and gabions will be also applied. The table below shows area of water body to
be protected by constructions of retaining and gabions to avoid land sliding issues that could
damage those water bodies and the infrastructures provided there.
Table 4-4: Water bodies to be protected by construction of retaining walls and gabions
Feeder Location Description of area to be Sample pictures

Road (PK) protected
FR 3 1+800 Water body/Box culvert
10+100 Giswi river/Bridge
FR4 2+950 Water body IN Giswi river
FR 6 5+280 Water body on crossed

stream
5+900 Water body /Box culvert
7+525 Water body
7+920 Water body
9+527 Water body/Bridge
FR 10 0+495 Water body /Box culvert
4+690 Land sliding near box culvert
9+100 Water body/Box culvert
10+680 water body /Agatobwe river
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14+885 Water body at bridge

Source: Feeder Roads detailed design, April 2020
4.6 Ambient air and noise environment
The ambient air and noise environment are discussed in the with the purpose to assess the
current level in project areas and provide guidance to the contractor for permissible limits he
shall be complying with during the civil works.
4.6.1 Ambient air environment
According to the recent inventory on sources of air pollution in Rwanda (2018), highest NO 2,
SO2 and CO concentrations were measured at the Nyabugogo roadside location. The report
continues stating that due to the sites ‘close proximity to major roads and a bus station, it
would be expected to have the highest pollutant concentrations. Although the concentrations
at Nyabugogo are the highest monitored but they remain below the Rwanda annual mean
ambient standards of 0.05ppm (96µg/m3). Reasons behind such levels of pollutants’
concentration are mainly associated with motor vehicle emissions (because the site is located
to major roads and bus station) and biomass energy commonly used for domestic cooking.
However, monitored concentrations of NO2 at the rural sites are low. (REMA, 2019)
For this reason, Nyaruguru as one of the rural districts in Rwanda, no detailed data available
for air quality. Considering the limited number of motor vehicle in Nyaruguru District
compared to Nyabugogo area in Kigali city, we can conclude that the air quality in Nyaruguru
district is not polluted. This can be supported by the contribution of air purification by natural
forest of Nyungwe (National Park) covering the part of Nyaruguru district.
Given the involvement of construction machines which will cause gases and dust emissions
during civil works of feeder roads rehabilitation.
However, the contractor should be managing (avoidance, minimizing and mitigating) the air
pollution within limits as the East African Standards CD/T/66/2007 for Air Quality Rwandan
Standards, as adopted by Rwanda Bureau Standards.The contractor requires to follow the
standards and make sure that all activities are within the tolerance limits as presented in the
table Table 4-5 and Table 4-6.
Air quality monitoring shall be undertaken at some locations within or near the project area,
particularly focusing on locations in close proximity to residential, commercial, schools or
ecologically sensitive areas to determine the baseline conditions. The following parameters
will be monitored along the proposed project corridor. They are Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2),
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic Carbons and Particulate
Matter (PM) shall be monitored over a 24-hour period. Therefore, the Contractors and
Supervising Consultants should consider using hand held, portable monitoring meters to
measure air quality (dust, SOx, NOx, HC, etc.) prior to the construction phase so that the
obtained data can serve as baseline data while monitoring contractor’s performance during
construction phase.
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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
for selected feeder roads in the District of Nyaruguru, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498
Table 4-5 and Table 4-6 depicted the ambient air emission limits and ambient air quality tolerance
limits used in East Africa and adopted by Rwanda Bureau Standards.
Table 4-5:Ambient Air emission limits
Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method
Sulphur Annual mean of 40 – 60 Daily average of hourly values shall TZS 837 Parts
oxides, SOx μg/Nm3 (0.05-0.08 not exceed 0.1 mg/kg (1, 2, and 4).
mg/kg) 0.5 mg/Nm3 for 10 minutes
Or 24 – hour average
100 μg/Nm3 (0.129
mg/kg)
Carbon Aims at preventing 1. A maximum permitted exposure TZS 837 Parts
monoxide, carboxyhemoglobin of 100mg/Nm3 for periods not 1,2, and 6
CO levels exceeding 2.5-3% exceeding 15 minutes.
in non-smoking people. 2. Time-weighed exposures at the
following levels:
 100 mg/Nm3 for 15 minutes
 60 mg/Nm3 for 30 minutes.
 30 mg/Nm3 for 60 minutes
 10 mg/Nm3 for 8 hours.
Or
Daily average of hourly values shall
not exceed 10mg/kg and average of
hourly values in eight consecutive
hours shall not exceed 20 mg/kg.
Black Black smoke 40 to 60 Daily average of hourly values shall TZS 837 Parts
smoke and μg/Nm3 (0.05-0.08 not exceed 0.10 μg/Nm3 and hourly 1, 2 and 3.
suspended mg/kg) values shall not exceed 0.20 μg/Nm3
particulate PM 10 60 to 90 μg/Nm3
matters (0.05 – 0.116 mg/kg)
(PM 10)
Nitrogen Annual mean of 0.1 150 μg/Nm3 for 24-hours average TZS 837 Part 1,
dioxide. μg/Nm3 value 2, and 5
NOx 120μg/Nm3 for 8 hours

To be reported as SO2
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Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method

Lead Annual mean of 0.5 – 1.5μg/Nm3 for 24 – hours average ISO 9855:1993
1.0 μg/Nm3 value
Ozone Annual mean of 10 – 120 μg/Nm3 for 8 – hours average

100 μg/Nm3 value
Source: Rwanda Bureau Standards
Table 4-6: Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits
The above limits are to be used by the contractor and the consultant for air quality monitoring
purposes whenever needed.
4.6.2 Ambient noise environment
Researchers from the World Health Organization (WHO) report that at least 15% of adult have
permanent hearing damage due to noise exposure. Based on national standards regulating noise
pollution released by Rwanda Standards Board (2014), the National Police has intensified their
operations against noise pollution by ensuring that sound level is controlled in a way that it
doesn’t affect the beliefs and wellbeing of others in the neighborhood.
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Normally, medical experts say that an increase in 10 decibel of sound produces noise pollution by
100 times. The distance from a source of noise and duration of exposure determine the harmful
effects of noise on an individual. About 45 decibels (dB) may cause disturbed sleep, whereas 80
to 85 (dB) sound can impair hearing.
So far, there is no statistics on noise pollution in Rwanda, but preventive measures have been
taken to control the choice of location, functioning and furnishing of public places and leisure
infrastructures. (REMA, 2019)
As far as can be ascertained, there is no information regarding ambient noise levels adjacent to
the existing feeder road in Nyaruguru District. However, due to the rural nature of the project
area, it can reasonably be assumed that ambient noise levels near to the proposed road are below
the widely accepted WHO guideline value (Leq) of 65 dBA, and National standards, which
significant noise nuisance may be experienced due construction activities. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the ambient noise environment in Nyaruguru District is not polluted.
During the feasibility study, the ESIA study indicated that the consultant’s output regarding the
noise level which could be generated during construction period and its impact magnitude related
to the types of the equipment used, the construction methods employed and the scheduling of
the work. This helps for the Contractor to comply with the national and international standard
and guideline, which construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of
80-85 dB (A) at 15 m distance, which will decrease with increase in distance. Noise due to
construction machinery is predicted as presented in table 4-9. The noise levels will be with a limit
of 55-65 dB (A) at a distance of 100-125 m from construction site. The expected noise levels due
to operation of construction machinery at site are summarized in table 4-7. The noise levels will
decrease with distance. Therefore, the contractor should be managing noise pollution within
these pollutions limits for compliance purposes.
Table 4-7: Ambient noise level limits in respect to category of area
Limit in dB, Max.

Area Code Category of area Day time Nighttime
A Industrial Area 75 70
B Commercial Area 65 55
C Residential area 55 45
D Silence Zone 50 40
Source: Rwanda Standard-RS 236 (RBS-2014)
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Table 4-8 : Noise Levels during Construction, dB (A)
Dump Excavation Excavation by

Source Compactor Dozer
Truck by Shovel caterpillar
83 81 85 87 87
Noise Level dB(A)
15 15 15 15 15
Noise Levels at Distance (m)from source
20 78.5 76.5 80.5 82.5 82.5
25 76.1 74.1 78.1 80.1 80.1
30 74 72 76 78 78
35 72.1 70.1 74.1 76.1 76.1
40 70.5 68.5 72.5 74.5 74.5
45 69 67 71 73 73
50 67.5 65.5 69.5 71.5 71.5
55 66.2 64.2 68.2 70.2 70.2
60 65 63 67 69 69
75 61.5 59.5 63.5 65.5 65.5
100 56.5 54.5 58.5 60.5 60.5
125 54.6 52.6 56.6 58.6 58.6
150 53 51 55 57 57
175 51.7 49.7 53.7 55.7 55.7
200 50.5 48.5 52.5 54.5 54.5
225 49.5 47.5 51.5 53.5 53.5
250 48.6 46.6 50.6 52.6 52.6
Source: Consultant Measured at Source and Computed at Distances
Table 4-9: Noise Due to Construction Machinery
S.No. Machine Operation Noise in dB(A)
1. Dump Truck Haul 83
2. Compactor Fill 81
3. Dozer Fill 85
4. Excavation by Shovel Cut 87
5. Excavation by Caterpillar Cut 87

Source: Consultant’s own survey from other projects
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4.7 Ecological environment

4.7.1 Flora
No endangered plant species within the road corridor of the feeder roads in Nyaruguru District
were observed. Eucalyptus spp, Agro forestry tree species like Alnus spp, Grevillea spp, Cedrella
spp, etc, coffee and tea that are likely to be affected and will be replanted along the roadsides for
replacing those affected and protecting the roads.
However, overall the Nyaruguru district is covered with diverse ecosystems that include both
natural and artificial ecosystems. The natural ecosystem consists of marshlands, which most the
area is currently converted to agriculture. The forested areas and agro-ecosystems dominate the
artificial ecosystems. All these ecosystems are very rich with flora. The coverage of forests in
Nyaruguru district is about 33.05 % of the total surface. These are dominated mainly by the private
eucalyptus plantations. The survey revealed that within the Immediate Corridor of Impact (COI)
about 1,954 (with at least 30 cm of girth size, which is the upper limit of semi-mature trees) have
been identified to be affected in the proposed feeder roads corridor (Table 4-10). The
compensation value will be accounted under project RAP and compensation will be effected as
per the national law.
Tea and coffee plantations also occupy vast parts of the land surface. The remaining area is
covered with other crops (seasonal crops and coffee) and small pastures. Although no road
traverses through the Nyungwe National Park, the plant species under the Nyungwe forest include
a vast diversity of species.
No one of the selected feeder roads (NRFR3, NRFR4, NRFR6, and NRFR10) in Nyaruguru District is
passing through the buffer zone of Nyungwe National Park or the national park itself. Similar to
the other three road sections, NRF06 section is also passing through the existing alignment and
ends at a place (Hill) where the buffer zone of Nyungwe Park starts at PK 13+600 on Nyungwe Belt
road in Cyarukore Village.
Table 4-10: Trees along Feeder Roads within the Road Corridor
Length in Km and Number total
Road Name Feeder of Trees numbe
Road ID r
0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21
Munini-Kanama- FR3 400 300 100 186 986

Gatunda-Remera
Giswi-Rugogwe- FR4 100 150 50 200 100 3 603
Kabere-Nshili Tea
factory–kabere
(Ruheru)
Rukore-Bigugu- FR6 1 25 25 49 10 12 122
Nyabimata
Huye-Rusenge-Ngera- FR10 50 60 50 40 43 243
Nyagisozi
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Source: JV STECOL-HORIZON
The number of trees by girth size is detailed in Table 4-11. Most trees are in the girth class
of G7 (35%), while no single tree was found belonging to the first girth class (G1).
Table 4-11: Girth Wise Details of trees
Girth Class total
Road Name Feeder numbe
Road ID r
0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21
Munini-Kanama- FR3 400 300 100 186 986

Gatunda-Remera
Giswi-Rugogwe- FR4 100 150 50 200 100 3 603
Kabere-Nshili Tea
factory–kabere
(Ruheru)
Rukore-Bigugu- FR6 1 25 25 49 10 12 122
Nyabimata
Huye-Rusenge- FR10 50 60 50 40 43 243
Ngera-Nyagisozi
4.7.2 Fauna (Wildlife: mammals, birds and other species)
No endangered or threatened fauna species are anticipated to be impacted by the construction
activities of the selected feeder roads.
The Nyungwe National park is found within the Nyaruguru district. During the feasibility study
survey it was identified that the Park is home to 14 species of primates, including large troops of
colobus monkeys. Other main mammals include L’Hoest’s Monkey – Cercopithecuslhoesti, Owl-
faced Monkey – Cercopithecushamlyni, Golden Monkey – Cercopithecusmitiskandti, Vervet Mon-
key – Chlorocebuspygerythrus, Olive Baboons – Papioanubis and Chimpanzees – Pantroglodytes.
Other main mammals include squirrels, bush pigs, duikers and servals. The survey study also
identified that the Nyungwe National park has no association with the proposed feeder road
project and No impacts has been generated that affect the parks and its buffer zone, including the
habitats and services existed.
In the District, more than 280 avian species are known to be present. They include species such
as turacos, hornbills, eagles, francolins, sunbirds, wagtails, etc. (25 of those species are endemic
to Albertine Rift). There are also 43 species of reptiles, 8 of which are endemic. Thirty-one species
of amphibians are present, with 15 endemic species.
4.7.3 Nyungwe National Park

The Nyungwe Forest Reserve in southwestern Rwanda (2°15' – 2°55' S, 29°00'– 29°30' E) is one of
the most biologically important montane rainforests in central Africa. In conjunction with the
contiguous forest in Kabira National Park, Burundi, Nyungwe forms one of the largest blocks of
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lower montane forest in Africa. Nyungwe includes vast stretches of forest at altitudes (1,600 –
2,950 m ASL) occupied by few other forested areas in Africa. Because it is so large and located at
these altitudes, Nyungwe represents a key area for rainforest conservation in central Africa.
The forest at Nyungwe is also interrupted by two large swamps, Kamiranzovu and Uwasenkoko.
Kamiranzovu Swamp covers approximately 13 km2 and is one of the largest peat bodies in Africa.
Temperatures at Nyungwe are generally cool with an average minimum temperature of 10.9° C
and an average maximum temperature of 19.6° C. The mean annual rainfall of 1,744 mm is typical
for an African rainforest.
4.7.3.1 Protection of Nyungwe National Park

Nyungwe was first gazetted as a forest reserve in 1933, yet this status did not prevent people
from utilizing the forest. Mining for gold began as early as 1935, following the introduction of
alluvial mining techniques by the Belgian colonial administration, and by the 1950s, there were
an estimated 3,000 Rwandan miners working in the Nyungwe watershed. In addition to gold
mining, the forest has been used for a wide range of activities including honey collection, wood
cutting, hunting of animals, and small scale agriculture. In fact, between 1958 and 1979 the forest
reserve was reduced in size from 1,141 km2 to 971 km2 through encroachment by local farmers.
In 1967 the Swiss technical assistance program decided to focus on the forestry sector in Rwanda.
They initiated a pilot project along the northern edge of Nyungwe Reserve where they established
buffer plantations of pine trees and constructed sawmills. The project also placed an emphasis on
protecting the remaining natural forest. In 1984, the Rwandan Ministry of Agriculture, with funds
from the Swiss government, completed a management plan for Rwanda’s remaining natural
forests (Gishwati, Mukura, Nyungwe, and Parc National des Volcans). For Nyungwe, the goal of
this plan was to ensure the conservation of the forest by subdividing it into:
(1) forest fringe zones where some timber harvesting would be permitted (~10% of all forest
area),
(2) natural reserve zones where minimal use would be allowed (~40% of all forest area), and
(3) protected forest management areas where resources could be used sustainably (~50% of all
forest area).
Pine plantations were to be planted on the edges of the forest to mark the boundaries of the
forest reserve and to act as buffers between local communities and the interior of the forest. Once
this framework for the management of Nyungwe was established, the forest was divided into four
different sectors managed by the Swiss, French, European Development Fund and World Bank,
respectively.
4.7.3.2 Flora of Nyungwe Park

Nyungwe supports an abundance of plant and animal life. More than 260 species of trees and
shrubs have been found at Nyungwe, including at least 24 that are believed to be endemic to the
Albertine Rift.
According to the study of Biodiversity surveys of the Nyungwe Forest Reserve in S.W. Rwanda
conducted by Andrew J. Plumptre et Al, 2002; a total of 242 species of vascular plants from at
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least 57 families were recorded. Twelve species were recorded that were previously unknown to
exist at Nyungwe.
1 Acanthus montanus (Acanthaceae), 2. Antidesma venosum (Euphorbiaceae), 3. Baissea sp.
(Apocynaceae), 4. Begonia ampla (Begoniaceae), 5. Calycosiphonia spathicalyx (Rubiaceae), 6.
Casearia englerii (Flacourtiaceae), 7. Chionanthus africanus (Oleaceae), 8. Discoclaoxylon
hexandrum (Euphorbiaceae), 9. Isolona lebrunii (Annonaceae), 10. Leplaea mayombensis
(Meliaceae), 11. Macaranga aff. Monandra (Euphorbiaceae), 12. Trilepisium madagascariense
(Moraceae).
4.7.3.3 Fauna of Nyungwe Park

Nyungwe is also one of the most important sites for bird conservation in Africa with a total of 260
bird species, 25 of which are endemic to the Albertine Rift. Thirteen species of primates are known
to inhabit the forest, including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), owl-faced guenons
(Cercopithecus hamlyni) and Angolan black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis
Ruwenzori), the latter living in groups of more than 300 individuals.
Nyungwe is one of several forests in the Albertine Rift that are well-known for their rich bird life,
and is of considerable importance for the conservation of a number of endemic bird species. At
least 20 species and 5 races endemic to the Albertine Rift are known to inhabit the Nyungwe
Forest making it the second richest forest for Albertine Rift endemics after the Itombwe Massif in
D.R. Congo (Dowsett 1990). The study gave a total of 163 known species with five unidentified
species.
As one of the few remaining lower montane rainforests in Africa, Nyungwe represents an
important location for future biological research. Perhaps the most important botanical research
that could be conducted at Nyungwe would be to monitor and study the process of regeneration
within the forest after the recent fires. Determining those plant taxa that are most adversely
affected by fire (e.g. poor fire resistance; poor regeneration) is important for future fire
management in the reserve. The effects of these fires on bird communities at Nyungwe also
deserve investigation. It would also be useful to investigate the habitat requirements of
vulnerable bird species within the reserve to devise conservation strategies to better protect
these species.
4.7.3.4 Threats to Nyungwe National Park

In addition to the threats related to gold mining, trees cutting described above, Nyungwe National
Park has also experienced fires which have caused tree mortality resulting in most burned areas
being colonized by ferns, Pteridium aquilinum. For example, large areas were burned in 1997, yet
in 2011 ferns still dominate the forest with little regeneration of the natural forest occurring in
many areas. For this reason, fire has been considered a major threat to conservation of
biodiversity in Nyungwe. In the past 15 years, the causes of wildfire were almost exclusively from
humans. Of these, the majority appear to be caused by people who enter the park to collect honey
and wood or poach animals.
To deal with the threat and damage of fire, the Rwandan Development Board (RDB) staff that
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manages Nyungwe National Park suppresses all known wildfires. They have active prevention and
community outreach programs that attempt to prevent the human caused fires from occurring. If
fires are detected, the park staff suppresses these fires with assistance from the local communities
and other government agencies.
Firefighting can be divided into two categories. Preparedness or pre-suppression are actions
performed before the actual fire season begins. Suppression is action taken during fire season or
when a fire occurs.
In preparedness phase, organizing for the upcoming fire season, or dry season, is currently the
responsibility of the warden in charge of protection and law enforcement. There are many
important tasks to be completed before the dry season. RDB also organizes community meetings
to develop strategies for the upcoming dry season.
In the suppression phase, fires are detected often by community members or rangers patrolling
the forest. Once a fire is detected and located, often the rangers nearest the fire can suppress the
fire with no additional resources. When more people are needed there is good cooperation in
terms of fire management and protection with the Rwanda Defense Forces, the politicians within
the surrounding districts, sectors and cells, the local community and the private sector.
4.7.3.5 Distance of feeder roads to Nyungwe National Park and its buffer zone
The selected feeder roads for rehabilitation and upgrading are not crossing within Nyungwe
National park or its buffer zone. However, the FR 4 and FR6 are the most feeder roads close to
this park where the FR 6 ends at the buffer zone of this National Park.
The distance between the two feeder roads and Nyungwe National Park and its buffer zone is
estimated to 1.67km to the junction of FR4 & FR6 where the FR 6 starts. This distance of 1.67km
is covered by tea plantation. For the road FR 6, it ends at the buffer zone of Nyungwe National
Park. Out of tea plantation, the distance to Nyungwe National park and its buffer zone to FR 6 is
estimated to 2.38km and is characterized by human settlements and agricultural activities. The
figure 4-4 below shows the distance of FR 4 &FR 6 to Nyungwe National Park.
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Figure 4-4: Distance of FR 4 & FR 6 to Nyungwe National Park and its buffer zone
4.7.3.6 Feeder roads development project and measures to protect Nyungwe National Park
Given that one the feeder roads (FR6) to be developed in Nyaruguru District is ending in the
proximity of buffer zone of Nyungwe National Park, appropriate measures will be taken to avoid
any threat to biodiversity of this park. The measures to be taken include the following:
 Avoidance of tree cutting in the buffer zone for any purpose related to roads
rehabilitation;
 Avoidance of any activity that could result in fire break in the buffer zone of Nyungwe
National Park;
 Avoidance of sourcing construction materials or spoils dumping in the buffer zone.
 For encroachment of Nyungwe buffer zone that can be caused by improved feeder road,
the security of this forest will be ensured by Rwanda Defense Force having a camp in the
vicinity and partner of RDB on this matter,
 Use of road sign with message prohibiting any damage to the National Park.
4.8 PHYICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

During the feasibility studies of the feeder roads in Nyaruguru District, two physical cultural
resources including Kibeho religious site and Nkanda Genocide Memorial Site were identified in
the surroundings of some feeder roads (FR 2: Kibeho-Mata-Ruramba and FR 14: Runyombyi
(Ryagwiza - Nteko- Kirarangombe- Nkanda) which are not among the selected feeder roads for
rehabilitation and upgrading under this phase of FRDP. Therefore, no physical cultural resources
associated with the implementation of the rehabilitation and upgrading works of 4 selected
feeder roads in Nyaruguru District.
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However, even though the selected feeder roads will not be crossing in the identified cultural
resources; chance finds may be predicted. In chance finds, exception is given to human body.
Based on the history of Rwanda including Genocide against Tutsi in 1994, where bodies of victims
have been dehumanized by being thrown and buried everywhere in inappropriate places.
Therefore, during civil works of excavation; finding human body may be predicted. For this reason,
chance finds procedures to be followed will be developed in the section of impacts mitigations.
Figure 4-5: Selected Feeder Roads in relation to Biophysical characteristics
4.9 Socioeconomic environment

Socio-economic profile has been developed for the PAPs. Information from field visits revealed
that 131 households are likely to be affected by the project. In order to develop the socio-economic
profile of the PAPs, a survey by questionnaire was carried out to collect the baseline data. The
socio-economic conditions of PAPs within right of way are discussed in subsequent sections.
4.9.1 Demography
Nyaruguru District is part of the Southern Province. The District has a population of 294,334
inhabitants6, out of which 139,279 male and 155,055 female and extends over an area of 1,010
sq. km. This population is expected to increase to 308,653 people by 2025. The population density
accounting for 291 inhab/sq.km ranks the District seventh from bottom countrywide; density is
30% lower than the national average (415 inhab/sq.km) and 33% lower than the Southern
6
Census 2012 final data
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Province average (434 inhab/sq.km), whereas the population growth 2002-2012 has been 2.4%,
slightly lower than the national average (2.6%). The District is prevalently rural, the urban
population accounts for 2.1% of total District population.
The population is unevenly distributed over the District area. The most densely populated area is
the sector of Nyagisozi while the least densely populated sector is Nyabimata in the western part
of the District. The population density and demographic growth in decade 2002-2012 are
contrasted among different Sectors. The growth rate ranges from 0.5% in Munini Sector to +6.4%
in Ruheru, while the population density varies from 134 inhab/sq. km in Nyabimata Sector to 526
inhab/sq. km in Nyagisozi Sector. The average household size in Nyaruguru District is 4.6
persons/HH which is slightly above the national average household size of 4.3 persons/HH. The
mean demographic data of Nyaruguru District are highlighted in Table 4-12 below.
Table 4-12: Population in Nyaruguru District
District Both Urban Rural Populatio Area Density House Pop. Estimate
Sectors Sexes Populatio Populatio n share (Sq. inhabitan hold Growt d pop.
n n (% of Km) ts per Size h rate 2025
District Sq.km. (2002-
Pop.) 2012)
Busanze 27190 13,006 14,184 9.2 70.3 387 4.7 2.9% 28,513
Cyahinda 21377 10,078 11,299 7.3 53.0 403 4.6 2.1% 22,417
Kibeho 21456 10,300 11,156 7.3 78.5 273 4.5 3.0% 22,500
Kivu 17719 8,460 9,259 6.0 124.0 143 4.8 1.9% 15,581
Mata 13900 6,644 7,256 4.7 62.2 224 4.6 2.8% 14,576
Muganza 19208 9,057 10,151 6.5 91.4 210 4.7 1.8% 20,142
Munini 15994 7,600 8,394 5.4 47.0 341 4.7 -0.5% 16,772
Ngera 22440 10,371 12,069 7.6 59.4 378 4.3 1.2% 23,532
Ngoma 22950 10,847 12,103 7.8 46.9 489 4.4 3.5% 24,067
Nyabimata 16953 7,918 9,035 5.8 126.5 134 4.6 1.0% 17,778
Nyagisozi 18275 8,682 9,593 6.2 34.7 526 4.6 1.6% 19,164
Ruheru 35599 16,837 18,762 12.1 104.3 341 5.0 6.4% 37,331
Ruramba 17126 8,113 9,013 5.8 49.0 349 4.8 1.8% 17,959
Rusenge 24147 11,366 12,781 8.2 59.9 403 4.4 2.5% 25,322
Nyaruguru 29433 139,279 155,055 100 1007.1 292 4.6 2.4% 308,653
District 4
Source: NISR, 2012 and contractor elaboration
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4.9.2 Gender and child context

a. Demographic data
As per the results of the 4th population and housing Census (2012), the females outnumber males
by 15,776 in Nyaruguru District. The total District population is 294,334 residents of which 52.7%
are females. In each sector of Nyaruguru District, females are more than 50% of the total district
population.
The majority of the population of Nyaruguru is young with 81.2% of the population aged less than
40 years old. About 50.3% of the resident population of Nyaruguru (or 95.5% of the district female
population) are females aged less than 40 years old. Elderly people (above 65 years old) make up
only 3.8%. The females aged 65 years and above represent 2.4% of the total population.
The population aged below 14 years old is 129,677 people, representing 44.1% of the total district
population. This group is predominantly female; 65,213 are women, corresponding to 50.3% of
the population below 14 years old or 22.2% of the total district population.
b. Gender based violence and child labor /abuse situation
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a universal reality existing in all societies. The assessment done
by the Gender Monitoring Office (GMO) identifies four major forms of GBV including:
 Economic violence (denial of economic rights to property, succession, employment or
other economic benefits);
 Physical violence (i. e the intentional use of physical force with the potential to cause
harm);
 Sexual violence (act of forcing another individual, through violence, threats, deception,
cultural expectation, weapons or economic circumstances, to engage in sexual behavior
against her or his will); and
 Psychological violence: trauma to the victim caused by acts, threats of acts or coercive
tactics; these threats are often related to sexual or physical violence).
Though there are limited data on GBV, it is not a big problem in Rwanda and particularly
Nyaruguru District. The Country has achieved impressive results in the fight against GBV including
a GBV hostile legal and policy framework that supports prevention and response to GBV, and
provides an opportunity for further advancements. The National Policy against Gender-Based
Violence and its strategic plan, the Law No 59/2008 of10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment
of gender based violence, Law No 22/1999 of12th November 1999 to supplement Book one of
the Civil Code and to institute Part Five regarding Matrimonial Regimes, Liberalities and
Successions, Law No 13/2009 of 27th May 2009 regulating Labor in Rwanda, Law No 32/2016 of
28/08/2016 governing persons and family among others were put in place and awareness
campaigns on GBV prevention done.
All those legal provisions prevent and punish GBV Crimes in all of its forms, sexual harassment in
the workplace inclusive, provide for equal inheritance rights between women and men, girls and
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boys and provide for equal opportunities and equal pay for women and men.
c. Child labor and women trafficking
As per the 4th Population and Housing Census of 2012, the children (below 17 years old)
constitute (33.5%) of the resident population of Nyaruguru district, with females outnumbering
males. The female children represent 52.8% of the total female population in the District.
Though there are no data for both Rwanda and Nyaruguru District, the child labor or abuse
situation in the District is not alarming. Legal mechanisms were put place to prevent child labor/
abuse in the country. The most noticeable regulations include the Law 54/2011 of 14/12/2011
relating to the rights and protection of the child and Law No 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating
labor in Rwanda, in addition to the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in
2015. Concerning women and child trafficking, this type of crime is likely still unknown in Rwanda,
and there is no related provision in the Penal Code.
4.9.3 Population within the right of way
The feeder roads in Nyaruguru District pass through scattered settlements, villages and
towns/trading centers. The boundaries of feeder roads expansion have not been transferred on
the land. In general, about 5.0m average additional width will be required for widening of road to
have a right of way of 10.5 m. The widening will have impact on houses, agriculture land and other
infrastructure facilities. The road widening is likely to affect a total of 897 households. The table
4-13 below depicts the number of affected households and PAPs per cell and per road.
Table 4-13: Households per selected roads in Nyaruguru District
Feeder Feeder Roads NBR OF

Sectors Cells NBR OF HH
roads ID Name PAPs
Ngaburira 45 270
Munini Giheta 40 200
Munini-Kanama-
Nyarure 47 259
FR 3 Gatunda-Remera
Nkanda 55 385
Busanze
Runyombyi 75 195
262 1,309
Giswi-Rugogwe-
Kabere-Nshili Tea Ruheru Kabere 131 760
FR 4
Factory-
Kabere(Ruheru) Nyabimata Mishungero 180 1080
311 1,840
85
Feeder Feeder Roads NBR OF

Sectors Cells NBR OF HH
roads ID Name PAPs
Rukore-Bigugu- Nyabimata Nyabimata 75 487.5

FR 6
Nyabimata
Muganza Samiyonga 46 243.8
121 731
Gikunzi 25 125
Rusenge Rusenge 75 525
Bunge 35 210
Huye- Rusenge-
FR10 Bitare 15 105
Ngera- Nyagisozi Ngera
Yaramba 13 52
Nyagisozi Maraba 40 156
203 1173
TOTAL 897 5,053
Source: Field survey updated in 2019
The population affected by the rehabilitation of the 1st priority feeder roads is 5,053 PAPs
grouped into 897 families.
The following are the socio-economic characteristics of the RoW.
4.9.4 Family size of the Household of respondents
Table 4-14 below summarizes the family size of the households’ respondents. The Analysis has
indicated that 18% of the respondents’ families’ size is large, means that the size of the family is
above 6 per household. While 51% are medium, which means that they are within the range of 4-
6 in the family and 31% has small size, means between 2-4 persons per family. The average size
of the household of respondents on the feeder road is between 4-6.
Table 4-14: Family Size of the Households
S/N Family size Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
1 Small (2-4) 280 31

2 Medium (4-6) 460 51
3 Large (Above 6) 157 18
Total 897 100
Source: Field surveys updated in 2019
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4.9.5 Age Structure of the surveyed households

The age structure of the respondents was a necessary part of the research to determine whether
the results of the findings are from mature persons who understand the situation. The table below
gives a clear age structure of the PAPs (table 4-15). From this table, it comes out that 39% of the
respondents (majority) are in the range of 30-40 years. During this age, it assumed that people
are more active and likely to be involved in various activities. This range is followed by the group
age of 20-29, which represents 33%. The group 41-51 which has 17% is followed by the range of
PAPs who have 52 years and above representing 11%. These results show that the majority of
respondents are mature and active; therefore, they can be reliable.
Table 4-15: Age of the PAPs of household surveyed
Age group Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Less than 20 - -
20-29 300 33
30-40 350 39
41-51 150 17
Above 52 97 11
Total 897 100
4.9.6 Sex of Respondents
The researcher wanted to get the views from both male and female respondents so as to avoid
biasness in the responses. Both sexes (female and male) can be affected by the project differently;
so, it would be unrealistic to get views from one sex. The table 4-16 below shows that 65.7% of
the PAPs that responded are males whereas 34.3% are females. This shows that the majority of
the respondents are of the male sex. Despite the women sensitization and involvement, there
were some women who were still reluctant to respond to the questionnaire, especially those in
the rural areas.
Table 4-16: Sex of PAPs in the household surveyed
Sex Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Male 589 65.7
Female 308 34.3
Total 897 100
4.9.7 Education of Respondents
The level of education among the PAPs is very low as revealed by the data analysis reported in
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table 4-17. Among the respondents (PAPs), 18% are illiterate, primary (elementary level)
education represents 32% and 17% have incomplete secondary level. The proportion of 11%
representing those who completed the secondary and vocational represents 12%.
The main reason is the poverty of families that could not afford school fees and materials required
for the education of their children. But nowadays, due to the government policy, elementary
education is free of charge; therefore, every parent has an obligation to send his/her children to
school.
Table 4-17: Level of Education of respondents
S/N Level of education Frequency (No) Percentage (%)

1 Illiterate 157 18
2 Primary 290 32
3 Incomplete Secondary 155 17
4 Secondary 100 11
5 Secondary vocational 110 12
6 Incomplete Higher 70 8
7 Higher (bachelor’s Degree) 15 2
8 Postgraduate 0 0
Total 897 100
4.9.8 Marital status of respondents
The marital status of the PAP is an important parameter to know the views of different categories
of people about the project. Table 4-18 shows the marital status of the respondents. About 66%
of PAPs are married; single representing 17%, 16% widows and 1% divorced.
Table 4-18: Marital Status of Respondents in Household Surveyed
S/N Marital status Number of respondents Percentage (%)

1 Married 595 66
2 Single 150 17
3 Widow 147 16
4 Divorced 5 1
Total 897 100
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4.9.9 Vulnerability of PAPs

The vulnerability and social group for individuals in the community is for a paramount importance
because it gives the idea of level of vulnerability. The below table 4-19 gives the detail on
vulnerability. The majority of the project affected population (89%) are in normal conditions and
persons representing 2% are orphans, persons living with disability are represented by 1% and 6%
represent aged persons. The number of vulnerable persons is 102 vulnerable persons as indicated
in the basic data table.
Table 4-19: Vulnerability in the PAPs
S/N Social group Frequency (No) Percentage (%)

1 Living with disability 9 1
2 Orphans 18 2
3 Households headed women 25 3
4 Aged people 50 6
5 People in normal conditions 795 89
Total 897 100
4.9.10 Housing conditions of the PAPS

Housing condition is an important variable in studying socio economic aspects of a family because
it gives the idea on the living conditions of family members. The situation of the PAPs in the visited
roads in Nyaruguru District. About 95% of PAPs live in their own houses, while 5% live are rented
houses. 89% of these houses are built in mud bricks known as Rukarakara, while 11% are built in
woods.
4.9.11 Socio-economic Conditions of the District
Concerning the households’ economic condition and making reference to poverty and extreme
poverty lines, set out at 159,375 and 105,064 RWF respectively, Nyaruguru District is ranked 23 rd
position countrywide by percentage of extreme poor and poor population categories. In the
previous survey EICV3 2010-11, Nyaruguru was ranked 27th. About 36% of the population in
Nyaruguru District is identified as non-poor, 25% as poor (excluding extreme poor) and 18% as
extreme poor on total population by District. Compared with other Districts of Southern Province,
Nyaruguru District comes seventh (out of eight) for proportion of non-poor population.
Referring to the sectors’ contribution to household income, the EICV3 results shows that at the
national level agriculture contributes the largest share of a household’s income (46%), followed
by wage income (25%), business income (i.e. self-employment), transfers, and rents.
From the viewpoint of the basic services, Nyaruguru District ranks slightly lower than the national
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average. Nyaruguru is classified among eleven districts with a mean walking distance to a primary
school within the interval of 28 to 33 minutes. Around 36.7% of households are still between 30
and 59 minutes of a primary school. This walking distance to a primary school in Nyaruguru District
is almost the same as the mean distance in rural areas (28.6 minutes), but slightly higher than the
national level (27.2 minutes).
The mean walking distance to a health center in Nyaruguru District is 72 minutes and only 31% of
households walk for under than an hour on average to a health center. The mean walking distance
to a health center is 35 minutes in urban areas and 64.4 minutes in rural areas, while it is one hour
countrywide. When compared to rural areas, Nyaruguru District health centers are 7.6 minutes
further from household dwellings than the average.
With reference to employment, the overall employment rate is 85% of the resident population
aged 16 years and above in Nyaruguru District; the unemployment rate is 0%and the economic
inactivity rate is 15%. Nyaruguru District is ranked 13th among all districts by employment rate.
The national average employment rate is 84%, the unemployment rate is 0.9% and the economic
inactivity rate is 15%.
With reference to usual main job in Nyaruguru District, most people aged 16 years and above in
Nyaruguru are independent farmers as their main job (72%). The second most frequent main job
is wage nonfarm (11%), followed by wage farm (9%). Only 6% are independent non-farmers (i.e.
businesses). Compared to the national the condition of independent farmer is 16% higher
whereas the independent nonfarm account for less than one third of the national average.
4.9.12 Agriculture
Nyaruguru District is among the districts that have a high percentage of farming households (87%)
that cultivate under 0.9 ha of land. The mean size of land cultivated per household in Nyaruguru
District is 0.44 ha. The proportion of households cultivating under 0.3 ha land by district
represents 52% in Nyaruguru District, ranking it eleventh among all districts in terms of the
percentage of households with under 0.3 ha of land.
Nyaruguru district is subdivided into two agricultural zones: Zone 1 comprising of 5 sectors around
Nyungwe forest (Busanze, Nyabimata, Kivu, Ruramba, Ruheru) and Zone 2 including other 9
sectors (Kibeho, Rusenge, Ngoma, Ngera, Cyahinda, Nyagisozi, Munini, Muganza, Mata). The
edapho-climatic characteristics differ from one zone to another, reason why crops are also
different.
Various crops are grown in Nyaruguru District. Those include bean and wheat which occupy the
first and 2nd place with an average of 28.4% and 24.9% of the total district production. Cassava
and sweet potato come 3rd and 4th respectively, followed with maize. Cash crops are dominated
with tea and coffee. The following table illustrates the proportion of the crop production in 2015
A and B Seasons in Nyaruguru District.
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Table 4-20: Crop production in Nyaruguru District
Source: Feasibility study of indicative feeder roads in 5 Districts by Sheladia, June 2016
4.9.13 Livestock
In addition to crops production, livestock is another important source of income and food for
agricultural households. The assessment done in September 2012 indicated that the milk
production in Nyaruguru district was estimated to 27,083 liters per day. Meat, eggs and honey
(2846 kg) were the main livestock products within Nyaruguru district. EICV3 results showed that
82.8% of all households raise some type of livestock. The following table 4-21 shows the
distribution of livestock in Nyaruguru district.
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Table 4-21: Livestock distribution in Nyaruguru District
Source: Nyaruguru District Development Plan (2013)

4.9.14 Socio-Economic Profile of the PAPs within the Right of Way
Socio-economic profile has been developed for the PAPs. Information from field visits revealed
that 897 households are likely to be affected by the project. In order to develop the socio-
economic profile of the PAPs, a survey by questionnaire was used to collect the baseline data.
The socio-economic conditions of PAPs within right of way are discussed in subsequent sections.
4.9.15 Access to basic infrastructures
The Consultant made an inventory of basic infrastructures along the 1st selected feeder roads in
Nyaruguru District. The Table 4-22 below presents the number of schools, health centers,
churches, markets and public offices by road.
Table 4-22: Number of schools, health centers, churches and public offices by road
Roa Road Name Basic Infrastructures

d ID
Health Scho public Mark Churc
Center ol office et h
FR 3 Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera 1 1 1 2 1
Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili Tea 1 2 3 1 1
FR 4
factory-Kabere (Ruheru)
FR10 Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- Nyagisozi 1 1 3 0 0
FR 6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata 2 3 3 1 2
Total 5 7 10 4 4
Alongside the selected roads, 5 health centers, 7 schools, 10 public offices, 4 markets and 4
churches were identified.
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4.9.16 Distances to basic services

Walking distance to basic services can be considered an indicator of both provision and coverage
of such services and the remoteness of households’ dwellings. Referring to the mean walking
distance to primary school by district, it shows that Nyaruguru is classified among eleven districts
with a mean walking distance to a primary school within the interval of 28 to 33 minutes. Around
36.7% of households are still between 30 and 59 minutes of a primary school. This walking
distance to a primary school in Nyaruguru District is almost the same as the mean distance in rural
areas (28.6 minutes), but slightly higher than the national level.
The mean walking distance to a primary school is 28.6 minutes in rural areas, 19.4 minutes in
urban areas and 27.2 minutes at national level. The mean walking distance to a health centre in
Nyaruguru District is 72 minutes and only31% of households walk for under than an hour on
average to a health centre. The mean walking distance to a health centre is 35 minutes in urban
areas and 64.4 minutes in rural areas, while it is one hour countrywide. When compared to rural
areas, Nyaruguru District health centres are 7.6 minutes further from household dwellings than
the average. The figure below shows the location of sensitive receptors including social
infrastructures and commercial canters along selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District.
Figure 4-6: Social infrastructures along selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District
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4.9.17 Social services and prevention of communicable diseases

Communicable diseases in Nyaruguru District include Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, epidemics
and other transmittable diseases. Social services were put in place for their prevention. The rate
of malaria within Nyaruguru District is around 2%. Treated mosquito nets are distributed free of
charge to pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) and to children under 5 years through
mass campaigns countrywide and campaign for malaria prevention and treatment. The malaria
treatment drugs were introduced in all health facilities, community health workers in all Districts
and in some interested private pharmacies. The HIV/AIDS prevalence in Nyaruguru district
averages 0.5% and this is below the national level of 3%. All health centres within the project site
offer HIV/AIDS services.
4.9.18 Employment status of affected communities
With regard to the surveyed household, about 51% are employed in either their own or at
someone else agricultural farm. Moreover, a proportion of 17%, among the PAPs own small
business, which they combine with agricultural activities. This can be explained by the fact that in
the District, the agricultural activities (Maize, Banana, Rice, Beans) are dominant and combined
with small businesses selling the produce in the local commercial centres. The percentage of PAPs
that represents “mason” is 9%, the students/ pupils are 12%; while only 10% of the respondents
are public servants, especially teachers in the local primary schools. Table 4-23 describes the
employment status of members in the PAPs surveyed.
Table 4-23: Employment Status of PAPs
S/N Employment Frequency (No) Percentage (%)

1 Employed (in own agricultural farm) 460 51
2 Pensioner 0 0
3 Student, pupil 100 12
4 Mason 95 9
5 Traders 150 17
6 Civil servant (Teachers) 92 10
7 Military Servant 0 0
Total 897 100
4.9.19 Livestock in the surveyed household
The population of Nyaruguru District is involved in livestock activities. There are some families
who do not have farming activity but involved in the livestock activities. The numbers of livestock
94
are reported in Table 4-24. Goats dominated the livestock distribution in the project area with
50%. The table shows that 94% of the surveyed households owned at least one type of livestock.
Table 4-24: Number of Livestock in the Family
Livestock Type Households with %
livestock
Cattle 300 33
Sheep 47 5
Goats 450 50
Chickens 40 4
Ducks 10 1
No Livestock 50 6
Total 897 100
4.9.20 Economic Activity and Source of Income
Table 4-25 provides details on the main activities and source of income of the PAPs. The main
source of income among the surveyed PAPs is agriculture with 74%, while 23% are engaged into
small businesses.
Table 4-25: Economic Activity and Source of Income among the PAPs
Main Sources of Income Frequency %
Income from own business (Trade, construction, etc) 205 23
Income from Agriculture 665 74
Income from rent of the house 27 3
Support from other relatives 0 0
Income from sale of items of private property 0 0
Total 897 100
4.9.21 House Conveniences and their Conditions
Table 4-26 and Table 4-27 summarizes the type of convenience in the house such as electricity,
radio, mobile phone, private toilette, etc. These are indicator of development. All the surveyed
households (100%) have private toilette and 62% access to electricity. Among the surveyed
households, only 27 PAPs use solar energy. A significant proportion of the household surveyed
have mobile phones 88% from different telecommunication companies operating in Rwanda
(MTN, Airtel-TIGO). Furthermore, the consultant was informed that almost all households have
radio, and some of them have also a bicycle.
95
Table 4-26: Housing Conditions

House Type Frequency % House Frequ % Owner ship Frequ %
made in ency ency
Cottage/rur 0 0 Wood 97 11 Owned 850 95
al house
Other 897 100 Mud bricks 800 89 Rented 47 5
(RUKARAKA
RA
+Cement)
Total 897 100 897 100 897 100
Table 4-27: Conveniences in the Surveyed Household and their Conditions

Grid Frequenc % Solar Energy Frequ % Mobile Frequ % Private Freque %
Electricity y ency Phone ency Toilet ncy
Functions 560 62 Functions 27 3 Function 790 88 Functions 897 100

s
Function 0 0 Function 0 0 Function 35 4 Function 0 0

with with with with
interruption interruption interrupt interruptio
ion ns
Doesn’t 0 0 Doesn’t 0 0 Doesn’t 30 3 Doesn’t 0 0

function function function function
Doesn't exist 337 38 Doesn't exist 870 97 Doesn't 42 5 Doesn't 0 0

exist exist
Total 897 100 Total 897 100 897 100 897 100
4.10 Resettlement implications of the Project

The feeder roads in Nyaruguru District pass through scattered settlement, villages and towns. The
boundaries of feeder roads expansion have not been transferred on the land. The widening will
have an impact on houses, agriculture land and other infrastructure facilities.
4.10.1 Loss of Houses
The details of houses likely to be affected by road widening are presented in Table 4-28. The total
numbers of houses that will need relocation are 131. These houses will be fully affected.
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Table 4-28: Details of House on Roadside

Feeder Road Road Name Houses
No.
FR 3 Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera 42
Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili Tea factory-Kabere 63
FR 4
(Ruheru)
FR 6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata 7
FR 10 Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- Nyagisozi 19
Total 131
Source: Field Surveys updated in 2019
4.10.2 Loss of Land
The development in the study area will definitely bring substantial change in the land use pattern
as the road modification/ construction will require additional land from private and government.
It is estimated that to achieve the right of way, road widening will require 31.854ha for the priority
feeder roads improvement. This land requirement for the road rehabilitation will change the land
use permanently from barren/agricultural/built up land into road (carriageway, and drainage).
This impact is permanent and irreversible (Table 4-29).
Table 4-29: Land acquisition for road widening
S/N Priority Description Average Length Area
No. Additional (km) (ha)
Width (M)
Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-
1 FR 3 5 20.888 9.76
Remera
Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili 5.4
2 FR 4 21.604 9.675
Tea factory-Kabere (Ruheru)
3 FR 6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata 4.2 13.426 4.389
Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- 5

4 FR 10 14.869 8.03
Nyagisozi
Total 5 70.787 31.854

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4.10.3 Loss of other Structures

Due to expansion there will be other minor losses. The identified losses include fence, water valve
chambers and water pipeline crossing the road. The protection measures to memorials, churches
and mosque have been included in environmental impact assessment report. The facilities that
will need compensation and or rehabilitation are summarized in Table 4-30.
Table 4-30: Loss of other structures
Water
Length( Loss of live Water
S/N FR No. Road Name Valve
km) Fences (m) Taps
Chambers
Munini-Kanama-
1 3 20.888 493 1 1
Gatunda-Remera
Giswi-Rugogwe-
Kabere-Nshili Tea
2 4 21.604 486 0 -
factory-Kabere
(Ruheru)
Rukore-Bigugu-
3 6 13.426 71 0 1
Nyabimata
Huye- Rusenge-
4 10 14.869 195 0 -
Ngera- Nyagisozi
TOTAL 70.787 1,245 1 2

4.10.4 Loss of trees and crops
Table 4-31 summarizes the type of losses likely to be due to the expansion/widening of feeder
roads in the District, considering that around 80% of the needed land is under cultivation.
Table 4-31: Loss of crops and trees
S/N FR No. Road Name Length(k Number of Crops (ha)
m) trees
1 3 Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera 20.888 986 8.01
2 4 21.604 603 6.97
factory-Kabere (Ruheru)
3 6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata 13.426 122 3.64
4 10 Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- Nyagisozi 14.869 243 5.71
TOTAL 70.787 1,954 24.330
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4.10.5 Summary of Losses

Table 4-32 summarizes the type of losses likely to be due to the expansion/widening of feeder
roads in Nyaruguru District.
Table 4-32: Summary of Losses
S/N Description Value Number of PAPS
for each category
of loss
1 Total Loss of Land 31.854 ha 897
2 Loss of Crops 24.330 ha 384
3 Family loosing Houses 131 131
4 Loss of Fence 1,245 m 6
5 Number of Trees 1954 230
6 Water Valve Chambers 2 8
7 Water Tap 1
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5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

5.1 Background
“All Rwandans have the right to participate in Government and public services All Rwandans have
the right to participate in the Government of the country, either directly or through their freely
chosen representatives, in accordance with the law. All Rwandans have the right of equal access
to the public service in accordance with their competence and abilities”. The Rwanda's
Constitution, Chapter Iv: Human Rights and Freedoms Section One: Rights and Freedoms: Article
27: Right to participate in Government and public services
Law no 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 requires that all Environmental Assessment process in Rwanda
to incorporate Public Consultation. The aim is to ensure that all stakeholder interests are
identified and incorporated in project development, implementation and operation. Public
consultation has been carried out in the project areas with the objectives of informing and
educating all stakeholders about the proposed project both before and after the development
decisions were made. It was also organized to determine their thoughts, opinions and feedback
on the impact of the rehabilitation of feeder roads (FR3, FR4, FR6 and FR10) in Nyaruguru District.
Public participation and community consultation have been taken up as an integral part of social
assessment process of the project. Consultation was used as a tool to inform and educate
stakeholders about the proposed action both before and after the development decisions were
made. This participatory process enables the participation in the decision-making process. Initial
Public consultation has been carried out in the project areas with the objectives of minimizing
probable adverse impacts of the project and to achieve speedy implementation of the project
through bringing in awareness among the community on the benefits of the project. The project
consultations were made to consult with the public as well as a number of local authorities, to
determine their thoughts, opinions and feedback on the impact of the rehabilitation of feeder
roads in Nyaruguru District.
5.2 Objectives
Public consultations were held with PAPs, community elders and local officials with the following
key objectives among others:
 To inform PAPs about and discuss the nature and scale of adverse impacts of the project
on their livelihoods in a more transparent and direct manner and seek their participation
in the project cycle.
 To give PAPs affected communities a chance to have a say and express their views in the
planning and implementation of the project that affect them directly.
 To obtain qualitative as well as quantitative information on viable income generation and
livelihood interventions which PAPs could engage themselves in order to restore their
income and livelihoods in a self-sustaining manner.
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 To inform local authorities of the impacts, agree on a cut-off date, solicit their views on
the project and discuss their share of the responsibility for the smooth functioning of the
overall project operations.
In addition, the public consultation process enabled the establishment and boosting of a
communication channel between the general public, local authorities, Grievance Redress
Committees, the project proponents and the Contractor; and the concerns of the stakeholders to
be known to the decision makers at an early phase of project development.
5.3 Methods and Process
The stakeholders had been directly and indirectly participated in the preparation of this ESIA
through various consultation meeting and interviews. These stakeholders include the central and
local authorities, the population, PAPs, community members, elders, women, youths, Farmers,
and other project interested parties. For this purpose, the strategies of reaching people in public
works known as “UMUGANDA7” and Public meetings were mainly exploited.
Socio-economic information was obtained during informal meetings with local authorities during
the field visits as well as the information obtained from field survey. Efforts were made to
reach as many people as possible. Consultations were carefully planned and conducted in such a
way that ensures efficiency and effectiveness in covering key issues both from the PAPs and
communities on the one hand, and the project interests on the other.
During consultation, the PAPs were provided with relevant and sufficient information on the
project prior to its start – up, including information about the project, its benefits, social and
environmental impacts anticipated during project implementation period. The presentation
highlighted the project background, objectives, expected upcoming activities, social economic
information, and environmental information. The participants were also encouraged to share
their fears, perception and concerns and claims. The list of stakeholders consulted are reported
in Annex 5.
During the consultative process, beside the local authorities and ordinary population, other social
organizations were invited to attend the communication meetings. These are church leaders, local
cooperative leaders and private sector. The public consultation for updated ESIA and RAP, was
conducted at the same time.
During these consultations, the communities were explained about the project (background,
objectives, and expected upcoming activities, social and environmental impacts) as well as project
expectations from the beneficiaries for its success. The participants were given opportunities to
raise their concerns and claims and answers were provided by the consultants. During
consultation meetings with the communities, efforts were made to reach as many people as
possible. For this purpose, the strategy of reaching people in community assembly known as
“Inteko y’Abaturage” was exploited. For this purpose, public consultation was carried out with
7
Umuganda: Is a traditional practice, through which citizens living in the same Village, Cell, Sector with
local authorities meet in public work. This is carried out every last Saturday of the month
101
different groups in different areas.

5.4 Stakeholders
The stakeholder’s analysis was done before organizing consultations meetings to determine the
people or groups that will be involved in the consultative process. This analysis showed that the
stakeholders were those who have an interest in the project, and include the following:
 Project Affected Persons (PAP).
 Local authorities.
 Community People and Road Users; and
 Churches and cooperative leaders
It is important to note that involving stakeholders through participatory direct or indirect
consultations is central to completion of the ESIA. During the consultative process, all the above
groups were met. In the due course of implementation other stakeholders such as NGOs and other
relevant institutions will be identified.
The main groups of stakeholders met during the consultation process are: Project Affected
Persons (PAP), local authorities, community people and road users (Moto-Taxis, Minibus –Taxis),
Private sector, and Churches and cooperative leaders (Cooperative of Moto-Taxis, Cooperative of
Minibus –Taxis) and Nyungwe national park authorities. Along the road corridor are private
schools, business centers and a health center. This is the group that is likely to benefit or be
affected by the proposed development hence the primary stakeholders. This study also identified
a second category of stakeholders comprised of province officers and regional in charge of road
management, which are likely to be impacted by the road improvement project. This category
was also consulted as key informants on Sectorial policy and to advise this updated ESIA study on
mitigation measures to be put in place so as to minimize adverse impacts in respective sectors.
Each category of stakeholders called for a different approach to consultation.
5.5 Location of public consultation and attendance
During the preparation of the original ESIA, various public consultation meetings were conducted
with different stakeholders, namely local authorities, private sector, farmer’s organizations,
churches and local communities, road engineers, environmental and social protection officers,
representatives of the district private sector, farmers cooperatives.
The public consultations were the best way for local communities to present their interest in
terms of other social infrastructure that the project can contribute on their availability. However,
as the project intends to support the local community by providing social infrastructures as
provisional sum, the priority list of such infrastructure will be agreed on with the district and will
be constructed when the project will be coming to its end.
JV Stecol and Horizon have conducted nine public consultation meetings during the process of
updating the ESIA. The first and second public consultation meetings concerned various
stakeholders of Ngarurira and Busanze Cells. The Third public consultation meeting concerned
various stakeholders, namely local authorities of Nkanda Cell, private sector, farmer’s
102
organizations, churches and local communities of Nkanda Cells. The fourth up the Nineth public
consultation meeting concerned PAPs of Maraba, Bitare, Rusenge, Kabere, Nyabimata and Bigugu
Cells and all meeting brought together District officers (road engineers, environmental and social
protection officers), representatives of the district private sector, farmer’s cooperatives, church
leaders).
The PAPs were also provided with relevant and sufficient information on the project prior to its
start-up. These stakeholders include the central and local authorities, as well as the population.
Socio-economic information was obtained during informal meetings with local authorities during
the field visits as well as the information obtained from field survey. Efforts were made to reach
as many people as possible. For this purpose, the strategy of reaching people in public meetings
was mainly exploited. To this end, public consultation was carried out with different groups and
different areas. The approach of zoning was used to group close roads in one zone. A total number
of 8 sectors with having 8 cells have been identified and a public consultation was held in each
sector.
The approach of zoning was used to group close roads in one zone. A total number of nine (9)
zones have been identified and a public consultation was held in each zone. Table 5-1 provides
details of Zones and the way roads have been grouped in the zones.
Table 5-1: The Zones of Public Consultation Meetings
Zone of Meeting Roads Covered Date of Cells Covered Number of
meeting participan
ts
Public consultation Lot1
Ngarurira Cell FR3: 19km 13-08-2019 Ngarurira, Giheta 136
Busanze Cell FR3: 19km 14-08-2019 75
Nkanda Cell FR3: 19km 15-08-2019 Nkanda, Runyombyi 153
Maraba Cell FR10:15Km 17-08-2019 Maraba Yaramba 24
Bitare Cell FR10:15Km Bitare 80
Rusenge Cell FR10:15Km 18-08-2019 Gikunzi, Rusenge 125
Public consultation Lot 2
Kabere Cell FR4: 21.5Km 16-08-019 Mishungero, 135
Gihemvu,
Nyabimata Cell FR6:13.5km Nyabimata 108
Bigugu Center FR6:13.5km 18-08-2019 Samiyoga 161
Total 997
Source: JVSTECOL& HORIZON’s
5.6 Findings from Public Consultation Meeting
The data obtained from public consultation and views as well as concerns from different
stakeholders are given in details in Table 5-2 to Table 5-3. The people who participated in the
public consultation, their signed attendance sheets are available in Annex 5 and photographs are
put at the end of every finding from public consultation.
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5.6.1 Consultation with district authorities

As earlier indicated, the District will play a critical role in the project. Thus, during the field visits,
District authorities have been consulted for the purpose of raising awareness about the project
and acquiring their views/ perceptions on the project. A meeting with District authorities was held
on 17/08/2019 at the District headquarters as well as meetings with the Executive Secretaries of
Sectors during public consultation meetings on 17/08/2019. Table 5-2 shows details of the
consulted authorities.
Table 5-2: Authorities Consulted in Nyaruguru District
S/N Names Function
1 NSENGIYUMVA Innocent Division Manager of the District
2 MUNYENTARI Paul District Road engineer
3 MUTESAYIRE Gloriose District Social Protection officer
4 BYUKUSENGE Assumpta Executive Secretary of Nyagisozi Sector
5 NYAMINANI Louis Executive Secretary of Cyahinda Sector
6 NSENGIYUMVA Vincent Executive Secretary of Busanze Sector
The salient features of the meeting are presented below:
a) Views from the District Division Manager
The Division Manager of Nyaruguru District supports and appreciates the “Feeder Roads Project”.
He argued “the rehabilitation of these feeder roads (FR3, FR4, FR6 and FR10) is synonym of
development in the eyes of Nyaruguru Citizens and authorities” There are many benefits expected
from the project such as employment during the project implementation, facilitating transport
for agricultural production to the market. However, he pointed out that, though the project brings
positive impacts to the people, it might also generate negative impacts; thus, he urged the team
to think about mitigation measures, including expropriation before the project implementation.
He finally insisted on the strict application of the laws, procedures and principles governing
expropriation for public interests.
b) Views from the Road Engineer of Nyaruguru District
The Road engineer of Nyaruguru District fully supports the “Feeder Roads Project”. In his remarks
during the meeting session, he stated that “It is a pleasure to have this kind of project in our
District” He argued that “the rehabilitation of these feeder roads (FR3, FR4, FR6 and FR10) will
certainly bring positive impact to the people”.
The benefits expected are (i) improved conditions of transporting goods and people; (ii) Opening
up of the hinterland and improved access to basic socioeconomic infrastructure; (iii) Creation of
direct and indirect employment during the road construction, operation and maintenance phases;
104
(iv) Reduced risk of landslides and erosion thanks to the reinforcement and monitoring of
embankments; (vii) Added value of land as a result of improved accessibility; and (viii) Improved
security around schools along the road.
c) Views from the Executive Secretaries of Sectors
In line with the Road engineer, Executive Secretaries of Busanze, Munini, Nyabimata, Muganza,
Nyagisozi, Ngera and Rusenge Sectors acknowledge the huge benefits that they expect from the
rehabilitation the feeder roads in Nyaruguru District. They urged the participants to welcome the
project as it brings benefits to them. People should participate in the implantation and the
protection of these socio-economic infrastructures. People’s participation has to be observed in
the rehabilitation, as they will be the first ones to be given jobs. They reminded the participant
that the compensation law and practices are there to protect them.
5.6.2 Consultation with Cooperative Leaders
During the public consultation, leaders of cooperatives have been consulted with the aim of
raising their awareness about the project and getting their views about the project as opinion
leaders. Table 5-3 shows details about cooperative leaders consulted.
Table 5-3: Details about consulted cooperative leaders
S/N Name of the Leader Cooperative
1 MUKABATSINDA Concessa DUHAGURUKIRE UMURIMO
2 NSENGIMANA Narcisse ABISHYIZE HAMWE URYOJYA
3 NSHIMIYIMANA Moise Cooperative of Moto-Taxis
4 MUTANGANA Ildephonse Cooperative of Minibus –Taxis
5 HABUMUGISHA Innocent Cooperative of Truck Transporters
6 NSANZIMANA Fidele Private Sector Federation
The salient feature of their views is that they all appreciate and welcome the project, as it will
facilitate them to channel their production to the market. For the road users (mainly transporters)
they point out that the rehabilitation of these roads will help them to decrease the cost of
maintenance of their cars and motorcycles. Easy access to the market will certainly boost the
value of their products. However, they all raised the concern of land in case the widening of the
road requires land acquisition. They suggested that the project should avail a fair compensation
for their properties, and payment has to be done before the transfer of their land.
5.6.3 Consultation with Church Leaders

During the public consultation, church leaders have been consulted, for the purpose of colleting
their view and concerns about the project (Table 5-4). Being opinion leaders, they are key
105
stakeholders of the project their views are relevant due to their influential role in the society.
They all appreciate the project and argue that infrastructures in general and roads specifically, are
the engine of development. Thus, the rehabilitation of these feeder roads will bring development
to the population. However, their prime concerns are related to the compensation, procedures
that are followed, etc. They finally recommended that laws governing expropriation should be
strictly observed during the project implementation, especially during the valuation and
compensation payment.
Table 5-4: Details about consulted church leaders
S/N Name of the Leader Church
1 YIRIRWAHANDI Damien Catholic Church/ Busanze Parish
2 NGARUKIYE Thadée UEBR
3 SADIKI Felix ADEPR
4 HATEGEKIMANA Obed Seventh Day Adventist Church
5 MUHOZA Samuel UEBR
5.6.4 Consultation with School representatives
The representatives we met during the public consultation we have visited different
schools including the primary school and the secondary school (Table 5-5); they were
conversant with the project but especially they were emphasizing on the awareness
process of the project before the implementations and also on safety measures to be
taken as an important asset for example the road would be passing near the school so
that the access should be well constructed ; signs posts to be well fixed near the school.
Table 5-5: Details of the consulted Schools representatives
Names Schools
NTAKIRUTIMANA Nathan Primary School of Kabere
MUHIGANA Jean Marie Vianny Secondary School of Bigugu
5.6.5 Consultation with Health Center
The health a public place whereby there is a lot of movement their representatives (Table 5-6).
said that they are were aware of the road construction and added that it is delaying because as a
health center looking after the wellbeing of the communities they are in need of a good well-
constructed road for example helping ambulances reaching patients or hospitals , and as health
institutions they have e a willing for giving out trainings for workers who will be working
throughout the project like training on GBV, SEA, Child Abuse and HIV preventions and other
preventions which can lead a none preventive health. They suggested that if the road
106
constructions start; it should be speeding up because of the patients coming in and out; safety
signs post should be fixed and some of them suggested that they want to be involved in the
grievance committees especially to be on the part of health.
Table 5-6: Details of the consulted Health center representatives
Names Health Centers
KAYITESI Marie Solange Nurse from Munini Hospital
KAMPONGO Dative Maraba Health Center
MURENGERANTWARI Francois Runyombyi Health Center
During the consultation meeting, the nurse called KAYITESI Marie Solange from Munini District
Hospital gave a dialogue about HIV/AIDS (see the photo 10 below). She focused on the model of
HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention methods. The community asked questions related to
HIV/AIDS, other Sexual transmission diseases and got response from the nurse. By concluding the
dialogue, she encouraged the participants to adopt abstinence fidelity for those who are married
as better way of HIV/AIDS prevention. However, in case of abstinence failure, she recommended
use of condom.
Photo 5-1: Nurse from Munini DH teaching about STD/AIDS
5.6.6 Consultative Meetings with community

a) Local communities
As earlier indicated, public meetings were organized and held in different zones (see Table 49),
after grouping closer roads in one zone. Efforts were made to ensure that all prioritized feeder
roads are represented in the public consultation. A total number of 488 people attended the
meetings; and approximately 35% were women. The main objective of the public consultations
was to gather information on their concerns, perceptions, reactions and fears of the livelihood
changes to be brought about as a result/consequence of rehabilitation of feeder roads in
Nyaruguru District. The specific objectives were:
107
- To create awareness of the project.

- To obtain beneficiaries’ feedback and concerns on the project;
- To obtain socio- economic and environmental information on the community.
After the presentations, the community was given opportunity to give their views, comments and
queries. Different community problems were addressed during the meeting in which the local
participants expressed repeatedly their main concerns as follows:
 Road safety issues;
 Lack of jobs and income generating activities
 Very poor road conditions in some villages;
 Lack of sidewalk;
 Narrow local roads.
Any comments or questions raised by stakeholders were responded and recorded. Employment
opportunities in jobs associated with the rehabilitation of feeder roads was a theme brought up
in the meetings. The consultant explained that positive and negative impacts of the project on
people and the environment would be analysed such as air pollution, dust, influx of people,
employment, traffic, road safety, etc. The consultant team highlighted that the project will follow
government policies in protecting the population and also the consultant in this meeting
explained to all local residents of Ngarurira cell in general the importance of the project and their
responsibility of protecting the environment during its implementation; in this meeting all local
residents of Ngarurira cell, were warned not cutting trees especially that will not affected by this
project during this phase of road construction and protecting the trees which are being planted
alongside the road. This sensitization helps them to understand their roles in the protection of
environment in order to ensure the safe work environment which will facilitate the sustainable
development and achievement of targets set by the government of Rwanda. The attendance
sheets on awareness and information meeting are attached.
Photo 5-2: Environmentalist of teaching about environmental management
All the participants confirmed that they appreciate the Feeder Roads Development Project. The
project received high degree of acceptability in that rehabilitation of the roads will boost local
108
economy due to increased usage of the roads hence more exposure and increased trading
opportunities. The data obtained from public consultations and views as well as concerns from
local communities are given in details in Table 5-7.
Table 5-7: Summary of Feeder Roads’ Public Consultation in Nyaruguru District
no Gender Question/comment Response
1 Male I strongly appreciate the The consultant pointed out that, by now, the
project, but there are some project will cover the prioritized roads due to
roads which are very financial constraints, depending on the
important, and more useful availability of funds, the project can be extended
for us, which are not to other roads
considered into.
2 Male The project is genuine and The consultant team suggested that they will
very good for us, but how make a list of people affected by the project, and
about the loss of land, apply the available laws and regulations in line
crops, houses, etc with compensation. The RAP will investigate
these property losses in detail.
3 Male Raised a problem of road With the local authorities, the Stecol Corporation
erosion due to heavy rains and Horizon in joint venture explained that the
and ask what the project is project will bring proper drainage of the roads to
planning to do facilitate the flow into natural water bodies and
will adhere to the requirements of
environmental protection. Embankments of the
roads will be protected
with grasses.
4 Male Raised the issue of The Stecol Corporation and Horizon in joint
employment, he suggested venture explained that local people will be
that the local people involved, and priority employment for locals will
should be the first ones to be applied during feeder roads construction and
be employed by project maintenance. This will concern both skilled and
unskilled people.
5 Female Can anything be done to The project will consider employment for
help disabled people get vulnerable
the jobs? people whenever possible. However, the
available
employment is mainly for jobs requiring enough
physical energy that people with disability may
have difficulty to accomplish.
109
6 Male We have experienced such The consultant team explained that each project
projects; at the beginning, is
they seem to be good, but unique, therefore the current one will fully
during the implementation comply
it becomes something else. with all the principles and laws as well as
They cut our banana, trees procedures related to compensation by all
and other crops without means.
compensation.
7 Female Comment – If I lose my The team explained that the land within the RoW
land, will you compensate together with all other assets incorporated on
for my assets? that land (houses, crops, trees, etc) will be
compensated for in line with the law.
8 Male The project is good; people The Stecol Corporation and Horizon in joint
are happy with it. What venture explained that the feeder roads will be
about the materials to be rehabilitated as gravel roads and according to
used in rehabilitation the standards. The project will use the locally
(gravel, stone)? available materials for laterite, gravel and
stones.
9 Female I appreciate the project, The consultants pointed that this will be
but I am wondering examined
whether the project will and taken care of, in line with the legal
support the fees related to provisions.
land title modification after He urged the participants to look for titles of
land acquisition. their
properties, as these will constitute the
ownership’
proofs for compensation.
10 Male How will managed water The project team explained that the water
and pollution, Noise Pollution pollution will be managed through Regular
Female and air pollution during maintenance of the road drainage system and
feeder road rehabilitation Protection of slopes with vegetation and regular
activities? maintenance
of the embankments and its upstream part.
While air pollution will through Spray water
regularly when
constructing roads to reduce the dust, Use
equipment and automobiles with certification of
good working conditions from “National
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Automobile inspection center” to avoid exhaust
fumes, and Routine maintenance, repair of
trucks and machines by the contractor.
11 Female Normally projects help The project will benefit all people. The local
vulnerable people, people people with ability to work will be employed by
with disabilities. What the the project. However, the entitlements matrix
project will be doing for contains allowances for vulnerable people to
them? nominate a member of their household to take
advantage of the project benefits on their behalf.
Source: Source: Primary data genereted through public consultation, May2016 updated in 2019
b) Consultation meeting with PAPs
During public consultations, compensation and employment have been raised as participants
’prime concerns. Based on ESIA requirements, the Consultant provided responses to the best
satisfaction of participants. During public consultation with PAPs in number 897 following points
have emerged as their recommendations:
 The PAPs and other stakeholders consulted are in favor of the project;
 The PAPs will prefer financial compensation for houses and other properties likely to
be affected;
 Most of the PAPs are looking forward to get employed by the project, and hope the
project implementation to start soon.
Photo 5-3: View of Consultation in Nyaruguru District, 2019
Other theme brought up in the meetings was that some of the people needs infrastructures like
to have small markets, schools, electricity in different regions such as: Gishamvu, Ngera,
Nyagisozi, Cyaruhinda, Rusenge, Busanze, Ruheru, Muganza and Nyabimata. As earlier indicated,
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the District will play a critical role in the project. Thus, during the field visits, District authorities
have been consulted for the purpose of raising awareness about the project and acquiring their
views/ perceptions on the project.
The District authorities released that the implementation of the FRDP will facilitate them in
collaboration private sector to construct new different infrastructures due to the road access
improvement. The table 5-8 below shows the new infrastructures to be developed due to the
rehabilitation upgrading the selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District.
Table 5-8: Number of Social Economic and infrastructures associated with project
implementation
Sector Schools Health
Primary Secondary
Gishamvu 3 - 1
Ngera 6 - -
Rusenge 4 - 1
Nyagisozi 3 - 2
Cyahinda 4 1 2
Busanze 9 1 1
Munini 3 - 1
Ruheru 6 - 1
Nyabimata 3 1
Muganza 4 2 1
Source: Social Economic and Infrastructures-Map Drawn by Mr. Desire October, 2019
Photo 5-4: Meeting at Kibeho sector-kana center
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5.4.6. Consultative Meeting with Nyungwe park authorities

The consultant met with the park Manager and explained the project activities. The park manager
advised the Project to avoid any damage to park biodiversity during works execution. He promised
to provide the needed technical support for the respective parties (contractor, consultant, RTDA)
regarding the conservation of wild animals and plants that needs to be considered during
construction activities.
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6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

6.1 Introduction
In pursuance of the global goals of nature conservation and protection of environment to which
Rwanda is committed, the Government of Rwanda has initiated plans, schemes and actions to
implement various legislations. The Organic Law of 2008 determining the modalities for
protection, conservation and promotion of environment in Rwanda and the Ministerial Order of
2008 determining the requirements and procedures for conducting EIA are the most important
legislation for environmental assessments in Rwanda. The Guidelines and procedures for EIA were
issued in 2006 for development projects. The schedule of the notification has categorized the
projects from environmental angles as per sectors. The roads/ highways have been kept in
infrastructure and need environmental clearance prior to their implementation.
The proposed indicative feeder road project 69 km in Nyaruguru District is following the existing
feeder road alignment. The area through which the project feeder road traverses can be generally
characterized as small town and rural in nature dominated by agricultural, cultivated land uses
and settlement. The villages including dense human settlements along the project road depend
on these agricultural production activities for their primary source of livelihood. Traditional
markets are usually located at the centers of these villages and rural towns.
Through an intensive and extensive field survey, and key stakeholder and public consultation
meetings conducted at the proposed project area, both positive and negative impacts associated
with the proposed feeder road project were identified. It is anticipated that most of the adverse
effects, except land acquisition, associated with the construction activities will be reversible in
nature. These may stem from ground disturbance, operation of equipment, labor force housing,
workshops, open and sheltered storage, access road, concrete batching plant, quarry site, borrow
pit, dumping site, etc. It is anticipated therefore, very few impacts will lead to irreversible negative
permanent change. The single most important direct impact of the project will be due to the
acquisition of land for the core feeder road project activities include the construction of
carriageway, shoulders, embankments, cuttings, side drains, bridge and culverts, and other
auxiliary activities such as quarry site, borrow pits, dumping site, access road.
Additionally, literature review of published reports, national laws and policies, World Bank
environmental and socio safeguard policies and other related approved ESIAs on road projects
were conducted by the contractor’s Environmentalist and Social Specialist team to list a complete
list of expected impacts on the proposed feeder road project. A synthesis of potential
environmental and social impacts on the nearby bio-physical and social environment during the
various project phases (Design, Construction and Operation) and components of the project
indicated in table 6-1.
6.2 Impact Identification, assessment and analysis
The scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment activity is to evaluate the temporary and
permanent impact of a project on the natural and human environment. In general terms the
methodology of an Environmental Impact Assessment may be well described by the following
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flow chart (Figure 6.1).
Figure 6-1: Flow chart of the Environmental Impact Assessment of a project

6.2.1 Impact Assessment
The characteristics of the foreseeable impacts have been identified considering:
 the actions that may produce impact, evaluated in the description of the Feeder road
Project;
 basic environmental data obtained from direct field observations; and
 information gathered from the available scientific publications and information derived by
the study of similar projects.
A below matrix (Table 6-1) that links project activities to the environmental and social
components, considering the impacts (both positive and negative) generated by the project and
related ancillary activities during all the phases of the project has been proposed. In particular, in
Table 6-1 a matrix is proposed that contains the aspect whose impact will be treated in this report,
giving for each aspect considered, a different weight in terms of impact. Weights for each aspect
in the different phases are the results of comparisons between the specialists that have taken part
to the ESIA project. For each phase (during design, construction activities, and operation stage
activities), as made in studies on other related project cases, the impacts are defined considering
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the main nine activities which may have some effect on the environment:
 The design activities
 The feeder road
 The access road
 The camps site and related facilities
 The shoulders, embankments, cuttings,
 The side drains, bridge and culverts
 The Vehicles & Machines O&M
 The Quarries, borrow, dumping
 Traffic Construction Machinery
 The operation activities
Each cell of the matrix will contain the anticipated relevant value, according to the legend as
determined during the Study
An interim checklist has been also prepared to list the environmental parameters and the
potential impacts (Annex 6). A typical checklist identifying the anticipated environmental impacts
due to the project activities are shown under section 7.
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Table 6-1: Synthesis of Environment Impact Matrix

Component Project Activity
affected Planning Construction Phase Operation
phase phase
Planning Feeder Access Camp Vehicles shoulder Quarries side Traffic Operation
/ Road Road site & s, , drains, Constructio
Design constr constru Machines embank borrow, bridge and n
uction ction O&M ments, dumpin culverts Machinery
cuttings g
Physical Environment
Soil 4 5 3 4 4 4 5 4 3 0
Ground water 0 3 3 4 5 3 4 3 5 0
Surface water 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
Drainage 4 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3
Air quality 4 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 1 3
Noise quality 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 2
Water quality 0 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 2
Land scape 4 3 5 4 5 3 3 3 5 0
Biological Environment
Ecological sensitive 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
areas
Nyungwe National 2 2 0 0 2 4 0 5 2 1
Park and its buffer
zone
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Fishery resources 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0
Aquatic/wetland 0 4 5 0 0 5 5 5 0 0
ecosystem
Vegetation 3 4 4 2 0 3 4 2 0 1
Priority forest area 3 4 4 2 0 3 4 2 0 1
Wildlife in RoW 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0
corridor
Socio-Economic Environment
Property Residence 4 5 3 3 0 2 2 2 0 2
Agricultural land 4 4 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0
Grazing land 4 4 3 2 0 2 3 3 0 2
Disease (Malaria,
HIV/AIDS, STDs…) 4 2 0 4 3 0 4 0 4 1
VAC, SH, GBV 4 3 3 2 0 0 4 4 5 5
Cultural Heritage
sites 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Local services and
utilities 3 4 4 4 0 5 5 5 0 0
Employment A A A B C B B B D 0
Opportunity
Migrant workers 5 3 4 3 0 0 4 0 0 0
and local
population
Traditional 0 5 5 4 0 0 5 0 0 0
community
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Traffic safety 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 3
Positive impact A=Very Important B=More C=Important D=Fair Important E=Less Important
Important
No Impact 0 0 0 0 0
Negative Impact 5=Very Important 4=More 3=Important 2=Fair Important 1=Less Important
Important
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6.2.2 Impact identification

The potential environmental impacts depend on the location of the project and type and volume
of the interventions due to proposed feeder road project. The project activities such as levelling,
cutting, clearing of vegetation, felling the trees along the road, construction of culverts &
bridges, road construction activities along the rivers, marsh or swamps areas, setting up of
labor camps, installation of construction machinery and other related operations are bound to
cause environmental impacts, either positive or negative.
The proposed feeder project has limited adverse environmental and social risks, its impacts
magnitude and significance were assessed based on the following factors:
 Location or extent : The area/volume covered
 Timing : Whether immediate or delayed
 Duration : Short term, long term, intermittent or continuous
 Reversibility or irreversibility: Probability of reversibility
 Likelihood : Probability of the impact taking place
 Significance : Whether it is local, regional or global
In order to make the above observation, the magnitude and significance of the predicted impacts
on sensitive receptor had been analyzed as a basis on items indicated in the table 6-2 below:
Table 6-2: Impact severity analysis
Sensitivity of Receptor
Very Low Low Medium High
1 2 3 4
Very low 1 1 Negligible 2 Minor 3 Minor 4 Minor
Intensity of Impact
Low 2 2 Minor 4 Minor 6 Moderate 8 Moderate
Medium3 3 Minor 6 Moderate 9 Moderate 12 Major
High 4 4 Minor 8 Moderate 12 Major 16 Major
6.3 Environmental and Social Impacts

Roads/ highways projects have been classified in infrastructure category and need environmental
clearance prior to their implementation. Hence an ESIA is required before road rehabilitation and
upgrading works.
The present project is about rehabilitation, upgrading of feeder roads (FR3, FR4, FR6 and FR10) in
Nyaruguru District, the Southern Province. The project is expected to impact a large number of
people; therefore, its social impacts have been more emphasized in the present report though
impact on biophysical environment has been also considered in the assessment. Both positive and
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negative impacts have been studied and wherever possible quantified.

6.3.1 Positive impacts at all phases of the proposed project
The positive impacts likely to result from the proposed project have been identified based on
project description in Chapter 3 and the existing environmental conditions in Chapter 4. The
current state of the road is challenging especially to the road users. Rehabilitation of Nyaruguru
feeder road network will thus bring about many benefits. The identified positive impacts for
different phases of the project cycles are discussed below.
6.3.1.1 Employment Opportunities
The proposed feeder road project is expected to offer job opportunities for both skilled and
unskilled locals in the area. The construction of feeder roads will use a labor-intensive approach.
During the construction phase, it is estimated that about 500 people will be working as labor both
skilled and unskilled. The majority of this labor will be unskilled, from which more than 400 people
will be sourced from the local residents and hence creating employment throughout the District.
Indirect employment will be in the form of suppliers and other forms of sub-contracted works that
will be required for the construction of project components. In addition, new jobs will be created
in the Government for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the project. Women will
also have an opportunity to secure employment.
In the post construction phase, the project will provide social benefits in terms of direct
employment by way of better commercial and industrial development of the area. Additionally,
more people may be indirectly employed in allied activities and trade. In the operation phase of
the feeder roads project, more job opportunities will arise in various sectors such as the transport
industry, the tourism sector, commerce and trade of agriculture products. Taken together, job
creation will help to reduce the problem of unemployment with improvement in income for the
workers’ household and revenue for the country. Apart from additional employment
opportunities in farming operations, access to nearby market, would also provide opportunity for
marketing of farm products and farm inputs creating additional employment in the locality.
6.3.1.2 Enhancement of Rural Economy
The road will provide a stimulus growth to Nyaruguru District as well as improving trade with the
other nearby Districts through faster transportation of agriculture products. The performance of
this sector is likely to experience the greatest gain upon improvement of the road since majority
of the population derive their livelihood from agriculture. The agriculture is expected to be the
greatest beneficiary of the project. The poor road network was repeatedly cited as one of the
major hindrances to the growth of the agriculture sector that accounts for 80 percent of
employment in Rwanda. Road condition has led to low incomes for farmers and the subsequent
inability of the District to increase the sector as required.
As the construction works are spread throughout the District in rural areas, people in these areas
will get an opportunity to work for the project. This will increase their income, therefore
supporting the rural economy. Those who are involved in trade will have opportunities to supply
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construction materials for the project or the other items required for the work force working at
site.
The market potential will be augmented by upgrading and rehabilitating access roads to city,
thereby increasing incomes in agribusiness sector and raising the socio-economic status of local
households. With the anticipated efficient, reliable and cheap transport, the following are likely
to be achieved.
 Quick and easy transport of perishable farm produce such as vegetables and fruits to
markets and livestock too on less price;
 Cheaper and available farm inputs and ease in provision of services to farmers;
 Easy access to bigger and better markets such as Kigali and in surrounding Districts;
and
 Improved marketing of agricultural products, thus higher prices.
 It is likely that the farmers of most agricultural products in the area will improve depending
on the commodity and the season
6.3.1.3 Social Interaction
The National and International; local and regional manpower will be working together for the
project. This interaction will enhance social interaction between the people from different places
and social levels in Rwanda. In addition, the transport sector will benefit from transport of
materials from manufacturing site to construction site. This will provide direct and indirect
employment. In addition, the infrastructures for social services developed in the area are schools,
health centers, water and energy. The expected rehabilitation/upgrading of the feeder road will
enhance access to existing social amenities and stimulate their growth as more people will
be using them; ultimately adding to agricultural development. With the construction of feeder
roads, the main artery for social interaction amongst towns and villages along the route shall be
strengthened. The general quality of life along the road will be enhanced, spurring the District's
development.
6.3.1.4 Boost to Industrial Activities
During construction, locally made products will be utilized such as cement and gravels. The
consumption of these will give boost to industrial production of construction materials. During
construction, supply of construction materials, direct sale of household goods, consumables and
foodstuffs to the workers will improve trade at local and regional levels in Rwanda. In addition,
the transport sector will benefit from transport of materials from manufacturing site to
construction site. This will provide direct and indirect employment.
6.3.1.5 Improved Transport System, Accessibility and Communication
It has been noted that the roads FR3, FR4, FR6 and FR6 in Nyaruguru District are presently in such
a bad condition that they need rehabilitation to make them all-weather motor able. As a
consequence, to the poor road condition, investors in the transport industry have no incentive,
hence the public transport system is underdeveloped and unreliable with only some buses plying
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the road at designated times in some sections of the road. Residents, therefore, have to use mostly
the motorcycles or seek other means of transport from unauthorized vehicles such as pick-ups
and trucks. With the improvement of the road, transport will be improved both in terms of travel
time, comfort, safety and lower costs associated with an increase in public service vehicles.
During operation, accessibility to the various public institutions and markets will be enhanced, in
particular, accessibility to health centers and educational institutions. After rehabilitation and
reconstruction of feeder road network, the condition of the road will improve and transportation
of commodities to and from the project areas will become easy.
This will contribute on long term basis for the socio-economic development of the project
area. The improved road safety and reduction in road accidents as opposed to the current
situation in which, accidents are quite rampant due to the rutty, rugged nature of the road,
dust, ditches, mud and pools of water in rainy season etc. The feeder roads development
will lead better and wider connection of the project area with the rest of the country, enhancing
Nyaruguru District development in particular, and the whole country in general.
6.3.1.6 Enhancement of Rural Economy (Agriculture and Trade)
The road will provide a stimulus growth to Nyaruguru District as well as improving trade with the
other nearby Districts through faster transportation of agriculture products. The performance of
this sector is likely to experience the greatest gain upon improvement other road since majority
of the population derive their livelihood from agriculture. The agriculture is expected to be the
greatest beneficiary of the project. The poor road network was repeatedly cited as one of the
major hindrances to the growth of the agriculture sector that accounts for 80 percent of
employment in Rwanda. Road condition has led to low incomes for farmers and the subsequent
inability of the District to increase the sector as required.
After rehabilitation and upgrading of the road, there is greater potential for the establishment of
agro-processing plants to process the huge supply of agriculture produce. In the fieldwork survey,
it was noted that a lot of agriculture products are sold in the city of Huye. Currently local farmers
face a problem of market because of higher transportation costs. In addition, some of the
agricultural goods like vegetables from the locality were of lower quality due to the longer
transport time to markets. The market potential will be augmented by upgrading and
rehabilitating access roads to city, thereby increasing incomes in agribusiness sector and raising
the socio-economic status of local households. With the anticipated efficient, reliable and cheap
transport, the following are likely to be achieved.
- Quick and easy transport of perishable farm produce such as vegetables and fruits to
markets and livestock too on less price;
- Cheaper and available farm inputs and ease in provision of services to farmers;
- Easy access to bigger and better markets such as Kigali and in surrounding Districts, with a
potential to export to the neighboring Burundi;
- Improved marketing of agricultural products, thus higher prices.
It is likely that the farmers of most agricultural products in the area will improve depending
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on the commodity and the season. All the above impacts on this dominant sector will have indirect
positive impacts on other sectors, especially trade and commerce, transportation, health and
nutrition and education.
6.3.1.7 Reduction in Length and Travel Time from Origin to Destination
The proposed feeder roads intersect with National Road 1 at number of places. On commissioning,
the feeder roads, will improve connectivity between different places, provides faster access to
Kigali resulting in reduction in vehicle expenses and travel time and facilitate the development of
a new economic corridor.
6.3.1.8 Potential to Improve Drainage and its Environmental Benefits
The current drainage structures are mainly inadequate and / or in disrepair. Often the structures
cannot accommodate high flows associated with flash floods in the wet seasons. In addition, soil
depositions, debris and solid waste have also clogged several drainage structures where routine
maintenance activity is inactive. The project will redesign, upgrade and reconstruct all these
structures. The improved road drainage system and reconstruction of bridges will reduce erosion
rate. On the roads embankments, the application of bioengineering measures in high erosion risk
zone will reduce possible and slides from heavy rains.
6.3.1.9 Skills Transfer and Training
The international consultant will associate with local work force. In the process of planning and
design and also throughout the project implementation period, the local technical manpower will
work with the international experts. Through local labor recruitment, the workers will have an
opportunity to learn an array of skills that relate to road rehabilitation and reconstruction. These
skills will be very important during regular maintenance that will be carried out during the project
operation, and generally done by the local population. Improved transport will improve
interaction with other communities outside the project area that will also provide an opportunity
for further learning and cultural exchange.
6.3.1.10 Enhanced Social Interaction
The National and International; local and regional manpower will be working together for the
project. This interaction will enhance social interaction between the people from different places
and social levels in Rwanda. In addition, the transport sector will benefit from transport of
materials from manufacturing site to construction site. This will provide direct and indirect
employment. The infrastructures for social services developed in the area are schools, health
centers, water and energy. The expected rehabilitation/ upgrading of the feeder road will enhance
access to existing social amenities and stimulate their growth as more people will be using them;
ultimately adding to agricultural development. With the construction of feeder roads, the main
artery for social interaction amongst towns and villages along the route shall be strengthened. The
general quality of life along the route will be enhanced, spurring the District’s development.
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6.3.1.11 Road Safety

The improvement of feeder roads will make travelling easy and safer, because the accidents are
quite rampant due to the rutty, rugged nature of the feeder roads for the current situation. From
the public consultations, most of road accidents are caused by motorcycles. In addition, the
proposed indicative feeder road project is expected to reduce number of accidents through
involvement of significant improvements in vertical and horizontal alignments, improved
carriageway width, greater separation of pedestrians especially at centers, and adequate cattle
crossing path provision. The road will be designed to reduce travelling time and transportation
cost as well as takes into consideration the standard speed to minimize accident risks associated
with high speed.
To mitigate the impacts related to roads safety during the project implementation, especially in
hilly area like Nyaruguru; the ESIA envisage the preparation of the traffic management plan by the
contractor. This traffic management plan should consider safety measures which will be
implemented during day and night time during the project implementation. For such Sensitive
areas susceptible to cause accidents to public traffic during night time will be demarcated and
fenced by warning tapes. Other measures include use of roads sign, flag persons and road humps
for reducing traffic speed in the vicinity of the sensitive areas. The traffic management plan will
be prepared as a separate document that will be held by the contractor during roads rehabilitation
works.
6.3.1.12 Reduction in Green House Gases
During operation of improved feeder roads, the vehicles will operate closer to design speed which
will help reduction of emission of hydrocarbons and carbon-monoxide from exhaust. Hence the
emission reduction of carbon monoxide will decrease the greenhouse gases at regional and global
levels which will have positive impact locally and regionally.
6.3.1.13 Reduction in Fuel Consumption
The vehicles provide better fuel performance at optimum air to fuel ratio which is optimum around
design speed. The feeder roads in Nyaruguru District are designed for 60 km per hour (maximum)
which is closer to design speed of vehicles. This will facilitate in less fuel consumption which will
have less burden on exchequer and will be direct impact on country’s economy.
6.3.1.14 Promotion of tourism industry in the area
The Kibeho Holy land is an important area found in Nyaruguru District for tourism industry.
Thousands of Christians from different corners of the country and abroad are visiting the area for
religious pilgrimage. The development of roads network in the district will facilitate access to the
holy land therefore promoting tourism industry in the area. The implementation of the project
will increase and facilitate the Christians visiting the holy land due to good road condition of travel.
6.3.1.15 Improved health and Education
Despite the above indicated positive impacts, the project is likely to have an indirect positive
impact to the health and education in the area. The project will allow health centers to be
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connected to the maintained transport facility (Feeder Road), and hence deliver effectively
services to the users. The same illustration applies to the education sector.
6.3.2 Negative Environmental impacts at all phases of the project
6.3.2.1 Air Pollution
The impact of road transport on air environment is a factor of type of vehicle, fuel used
and its capacity. The consultant has taken emission factor to estimate the pollution potential on
air environment during construction and operation phases. It is also assumed that the quarry and
borrow site will be closer to the road under construction to save on fuel land emission load on
environment. During calculation density of soil and rock is taken as1800 kg/m3 and 2400 kg/m3
respectively. The vehicle emission factors are summarized in Table 6-3 below:
Table 6-3: Vehicles Emission Factors
Vehicle Type Emission Factor (gm/km)
CO HC NOx CO2 PM
Moped 0.81 0.5 0.29 20.1 0.01
Motor cycle 3.12 0.78 0.23 22.42 0.01
Passenger Car (Diesel) 0.06 0.08 0.28 148.8 0.015
Passenger Car (Petrol) 0.84 0.12 0.09 172.9 0.002
LCV 3.66 1.35 2.12 401.2 0.47
Trucks 6 0.37 9.3 762.4 1.24
Bus 3.2 11
Source: Emission Factor in Developing Countries (India) for vehicle Manufactured after 2000.
Although, in the construction phase, air quality impacts are of short duration, but it does not mean
that these should not be considered. Consumption of diesel during construction activities will be
the principal cause of incremental air pollution. Diesel powered trucks required for the haulage of
earth and other construction materials and running of construction machinery at the construction
yards are the major sources of air pollution.
The construction materials required to be transported to site and will increase the traffic volume
due to the material haulage and other construction activities during the period of major material
transport. The dust emission, especially during dry seasons, will also increase due to intense traffic
movement at the site. The air quality due to the movement of trucks will be impacted. The likely
impact on air environment is presented in Table 6-4. The pollutants emitted during construction
period of 12months are estimated at 42 tons other than carbon-dioxide. The emission due to
transportation of material will be spread into the atmosphere all over the road site vicinity.
Due to high wind turbulence in the atmosphere, rainfall, wide spread area and dispersion; the
increase in ambient quality of any pollutant is estimated to be less than 1 µg/m3 which is not
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significant. The impact severity is Moderate (9).

Table 6-4: Emission during Construction (12 months)
Pollutant Unit Value Due to Transportation of
Earth Rock Other Passenger Total

Material (Tons)
CO Tons 5.04 2.88 3 0.02 10.94
HC Tons 0.31 0.18 0.19 0.03 0.7
Nox Tons 7.81 4.46 4.65 0.1 17.03
CO2 Tons 640.95 365.95 381.2 54.31 1.442
PM Tons 1.04 0.6 0.62 0.01 2.26
Source: Consultant’s computation based on emission factors
6.3.2.2 Noise Levels
The magnitude of impact during the construction phase will depend upon the types of the
equipment used, the construction methods employed and the scheduling of the work.
Noise associated with road development affects the environment through which road
passes and has four main sources: a) vehicles; b) friction between vehicles and the road
surface; c) driver behavior; and d) construction and maintenance activity.
Vehicle noise comes from the engine, transmission, exhaust, and suspension, and is
greatest during acceleration, on upgrades, during engine braking, on rough roads, and in
stop-and-go traffic conditions. Poor vehicle maintenance is a contributing factor to this
noise source. Frictional noise from the contact between tires and pavement contributes
significantly to overall traffic noise. The level depends on the type and condition of tires
and pavement. Frictional noise is generally greatest at high speed and during quick braking. Drivers
contribute to road noise by using their vehicles’ horns, by playing loud music,
and sudden braking or acceleration. Road construction and maintenance generally require the use
of heavy machinery, and although these activities may be intermittent and localized, they
nevertheless contribute sustained noise during equipment operation. Construction activities are
expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80-85 dB(A)at 15 m distance, which will decrease
with increase in distance. Noise due to construction machinery is predicted as presented in Table
6-5 &6-6. The noise levels will be with a limit of 55-65 dB (A) at a distance of 100-125 m from
construction site. The expected noise levels due to operation of construction machinery at site are
summarized in Table 6-5. The noise levels will decrease with distance.
The impact severity is Major (12).
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S. No Machine Operation Noise In dB(A)
1 Dump Truck Haul 83
2 Compactor Fill 81
3 Dozer Fill 85
4 Excavation by Shovel Cut 87
5 Excavation by Caterpillar Cut 87
Source: Consultant’s own survey from other projects
Source Dump Compactor Dozer Excavation Excavation
Truck by Shovel by caterpillar
Noise Level dB(A) 83 81 85 87 87
Source Distance (m) 15 15 15 15 15
Noise Levels at Distance (m) from source
20 78.5 76.5 80.5 82.5 82.5
25 76.1 74.1 78.1 80.1 80.1
30 70 72 76 78 78
35 72.1 700.1 74.1 76.1 76.1
40 70.5 68.5 72.5 74.5 74.5
45 69 67 71 73 73
50 67.5 65.5 69.5 71.5 71.5
55 66.2 64.2 68.2 70.2 70.2
60 65 63 67 69 69
75 61.5 59.5 63.5 65.5 65.5
100 56.5 54.5 58.5 60.5 60.5
125 54.6 52.6 56.6 58.6 58.6
150 53 51 56.6 57 57
175 51.7 49.7 55 55.7 55.7
200 50.5 48 53.7 54.5 54.5
225 49.5 47.5 52.5 53.5 53.5
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Source Dump Compactor Dozer Excavation Excavation

Truck by Shovel by caterpillar
250 48.6 46.6 51.1 52.6 52.6
Source: Consultant Measured at Source and Computed at Distances
6.3.2.3 Increased generation of solid waste and spoil soils from borrow and quarry sites
Volumes of solid wastes will be produced, solid waste materials will be generated from
campsites; to removal of different constructed materials; vegetation clearance of road reserves,
demolition works as well as from various packaging materials, throwing object into the road such
as food, bottle, uncovered parked trucks, etc. Significant quantities of rock and soil materials will
be generated from earth moving during construction activities, sediment and sludge from storm-
water drainage system. The excavations of earth from rock in quarrying areas and borrow areas
will require cutting of the rock and soils and increase the spoil to be disposed. Unless properly
reclaimed, dumping of construction waste/spoil in haphazard manner may cause surface
water pollution near the construction sites and breeding site for mosquitoes. The impact
severity is Moderate (9).
6.3.2.4 Land use change and loss of vegetation and biodiversity
The road development as well as borrow pit, quarrying and damping in the study area will
definitely bring substantial change in the land use pattern as the road improvement/ construction
will require additional land. It is estimated that on an average 10.5 m widening will require 31.854
ha land for the feeder roads improvement. The analysis of data has also indicated that about 80%
of land on roadside is under agriculture. Hence around 24.33ha will be under agriculture. The FR6
is passing through the existing alignment which initially owned by a private farm and forest lands
and ends a place where the buffer zone of the Nyungwe national park starts at PK 13+600 on
Nyungwe Belt road in Cyarukore Village. The widening of road section to 6m carriageway width is
likely to cause environmental impacts (loss of trees and other vegetation, erosion, etc). The risk of
introduction of invasive species into the forest through construction machines or labor force is
high.
Number of 1,954 trees (of more than 30 cm of girth size) fall within the road corridor during project
construction and are likely to be affected. Different types of vegetation plants, crops and agro
forestry trees inclusive, will also be affected. This will lead to loss of habitat.
The land use change is presented in Table 6-7. The land requirement for the road construction will
change the land use permanently from agricultural/ built up land into road corridor. Though
31.854ha would be required for widening the feeder road to 10.5 m RoW, only 17.6ha will be
permanently and irreversibly lost for the paved roads. The 17.6ha land use change will be
permanent and irreversible. None of the endangered plant or animal species will be affected by
the project. The trees which will need to be cut can be easily reproduced and replanted in other
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spaces after the project is over. The impact severity is Major (12).
Table 6-7: Land acquisition for road widening
S/N Priority Description Average Length Area (ha)
No. Additional (km)
Width (m)
1 FR 3 Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera 4 19 9.76
2 FR 4 4.8 21.5 9.675
factory-Kabere(Ruheru)
3 FR 6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata 4 13.5 4.389
4 FR 10 Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- Nyagisozi 4.8 15 8.03
Total 17.6 69 31.854
6.3.2.5 Soil Loss
The soil loss will be in terms of soil erosion from the road corridor, borrow pits, quarries,
and storage of material areas. In the areas of the District where the slopes are over 25%, the
project may cause high risks of erosion and slope stability, which is in turn relevant to the design
of the project and the conduct of operations such as excavation and drilling. Figure 6-2 below
shows that Nyaruguru District is a with respect to erosion caused by steep slopes. The soil erosion
is likely to take place due to upgrading and widening of project roads.
Figure 6-2: Map showing different erosion risk zones in Rwanda
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Source: Feasibility study, 2016

Throughout the road rehabilitation works, heaps of soils could be washed away by rains
causing damages downstream, including properties (crops, trees, houses, land, etc), loss
of land productivity, pollution of receiving water bodies, etc. This is likely to happen during
rainy season and is of short term duration and will be reversible. During the construction of
Nyaruguru feeder roads, extra care should be taken while constructing roads crossing
wetlands which might already be eroded; by avoiding the disposal of soil and/or other
constructions materials into the wetlands.
The construction works during the great wet season (mid-March to mid-May) are likely to
be stopped to prevent or minimize soil erosion. Any area that has topsoil and vegetation
removed need to have measures in place prior to the rainy season to avoid erosion and
siltation of wetlands and streams. In addition, heaps of soils can be properly disposed of before
the coming of heavy rains and dumped into the borrow/ quarry areas for their backfilling. The
stored topsoil will be utilized for the restoration of borrow areas and top dressing of
the road embankments. During the construction, embankment/slopes along sections of the
selected feeder roads might be prone to the soil erosion. Such embankments and slopes will need
to be stabilized with grasses and engineering measures as soon as construction is over. Grasses on
embankments and trees along the rehabilitated roads will be planted for erosion control. This
impact severity is major (12).
6.3.2.6 Soil Pollution
The soil pollution is likely to be caused by the inadequate disposal of waste material on the
open ground. The waste likely to fall on the ground may be solid waste/ liquid waste from labor
camps or spillage of oil and grease by construction machinery and equipment, especially
during their maintenance. The impacts are of short duration and will be reversible with a proper
management.
About 10-15% of the construction material is left behind by the contractor as construction
waste/ spoils. Dumping of construction waste/spoil in haphazard manner may cause surface
and ground water pollution near the construction sites and breeding site for mosquitoes,
hence, it is proposed to clean the area and dump/dispose the construction spoils at the
dumping site specified by the local authority to avoid any adverse impact on health and well-
being of people. This impact severity is moderate (6).
6.3.2.7 Water Pollution
Surface water bodies such as rivers, streams and wetlands are located nearby the project area.
The selected feeder roads are crossing water courses and wetlands. It is predicted that soils from
roads and borrow / quarry areas especially during rainy season may be washed away and dumped
into receiving water bodies or wetlands. This will ultimately impact the water quality of the surface
water. Contamination of waterbodies may also come from spilling of construction materials, oils
and greases and paints during transportation and at the equipment yards. But the quantity of such
spills will be negligible. Construction of bridges/ culverts may also create water pollution and
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increase turbidity during construction phase. The short-term increase in runoff laden with
sediment and nutrients may also occur due to the removal of trees, vegetative cover and topsoil.
The suspended sediments and the associated pollutants may get washed into these water bodies,
leading to change in water quality. This impact severity is moderate (9).
6.3.2.8 Disruption in Drainage Pattern
The roads that intersect drainage basins generally modify the natural flow of surface water by
concentrating the flow to certain points and increasing the velocity of flow. Depending upon the
flow, these changes can contribute to flooding, soil erosion, channel modification, siltation of
streams, properties damages, conflict over project beneficiaries, etc. These effects are often felt
well beyond the immediate vicinity of the road. There are a number of major bridges, causeways
and many culverts that will also need improvement. Critical points that need to be considered
mostly include wetlands or water courses receiving the drainage, steep embankment slopes, road
section where the drainage crosses the road, etc. Drainage pattern should well designed and
constructed to channel water from road sides to appropriate outlets. This impact severity is
Moderate (6).
6.3.2.9 Increased road embankments’ landslides
Many of the selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru District traverse hilly areas and landslides are
frequently observed in the area. The FR4 is the only road that is less prone to landslide. The
identification of critical and highly unstable slopes was made and the cumulative total section
length of 4.271km from all selected roads. Sliding of roads’ embankments is expected to increase
during construction works in the rainy period, causing road closure, damages to properties
downstream. etc. Therefore, the construction works should be done during dry periods or low
intensity rainfall. The table 6-8 below indicates the road length needing construction of stone
masonry. This impact severity is Moderate (9).
Table 6-8: Proposed Length of retaining walls and gabions
Feeder road Feeder Roads Name Length Length of retaining wall and
No (km) gabions to be constructed (km)
FR3 Munini- Kanama- Gatunda- 19 1.363
Remera
FR4 Giswi- Rugogwe- Kabere- Nshili 21.5 3.268
Tea Factory- Kabere (Ruheru)
FR6 Rukore-Bigugu-Nyabimata 13.5 0.245
FR10 Huye-Rusenge-Ngera-Nyagisozi 15 0.571
Total 69 4.271
Source: Feasibility study of selected feeder roads in Nyaruguru Districts
2019
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49 critical areas with buildings or water bodies to be protected by the retaining walls identified in
Nyaruguru district are summarized in the table below:
Table 6-9: Identified areas to be protected from land sliding by construction of retaining walls
Feeder SN Start End Length (m) Average

Road ID height (m)
FR 3 1 3,980 4,050 70 4
2 3,980 4,050 70 4
3 4,340 4,415 75 2
4 5,008 5,057 49 2
5 6,076 6,150 74 2
6 6,076 6,150 74 2
7 7,680 7,750 70 2
8 10,860 10,880 20 2
9 14,085 14,200 115 1.5
10 14,085 14,200 115 1.5
11 14,350 14,400 50 2
12 14,780 14,880 100 2
13 15,400 15,425 25 4
14 15,485 15,550 65 4
15 20,650 20,750 100 3
16 20,800 20,820 20 2.5
17 20,840 20,920 80 4
Sub Total 1,172
FR4 1 0 100 100 2
2 5200 5220 20 2
3 5220 5243 23 2.5
4 8235 8245 10 4
5 8325 8350 25 5
6 8625 8650 25 3
7 8890 8915 25 2.5
8 11075 11130 55 4
9 12300 12350 50 3
10 12410 12425 15 3
11 12430 12450 20 4
12 17870 17970 100 4
13 19100 19180 80 4
14 19150 19200 50 4
15 19455 19465 10 1.6
16 19780 19800 20 2
Sub Total 400
FR6 1 3,425 3,500 75 2
2 9,884 9,904 20 3
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3 10,735 10,885 150 3

Sub Total Total 245
FR10 1 100 130 30 2
2 100 120 20 1.8
3 1050 1060 10 10
4 3410 3420 10 5
5 5804 5810 6 4
6 7120 7130 10 8
7 7600 7610 10 5
8 7880 7885 5 4
9 7970 7975 5 4
10 12160 12172 12 7
11 13830 13845 15 1
12 14400 14425 25 2.5
13 14425 14433 8 8
Sub Total 166
Grand Total 1,983
Source: Contractor detail design, 2020

6.3.2.10 Increased Water Demand
The water requirement will be increased during construction phase for both road construction
and worker’s needs. About 167 people are estimated during peak period. The peak demand is
estimated at about 12 KL/day. Water sources and quality, including surface water, is likely to be
impacted due to road construction activities such as setting up of worker’s camp, transportation
and storage of construction material. However, no conflict over water resources since the
hydrologic network of the project area is very dense. This impact severity is Moderate (6).
6.3.2.11 Public and Occupational Health and Safety
Health risks include disease hazards due to lack of sanitation facilities (water supply and
human waste disposal) to the workers during construction both at construction site and at the
contractor’s camp. Unscientific disposal of waste from contractor’s camp can lead to
contamination of both ground and surface water. This could lead to outbreak of waterborne
diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, etc. The solid waste generated in contractor’s camp
if not treated properly may cause leaching and environmental pollution. Child labor, prostitutions
or sexual offences, gender imbalance are also predicted due to increased employment
opportunities. The impact will be of short duration and reversible, but can be of a high magnitude
if not well managed.
The project will employ enough labor force for its timely completion. Communicable diseases like
tuberculosis, malaria, etc. are therefore likely to be disseminated especially during peak demand
for manpower. The occupational safety and health issues associated with the construction of the
proposed road will include the physical hazards and chemical hazards. Chemical hazards will be
principally associated with exposures to road construction materials, dust during construction,
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exhaust emissions from heavy equipment and motor vehicles. Physical hazards include being
exposed to a variety risks from operating machinery and moving vehicles, exposure to weather
elements, noise, work in confined spaces, trenching, falls from machinery or structures, and risk
of falling objects, injuries from stepping on or using sharp objects, fires, and accidents by vehicles,
motorcycles and bicycles, etc. There is also a possibility of accidents associated of transporting
workers to the construction sites. The impact severity is major (12).
6.3.2.12 Encroachment into the Nature Reserves and Wildlife
The Nyungwe National Park is one of the protected natural habitats in Nyaruguru District.
The main environmental impacts are expected to occur in case if there is any encroachment to the
buffer zone, which has some forests. In collaboration with Park community, district officials and
other relevant parties, the contractor should take an appropriate measure like avoid tree cuttings,
create awareness to the workers and community member residing nearby to avoid unplanned
cutting of trees, hunting and other activities; off set plantation program, replanting with
indigenous tree species if cutting of trees is a must, etc. which listed under this ESIA. The
Contractor should prepare and implement CESMP that consider measures stated in this ESIA
before starting construction. This impact severity is moderate (8).
6.3.2.13 Wildlife accidents and passes

The Nyungwe forest accommodates a good number of wildlife, especially primates (mostly
Monkeys, baboons and chimpanzees). However, these animals are not many in the forest buffer
zone of the park. It is expected that the wildlife – vehicle collisions might increase in the feeder
road sections of FR6 that ends at the starting places of the buffer zone. The Contractor should
work together with Park manager and community to ensure that No impacts to wildlife and/or
other fauna habitat. If applicable, should develop and implement biodiversity management plan.
The impact severity is Minor (4)
6.3.2.14 Road accident risk
Significant community health and safety issues associated with the proposed road project will
include pedestrian, cattle and traffic safety. Pedestrians, cattle and motor cyclists are at greatest
risk of serious injury/fatality from collisions with moving vehicles. Children will generally be the
most vulnerable due to lack of experience and knowledge of traffic related hazards, their behavior
while at play, and their small size appearance make them less visible to motorists. Many factors
contribute to traffic accidents: Some are associated with the behavior of the driver or vehicle
conditions, road condition (Construction stage)/design, among others include: pedestrian’s/cyclist
behavior and careless of cattle keepers. The predicted impact value is high (16)
6.3.3 Negative Social impacts at all phases of the project
6.3.3.1 Displacement of PAPs
The rehabilitation and upgrading of selected feeders to 10.5 m width of road corridor is likely to
affect people’s assets and displacement. About 3,635population grouped into 897families are
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living or having properties within the 10.5 m road corridor. It was found that the road widening is
likely to cause the relocation of 131houses and acquire 31.854ha of land. The compensation for
affected communities accompanied with a livelihood restoration program for relocated PAPs are
among the mitigation measures. The impact severity is major (12)
6.3.3.2 Risks of communicable, STDs, HIV/AIDS spreading

Due to the income increase in the project area, some hired residents might use it into other
activities such as opening of Bars, prostitution, etc. which lead to a high risk of spreading of sexual
transmissible related diseases. Communicable diseases of most concern during the construction
phase due to labour mobility are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS. Concern
was the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other diseases could be exacerbated through spread of the
disease by the construction workers and sex workers attracted to worker’s camps. Since no single
measure is likely to be effective in the long run, successful initiatives shall combine a series of
behavioural and environmental modification. The impact is Moderate (9)
6.3.3.3 Gender Based Violence (GBV), Sexual Exploitation Abuse (SEA)/Sexual Harassment
(SH), Violence Against Children (VAC)
Favoritism based on gender, forced/unforced sexual roles in response/condition of being hired,
employing Children for physical works may be among the road rehabilitation project associated
adverse impacts. High gender disparity is also believed to be one of the major bottlenecks for
development. This high gender disparity between men and women negatively affects the
development of a nation and its wealth distribution. Experiences from other projects show that
construction works attract local population and in particular women and children below 18 years
of age seeking for employment opportunities. Therefore, risk of Violence Against Children (VAC)
and Gender Based Violence (GBV) will increase in the construction area.
If children below the age of 18 are employed in the construction works, it may lead to exploitation
of children and at the same time it is violation of National Law. Child labor is illegal and considered
harmful and creates psychological and social problems in the community. Impacts associated
considered as: Negative and short term but highly significant.
The Contractor is required to be non-discriminatory regardless of race, religion, gender, age,
disability. The Contractor is also expected to commit itself to identify group of employees or
societies that need special labor management practices based on their diverse nature; and can
give special protection, support or execute an affirmative action in labor management practice.
Women always do not receive equal employment opportunities; and the contractors, in most
cases, favor to employ men rather than women, and female workers do not obtain particular
attention due to their biological and physical condition. Hence, the discrimination against women
will negatively affect those women who want to work in the scaling solar project. Such
discriminatory acts and lack of other employment opportunities may force women to carry out
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other marginal activities and to be engaged as sex workers for survival, which exposes them to
increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDs and unwanted pregnancies. The
perceived negative impacts of the project on women include:
 Increased risk of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies,
 Price increase of consumer goods due to the coming of large number of work force to the
area in particular will make Female Headed Households vulnerable to economic crisis,
 Most construction companies prefer to employ only men, and this will lead to unequal
treatment women during employment of the construction work force.
The construction of the project attracts local population and in particular young people seeking
for employment opportunities. It is also true that construction works generate good employment
opportunity for the local population. However, sometimes it would negatively influence and
attract the young to drop out of school. Similarly, children who are below the age of 14 might also
be attracted by the availability of employment opportunity in the locality. If children below the
age of 14 are employed in the construction works, it may lead to exploitation of children which
violate the National law. Child labor can be harmful and create psychological and social problems
in the community. The impact is Moderate (6).
6.3.3.4 Loss of water points
Two (2) water valve chambers and One (1) water tap is also likely to be affected road construction
activities, causing temporary inaccessibility and loss of drinking water to users. The replacement
and/or relocation of existing water points as well as construction of new water points, where
needed, will be required to satisfy the water needs of the affected communities. The impact
severity is Minor (4)
6.3.3.5 Road congestion or closure
Some road sections might be congested during construction as a result of construction
works. Some other road sections may even experience total closure for a limited time because of
the nature of undertaken works. This will create difficulties for the road users as they may need
to take longer routes, therefore causing morecostly and time consuming travels The application
of traffic management measures and the preparation of alternative roads in case of road closure
will minimize the road congestion in the project areas. The road closure or congestion may also
cause inaccessibility to water by cattle as some of the roads are passing through pastures. The
pathways for cattle should be planned for to avoid depriving cows of water. The impact severity
is moderate (6)
6.3.3.6 Pressure on local services/resources and Population Changes
Due to the project, there will be an influx of workers from within the areas and outside the
construction region. It is predicted that this Project will result in project-induced in-migration that
can substantially change the context in which a project will operate. Population density will be
quite high and there is little space for migrants to settle, thus lessening the likelihood of in-
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migration and concentration of migrant populations. This kind of increase in vehicle traffic and
population can put a strain on a wide range of local infrastructure components such as roads,
transportation systems, water, telecom and utilities, medical services, housing, etc.
The construction of proposed project will need manpower that will be required for various
construction activities. Keeping in view the local demography, it can be anticipated that a great
number of workforces will be migrating from outside the project area.
There is the potential for significant in-migration from job seekers and camp followers which, due
to the existing land, resource and social service constraints and vulnerability of the host population
communities, would be an adverse impact on the Project and the local communities.
Local people’s vulnerability to in-migration is considered to be medium as they are already poor,
and the presence of migrants may somewhat limit their ability to take advantage of Project
benefits. The magnitude of the impact is minor as it is unlikely to extend beyond the life of the
Project and will be limited to the Project area of influence. Mitigation and enhancement measures
will aim to help this be a beneficial impact, however without mitigation, the impact of induced
development is considered to be an adverse impact of minor significance the women will be
sensitized to look for job and they will be a signed MoU between services providers and contactors
that will help to provide the trainings, awareness company and sensitization meetings on
SEA/SH/and GBV. The impact severity is moderate (9)
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7 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES

7.1 Introduction
Upgrading and Rehabilitation of the proposed indicative feeder road in Nyaruguru District -69 km
(2lots) will have a wide range of impacts on the biophysical environment, health and safety of
employees and members of the public, and socio-economic well-being of the local communities
and households. It is usually impossible to mitigate all the expected negative environmental and
social impacts. Thus, in this chapter, an attempt was made to formulate mitigation measures for
the most significant negative environmental and socio-economic impacts.
The aim is to ensure that the most significant negative impacts are minimized as much as possible
while maximizing on the positive benefits of the project. The mitigation measures will be
presented in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that is intended to assist the
proponent in the management of the adverse environmental and social impacts associated with
the project life cycle.
The following section provides proposed mitigation measures to the anticipated impacts that
needs to be implemented to avoid or minimize potential adverse impacts. Of which, some involve
good engineering practices while others viewed from socio-economic as well as humanitarian
angle. It is important to note that a special focus has been given to the negative impacts that are
considered significant and that warrant intervention to reduce the level of impact to the local
communities as well as the surrounding environment. The summary of Environmental and Social
Management and Mitigation measures.
7.1.1 Noise pollution and excessive vibrations mitigation
During the design phase, the Road design should avoid steep grades and sharp corners
especially at sensitive locations to reduce noise resulting from acceleration, braking, gear changes,
and the use of engine brakes by heavy trucks at critical locations. To avoid and/or minimize the
potential impacts the following measures are recommended.
 Installation of noise barriers to break the line of sight between the noise source and the
receptors and absorb noise received.
 Use of new equipment & machinery with silencers.
 Sensitize drivers of construction vehicles and machinery operators to switch off engines or
machinery that are not being used.
 Ensure that all vehicles and construction machinery are kept in good condition all the time
to avoid excessive noise generation.
 Ensure that all workers wear earmuffs and other personal protective gear/equipment when
working in noisy sections.
 To reduce nighttime disturbance from construction noise, that is unavoidable, the practice
of conducting construction activities should be limited between the hours of 2100 and 0600
in areas which are within 500 meters of residences. To cause least disruption to local
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population, it is recommended that construction producing nuisance noise level be

minimized or rescheduled regarding functions of special religious holidays.
 If Blasting activities occurred along the road corridor and associated quarries, it should
consider measures to limit high intensity vibrations, and noise, and appropriate schedule
with no/limited impact to the community residing within and around the project area. The
contractor shall also develop a blasting management plan.
 Equipment normally producing high levels of noise should be suppressed and screened
when working within a distance of 200 meters from any settlement, clinic, religious places
or other sensitive noise receptors.
 Activities that create a lot of noise or irritations, such as vibrations, heavy equipment moving
earth, excavations, shall be restricted to normal working hours(7h00-17h00) to prevent
noise for neighbors at night.
 The contractor is required to use equipment and automobiles that have certification of good
working conditions from “National Automobile inspection center” to avoid noise.
7.1.2 Air pollution and air emission mitigation
The potential risk to air pollution will be mitigated or minimized by implementing the following
measures:
 Sprinkling of water on dry and dusty surfaces regularly including the access roads; diversion
tracks/routes or earth along the road section and construction sites to reduce fugitive dust
generation to prevent damage to dwellings and avoid nuisance to persons.
 Construction roads should be watered near settlement/villages on a set schedule depending
upon weather conditions
 Special consideration shall be given sensitive receptors such as schools, hospitals, markets,
etc., and the contractor should prioritize road construction in townships and schedule the
construction activities with consideration of non-school period (vacation, holidays,
weekends, etc).
 Add suitable soil stabilizers on access roads or pave access roads to control dust
 Erection of dust screens around buildings under construction especially at the workers’
camps.
 Dust control measures should be adopted at concrete batching plants, canopying loading
points and erecting dust screens around the plant
 Collecting storm water and use to de-dust the construction site and the all-weather access
roads if volumes stored are sufficient.
 Provide adequate PPE to staffs, comply with personal protective clothing requirement for
dusty areas such as dust masks and protective glasses.
 Enforce onsite speed limit regulations and employ adequate traffic safety risk management,
including code of conduct to truck drivers to avoid impact on the community residing within
and near by the project area
 Re-vegetating exposed areas during the operation phase of the project.
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 Slowing the speed of traffic by using bumps and/ or clearly marked road signs may contribute
to reducing dust levels.
 Haulage routes will need to be identified and maintained by watering to minimize the impact
of dust.
 Dust control mechanisms at the gravel borrow sites through extraction in wet conditions
and transport in covered trucks.
 Implement dust control measures at the quarry sites and aggregate crushing sites.
 Covering heaps and berms of soil.
 To mitigate exhaust air emissions, it will be mandatory to procure machines, equipment and
vehicles which are environmentally friendly.
 Construction machinery should be well maintained to minimize excessive gaseous
emissions.
 The engines of construction machinery and vehicles will be inspected and adjusted as
required to minimize pollution levels.
 Prohibit plant operators and drivers of construction vehicles from unnecessary revving and
idling and limit construction traffic movement and operations to the most necessary
activities through adequate planning.
 Sensitize construction drivers and machinery operators to switch off engines when not being
used.
 The contractor is required to use equipment and automobiles that have certification of good
working conditions from “National Automobile inspection center” to avoid exhaust fumes
since automobiles in good condition will pollute less.
 Control the speed of the traffic movement through adequate policing and monitoring.
 Avoid the burning of materials such as tires, plastic, rubber products or other materials that
create heavy smoke or nuisance odour. Do not burn material which produces toxic gases.
Any waste which cannot be composted, reused or recycled should be disposed of in
approved local landfills or buried in well prepared and well managed disposal sites
 FRDP project coordination on site and District will ensure that contractors will be doing
routine maintenance, repair of trucks and machines. This would reduce on the exhaust
fumes from the machines.
7.1.3 Solid waste minimization and reclamation of borrow and quarry sites
The anticipated impact of solid waste and spoil soils will be mitigated or minimized by
implementing the following measures:
 Collect, segregate, safely transport and dispose waste at the final dumping or disposal site
specified by the local authority to avoid any adverse impact on health and well-being of
people.
 Provision of bottle and can trash disposal receptacles at all project sites to avoid illegal
dumping.
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 Waste should be segregated at generation site and collected separately according to their
types (hazardous, organic and inorganic waste).
 Composting of vegetation waste for reuse as a landscaping fertilizer.
 Managing sediment and sludge removed from storm drainage systems maintenance
activities as a hazardous or non-hazardous waste based on an assessment of its
characteristics.
 Management of all removed paint materials suspected or confirmed of containing lead as a
hazardous waste.
 The contractor shall develop a waste management plan and implement during the project
execution.
 Sub-contract a licensed waste handling firm to collect solid wastes on regular basis and
disposal in approved dumping sites.
 Clean the area and dump/dispose the construction spoils at the dumping site specified
by the local authority to avoid any adverse impact on health and well-being of people.
 Borrow and quarry areas shall preferably be selected from high land and/or waste land and
the excavation and restoration of the borrow areas and their surroundings, in an
environmentally sound manner to the satisfaction of the Supervising Engineer.
 Preparation and integrate a separate ESMP for camps, borrow pits, spoils and quarries into
project rehabilitation phase to remove mature trees so as to obtain optimal benefits from
harvested timber.
 The surplus of soils from the RoW and topsoil from borrow/quarry sites should be used to
backfill the borrow area.
 The Contractor shall develop quarry and borrow site management and rehabilitation
management plan to restore/rehabilitate all sites in a satisfactory manner after completion
of borrow operations to avoid impacts due to undrained pits that create additional habitats
for water borne disease vectors and possible safety issues for people and livestock
(drowning in deep/steep pits).
 The pits reclamation shall be done in a way it leaves the site in a safe, stable, and
nonpolluting condition with no remaining plant, soils unnecessary for post operational use,
prevents the establishment of stagnant water, erosion and supports vegetation growth
over the long-term.
 The excavated area must serve as a final depositing area for the placement of overburden
and unused material. The organic materials shall be applied to improve the soil fertility of
the rehabilitated borrow areas, especially those under croplands, before handing them
over to their respective owners and used for crop production. Trees or grasses will be
planted after rehabilitation of borrow pits located in forest land or abandoned land.
 Ensure that excavation is accompanied by well-engineered drainage and preventative
measures may be necessary during closure to construct adequate drainage structures
including ditches and other structures to facilitate the movement of surface water and
prevent damming.
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 Fencing the extraction site and appropriate signage for safety purpose, overburden
stockpiles and perimeter berms shall be placed on the excavated site and graded to the
desired slopes and drainage paths, and reserved topsoil shall be spread on top of the
overburden with more topsoil focused on sloping land.
 Suitable surface slopes together with drainage ditches and conduits as needed shall be
constructed to prevent water from collecting at the site.
 The borrow pit operational site including access roads shall be thoroughly scarified as
needed to help establish adequate vegetative cover. A minimum of 75% of vegetative cover
mainly those species with high carbon sequestration capacity and locally adoptable, shall
be established and maintained following the first rains after reclamation.
 Particular focus shall be given to vegetation cover on the side slopes of the excavated area
to minimize erosion. Any required seeding used shall be of local plant varieties.
7.1.4 Land use change and loss of vegetation and biodiversity
The following measures are recommended to avoid and minimize for the anticipated impact of
solid waste and spoil soils. These are:
 Additional arrangements must be defined to ensure that these affected groups are not
substantially disadvantaged by land use changes, and that they are assisted in relocating and
re-establishing their homes and sources of incomes. These additional arrangements are
provided in the updated RAP.
 Legislated compensation procedures generally provide only for the owners of property and
make no allowances for tenants, employees, or squatters.
 Appropriate compensation will be paid for the affected communities with a livelihood
restoration program for relocated PAPs.
 The tree planting programme (about 25,680 trees to be replanted) after road construction
will be implemented in the project areas to replace species that are likely to be affected.
Alnus spp, Grevillea spp, Pinus spp, Eucalyptus, etc are some the species that can be used in
the region.
 The buffer zone (near by the national park) is found at the end of FR6 road section and the
conditions of the buffer zone should be always maintained to ensure that they harbor some
important flora and fauna as well as regulate water. Eucalyptus spp, Agroforestry tree
species like Alnus spp, Grevillea spp, Cedrella spp, etc, coffee and tea that are likely to be
affected will be replanted along the roadsides for replacing those affected and protecting
the roads
 The road construction activity at the end of FR6 and starting points of the buffer zone section
should be limited within the existing carriage way (i.e. no road widening in that section).
 The tree cutting, grass removal, wildlife poaching or introduction of new species, whether
invasive or not, in the area should be avoided.
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 Proper management system of waste (construction wastes, domestic waste, etc) should be
established to avoid their dumping in the area.
 The field guide of the buffer zone nearby the park should fully be involved in the
management plan of the contractor to ensure that no impacts will be resulted in that section
due to construction activities.
 Awareness campaigns and enforcement of a worker’s code of conduct for the protection of
biodiversity.
 Include vegetation rehabilitation techniques to recover lost plant cover such as reforestation
and afforestation
 Posting signposts especially in and around the buffer zone, etc.
 Consider the location of mature trees during route selection for the access road construction
and land clearing for quarry and borrow sites.
 Compensate in cash for the loss of privately-owned mature trees and by replanting for the
loss of natural vegetation as appropriate.
 Design and construction of wildlife access to avoid or minimize habitat flagmentation.
 Minimize clearing and disruption of riparian vegetation. Avoid excessive destruction of trees
and other vegetation and minimize clearing of indigenous plant species, and replanting of
indigenous plant species in disturbed areas.
7.1.5 Water quality and soil contamination minimization
The contractor should construct workshop for machinery and vehicle maintenance as well as
provision of sealed areas for the storage of pollutants to avoid any accidental discharge that would
pollute water resources. To ensure no or minimum impact on nearby soil and water surface, the
contractor shall take into consideration of the following measures:
 Measures should be taken to ensure proper storage of fuel, oil and bitumen. Oil-water
interceptors or sumps should be constructed to capture discharge of oils, fats and other
polluting liquids from maintenance workshops, vehicle and equipment washing bays and
kitchen drains. Oil and bitumen pollution should be prevented by ensuring its proper
storage, handling and disposal.
 The Contractor also carry out appropriate measure to minimize sediments that increase
turbidity and other pollution effect to the nearby surface water sources.
 At the work sites the contractor will maintain strictly surveillance particularly when
working within the vicinity of water supply points and the rivers within the project area. A
safety and emergency preparedness and response plan will need to be developed and
implemented for all operations with emphasis on the protection of the environment prior
to start up.
 Water source pollution is of potentially high significance along the project road. Therefore,
the contractor should take all appropriate mitigation measures to minimise pollution risk.
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 Require the contractor to make specific and adequate provision for the disposal of sanitary
and other wastes in such a way as will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to
human or animal health.
 The contractor to take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage of
materials with the potential to pollute water resources. The measures should be
maintained in an effective condition throughout the life of the base camp.
 Specifically prohibit washing of vehicles and plant in or adjacent to any water sources. All
washing to be carried out at designated areas away from water sources.
 The contractor is responsible for cleaning up any pollution caused by his activities and the
payment of full compensation to those affected.
 Establish temporary and permanent containment structure for spill prone areas as
applicable.
 Develop and implement waste management plan
 Provision of adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the temporary colonies of the
construction workers.
 The provision of adequate washing and mobile toilet facilities with septic tanks and
appropriate refuse collection and disposal system should be made obligatory.
 The construction of check dams or silt trap structures before discharging runoff water from
roads into receiving water bodies (river, stream, etc) to minimize sediments loads.
 Design drainage structure to adequately carry maximum run-off
 Develop and implement of storm water management plan to employ best practices that
slow peak runoff flow, reduce sediment load, and increase infiltration.
 Use of vegetated swales (planted with salt-resistant vegetation); filter strips; terracing;
check dams; detention ponds or basins; infiltration trenches; and infiltration basins.
 Regular inspection and maintenance of permanent erosion and runoff control features.
7.1.6 Soil erosion control
 Ensure surface runoff generated on impervious surface is not channeled directly to steep
slopes.
 Provide adequate protection against scour and erosion; and give consideration to the
onset of the rainy season with respect to construction schedules.
 Construct a framework that stabilize the cut embankments with vetch grass or other
material and direct stormwater away from the embankments to avoid and possible erosion
and aggravating sedimentation of downstream water bodies.
 Limit impervious surface area to the designed standard.
 Provide energy dissipater structures inside drainage channel where there is a steep slope
 Construct flow breaks on roadside drainage channels.
 Promote harvesting of surface runoff.
 Construct drainage channels that serves for safe diversion of storm water away from the
embankments and spoil disposal sites
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 Drainage outfalls should be properly constructed to reduce the erosion from surface runoff
and storm water.
 Develop and Implement storm water management plan
7.1.7 Limit vegetation clearing
This should be mitigated as follows:
 Consider the location of mature trees during route selection for the access road
construction and land clearing for quarry and borrow sites.
 Compensate in cash for the loss of privately-owned mature trees and by replanting for the
loss of natural vegetation as appropriate.
 Design and construction of wildlife access to avoid or minimize habitat flagmentation.
 Minimize clearing and disruption of riparian vegetation.
 Avoid excessive destruction of trees and other vegetation and minimize clearing of
indigenous plant species, and replanting of indigenous plant species in disturbed areas.
 Create awareness to works and nearby community to avoid unnecessary and unplanned
cutting of trees
 Include vegetation rehabilitation techniques to recover lost plant cover such as
reforestation and afforestation.
7.1.8 Public utilities damage prevention
For adequate project execution purpose, bellow is proposed measure to avoid any adverse impact
on public utilities:
 Collaboration with project developer, utilities services providers to identify all existing
utilities in RoW prior to project commencement.
 With help of services provider, contractor will be notified about quantities of utilities to be
relocated hence contractor will avail all required utilities that meet standard
 Sub-contract experienced companies to relocate affected utilities; all of the required
measures should be implemented prior to work commencement.
 Incase unexpected damage happen during construction works, contractor would notify
immediately services providers and take necessary action as soon as possible.
7.1.9 Minimize land sliding of road embankments

The mitigation measure will be:
 The construction works should be done during dry periods or low intensity rainfall.
 The protection of critical road embankments slopes with stone masonry as well as
stabilization of the remaining embankments slopes with grasses shall be done soon after
construction.
 In addition, the ditches in the upstream of the slopes with high landslide risks will be
constructed to control runoff water causing embankment land sliding.
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 Tree plantation programs should be combined with engineering measures to control

erosion, especially under zones with critical slopes.
7.1.10 Limit the risks of spreading of STDs, HIV/AIDS, Ebola and other transmissible diseases
 Contractor shall sign a MOU with local health center to provide the following services:
 Develop a comprehensive STDS, HIV/ AIDs and Ebola awareness for both workers and local
community
 Provision of STDs, HIV and AIDS prevention measures such as distribution of condoms to
workers/local people both male and female
 Creation of awareness of STDs, HIV/AIDS, Ebola in worker’s camps through trainings and
installation of posters.
 Promote continuous sectoral, gender related Information, Education and Communication
(IEC) messages about HIV/AIDS, STDS, Ebola infection, protection, counseling and care.
 Increase availability and accessibility of condoms.
 Establish a sectoral policy that will safeguard human and civil rights and avoid
discrimination of workers and community members who are infected with HIV/AIDS.
7.1.11 GBV, VAC, SEA mitigation
To avoid and/or minimize impact on GBV, Vac, SEA, the following measure should be
implemented by all relevant parties, Particularly the Contractor:
 The Contractor is required to develop and implement the project’s Codes of Conduct
(COC), GBV Action Plan, Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and implement accordingly
throughout the project implementation period.
 All employees attend an induction training course prior to commencing work on site to
ensure they are familiar with the Contractor’s commitments to the project’s Codes of
Conduct., and other standards, such as ESHS and OHS standards.
 Ensure that posted and distributed copies of the Contractor and individual Codes of
Conduct are translated into the appropriate language of use in the work site areas as well
as for any international staff in their native language.
 All employees should sign the project’s ‘Individual Code of Conduct’ confirming their
agreement to comply with ESHS and OHS standards. This sets stringent standards for
personal behavior by those working on the project so as to avoid GBV, SEA, VAC, and
workplace sexual harassment.
 Contractor shall enter into agreement with local recognized NGO to develop training topics
and materials on the mechanism to manage GBV, VAC, SEA, risks and carry out training on
GBV, VAC, SEA for both workers and local people as per the plan, conduct services provider
mapping in the project area, develop a clear referral pathway.
 All forms of SEA, VAC and sexual harassment are unacceptable, regardless of whether they
take place on the work site, the work site surroundings, at worker’s camps or within the
local community. Therefore, the Contractor is required to put in place administrative
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measures to prevent and minimize Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Violence Against
Children (VAC) with proposed preventive and mitigation strategies.
 Develop and Implement GBV Action Plan,
 All employees, including volunteers and sub-contractors are highly encouraged to report
suspected or actual acts of SEA, VAC and sexual harassment by a fellow worker, whether
in the workplace or not. Reports must be made in accordance with project’s SEA, child
sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment Allegation Procedures.
 The Contractor is required to strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring
mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and VAC
and assure them to access adequate response.
 Offer equal employment opportunities to all collaborators based upon their specific
professional qualifications and performance without any discrimination, and select,
hire and manage collaborators according to competence and merit.
 Take strict measures against employment of children.
 Managers are required to report and act to address suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or
VAC as they have a responsibility to uphold Contractor commitments and hold their direct
reports responsible.
 Contractor social safeguard specialist will monitor provision to mitigate and respond to
suspected case of GBV, VAC, and SEA in workplace.
 In case of SEA, VAC and Sexual harassment acts suspected in the workplace constitute
gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for sanctions, which may include penalties
and/or termination of employment. In addition to Contractor sanctions, legal prosecution
of those who commit acts of SEA or VAC will be pursued if appropriate.
 Prepare and implement action plan for managing GBV, SEA, VAC impact
 Work closely with local authorities to stop recommending underage children for the
project construction works.
 The GBV Action Plan shall reflect adequately
o Existing country gender diagnostics.
o Country-wide and region-specific/District data on violence against women.
o Data and/or information on cultural practices vis-à-vis women (early marriage,
physical practices);
o Existing services available from GBV Services Providers (Health care for GBV
survivors, Psychosocial support, women’s and girls’ safe spaces, justice and legal
aid, referral systems) quality, accessibility and gaps.
 The grievance mechanism shall ensure safe, confidential, non-judgmental and
ethical reporting systems on GBV, sexual abuse and child labor as well as service
referral to survivors to alert cases of prevalence and assure them to access adequate
response.
The reporting complains related with SEA, GBV, VAC and Sexual Harassment will be a part of GBV
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Action Plan and CESMP adopted from best national and international practices and the typical
flow chart for is depicted in Figure 7-1 below.
Step 0
Grievance Health Facility District Social Affairs
Aggreived/victim Registration (immediatly ) Office ( 1-2days) for
records
Step 1 GBV
Complaint
Step 0 Step 1
GBV Task Force Isange One stop Center
( 3 Days) Grievance
Resolution Provincial Social
Affaires Office (1-
2 DAYS)
Step 2
GBV Service
Provider
/NGO National
(Immediatly) Court MOH /RBC
MIGEPROF System
/GMO
CONTRACTOR
Step 3
WB
RTDA APPEAL Ombudsman
Figure 7-1: Addressing complains about VAC, SEA and Sexual Harassment (SH)
In addition to service provider in charge of awareness campaign and monitoring on GBV case at
site level; there will be also a (PCT): ‘Project Compliance Team’, responsible of day to day
monitoring GBV cases within the workers and community. PCT is composed with at least five (5)
representatives (‘Focal Points’) as follows:
 A safeguards specialist from the client;
 The Social Development and Gender Specialist from the contractor, or someone else
tasked with the responsibility for addressing SEA, VAC and Sexual Harassment with the
time and seniority to devote to the position;
 The supervision consultant; and,
 A representative from a local service provider with experience in GBV and VAC (the ‘Service
Provider’).
 A representative from the local communities at the Cell level.
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7.1.12 Public and Occupational Safety and Health Risk Mitigation

 Develop and enforce a fleet management plan for road construction that includes
measures to ensure work zone safety for construction workers and the travelling public.
 Establishment of work zones to separate pedestrians and livestock travelling by foot from
vehicular traffic and equipment by routing of traffic to alternative roads where possible.
 Use protective barriers to shield livestock and pedestrians from traffic vehicles and
regulation of traffic flow by warning sign,
 Use of flaggers if possible to direct and ensure reduction of vehicle high speeds in work
zones.
 Make awareness campaign for workers about the safety issues related to their activities
hence provide frequent training about the use of PPE
 Ensure safe and good working conditions at workplace.
 Enclosure the area around which work is taking place to prevent unauthorized access.
 Hoisting and lifting equipment should be rated and properly maintained, and operators
trained in their use.
 Frequent maintenance of project vehicles and machinery to minimize air emissions.
 Reduction of engine idling time in construction sites; Use of extenders or other means to
direct diesel exhaust away from the operator; Ventilation of indoor areas where vehicles
or engines are operated, or use of exhaust extractor hose attachments to divert exhaust
outside.
 Safety Risk assessment will be carried out prior to the commencement of the project as to
analyze potential risk. Based on the analysis, preventative and protective measures will be
introduced according to the following order of priority (Impact Mitigation Hierarchy):
Eliminate/Avoid (Physically remove the hazard or the cause of the danger completely),
Substitute (replace the hazardous work practice or machine with an alternative),
 Isolate (separate the hazard from the people at risk from injury),
 Engineering controls (Physical changes. E.g.: redesign machine or methods of works by
adding safeguards),
 Administrative controls (Change the way people work or install signs, rotate jobs, etc.),
Personal Protective Equipment-PPE (Protect the workers with PPE through provision of
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). However, the emergency procedures
and contingencies management plan to be prepared as a stand-alone document will also
consider safety risks.
 The project shall develop and implement an Occupational Health and Safety Management
Plan (OHSMP) comprises of monitoring and reporting mechanism of occupational
accidents and diseases, dangerous occurrences and incidents.
 Management measures including proper sanitation, waste disposal facilities, awareness
campaigns for the prevention of AIDS/HIV, sexually transmitted diseases and other
communicable diseases, sensitization for health insurance will be needed at the project
site.
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 The reinforcement of laws on child labour, sexual harassment/ prostitutions and gender
equity should be done.
7.1.13 Avoid or Minimize encroachment, accidents and pass of Nature Reserves and Wildlife
 The tree cutting or waste dumping into the protected area should be avoided.
 A safe drainage system should also be set to control wetlands flooding or forest
environment by roadside runoff water.
 Enforcing speed reducing mechanisms (including limiting the vehicle speed to 20 km/hr
maximum, placing speed bumps, rumble strips, etc) to avoid or minimize collisions with
wildlife and speed reducing mechanisms around the section of feeder roads along the
buffer zone.
 Support for local environmental education and wildlife organizations can also be
considered in the contractor ESMP.
 Restoration activities should not include potentially invasive species of trees and grasses
with a preference for native species as possible.
 Avoiding blowing horns in the forest section, establishing wildlife passes, an animal
detection system within the project area.
 Organizing awareness campaigns for drivers and workers on the protection of wildlife.
 Posting warning signposts, awareness campaigns to drivers/ motorcyclists/ bicyclists and
pedestrians for wildlife, community members, other pedestrians’ passer by safety.
 Support for local environmental education and wildlife organizations, etc.
7.1.14 Road accident mitigation
 In consultation with the community members and district officials, identify and mark
livestock crossing points and install barriers (e.g. fencing, plantings) to prevent livestock
access to the roadway except at designated crossing points
 Installation and maintenance of speed control and traffic calming devices at pedestrian
crossing areas.
 Installation and maintenance of all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to
regulate traffic, including speed limits, warnings of sharp turns, humps etc., specifically
those related to pedestrian facilities or bikeways.
 Installation of measures to reduce collisions between livestock and vehicles (e.g. use of
signs to alert drivers on road segments with cattle crossing paths; installation of fencing
along the roadway to direct livestock toward crossing paths;
 Prepare an emergency preparedness and response plan and develop a procedure for one-
time incident/accident notification in coordination with the local community and local
emergency responders to provide timely first aid response in the event of accidents. Any
incidents of serious injury and fatality should be immediately notified and reported to the
RTDA and World Bank within 24 hours.
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 Plan and conduct IEC for schools and village centers across project area for road safety
purpose.
 Develop and implement traffic management plan
 The contractor is obliged to report site accidents to the consultant and have them recorded
in an incident report.
7.1.15 Loss of water point
 The replacement and/or relocation of existing water points as well as construction of new
water points, where needed, will be required to satisfy the water needs of the affected
communities.
 Avoid unnecessary utilization of water for construction activities and camp facilities,
through development and implementation of water resource management plan, as
required.
7.1.16 Socio-dispute mitigation
 Ensure proper identification and compensation of all persons who will lose properties.
 Obtain necessary permissions and approvals from the relevant authorities prior to the use
of project sites,
 The contractor will use his best endeavor to maximize local hire of labor, in so far as they
are compatible with their skill requirements,
 Ensure ESMP is conducted for specific project components such as campsite, borrow pit,
and spoil sites and quarrying sites,
 Largely involve and ensure a good percentage of the local community members are
employees of the project,
 Work co-operatively with the stakeholders and communities along the project area,
including with end users of the Works, relevant authorities and local communities, through
the Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) and through meetings at cell/sector level;
 Protect the health and safety of local communities and users, with particular concern for
those who are disabled, elderly, children or otherwise vulnerable;
 Incorporate a gender perspective and provide an enabling environment where women and
men have equal opportunity to participate in, and benefit from, planning and development
of the project works to shape their own lives and contribute to their families, communities,
and country hence ensuring that Women are always represented in the GRCs;
 Engage with and listen to affected persons and organizations and be responsive to their
concerns, with special regard for vulnerable, disabled, and elderly people;
 Provide an environment that fosters the exchange of information, views, and ideas that is
free of any fear of retaliation, and protects whistle blowers; participate as a member of
the GBV (including SEA) and VAC Compliance Team which is comprised of representatives
from the client, contractor(s), the supervision consultant, local authorities and local
communities’ representatives,
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 Maintain a continuous engagement with the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and its
members through the GRCs;
 Work to mediate and resolve as quickly as possible any grievance addressed by any
community member against the project;
 Any complaints will be recorded and resolved through negotiations with the community;
and public Relation Officer will be assigned from the contractor side to liaison with local
communities and authorities and he will be permanently on project site to promote social
integration and development of mutually satisfactory solutions to problems affecting local
communities.
7.1.17 Chance findings procedures
If any human body is found during roads rehabilitation/upgrading civil works or during
rehabilitation of access roads to ancillary facilities; the following procedures will be applied:
 Stop works immediately in the place of human body finding or jump this place with at least
5m on both sides,
 Encircle the area by a warning tap,
 Inform local authorities and local communities,
 Consultation with local communities & authorities for due diligence on the source of the
human body,
 Excavation to collect the human body and transmit it to local authority,
 If the body is found to be the victim of Genocide, the body will be transmitted to local
authority to be treated and buried in Genocide Memorial. If not, it will be buried in
collective cemetery.
7.1.18 Resettlement Action Plan

Impacts on massive properties loss had been avoided during design via the adoption of a reduced-
speed design, reduced right-of-way and land acquisition, etc.
The proposed feeder road project design followed existing alignments and seek to minimize the
extent (and cost) of land expropriation. This approach resulted in the widening of road up to the
required standard only. As a second example, adoption of a narrow road reserve can
substantially limit options for controlling water flows and soil erosion -with potentially negative
effects on the environment. Consideration should also be given to the social and environmental
costs of non-displacement of people and business activities.
As with prevention, mitigation of land acquisition impacts is achieved primarily by modifying the
route or design of a road to minimize and to locate the sites in less populated areas where its
effects will be limited on nearby properties and land uses. The design of alternative access to
affected properties and the management of temporary works and traffic diversion can also reduce
the magnitude of impacts on property and welfare.
Consultation with affected people and other project related stakeholders assists planners in
mitigating the impacts of land acquisition and resettlement actions by providing clear and timely
information as well as opportunities for a complete discussion of options, preferences, and
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likely outcomes. Thus, by taking full account of the needs of those affected people, the design
of implementation arrangements should be based on more solid information.
The national laws and regulations governing property rights, compensation, and appeal
procedures for land expropriation. Government's right to expropriate carries with it a
responsibility to ensure that those affected people do not bear an unfair share of the costs of a
project which will bring benefits to others. In the simplest terms, this responsibility should be to
ensure that the standard of living of all affected persons is restored to the level that is much
better and not worse than their previous livelihood before the commencement of the road
construction activities. The government is successful in restoring those living standards for all
affected persons, the adverse impacts will have to be minimized and possibly obviated.
Legislated compensation procedures generally provide only for the owners of property and make
no allowances for tenants, employees, or squatters. Additional arrangements must be defined to
ensure that these affected groups are not substantially disadvantaged by land use changes, and
that they are assisted in relocating and re-establishing their homes and sources of incomes.
These additional arrangements are provided in the updated RAP.
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Table 7-1: Summary of Environmental and Social Management and Mitigation measures
Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost
(Frw)
PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN
Conflict over project Consultation with affected Districts Authorities (Mayor or 375,000
beneficiaries communities and other stakeholders in roads representative), Opinion leaders,
selection farmers’ organization, and Local
community, District road Engineer &
Environmental Officer, and
Environmental Specialist Contractor
Impact during selection of Compensate affected assets as per the Rwanda Contractor, District road Engineer & land Captured in
borrow and quarry areas Expropriation Law and WB policy on Involuntary Officer, RTDA/FRDP Environmental compensation
Resettlement Specialist cost under project
Ensure selected sites meet the criteria to avoid or RAP
minimize impacts on settlements, national park or
other sensitive receptors.
Minimize the number of borrow pits by increasing Contractor -
the free haul distance in BOQ;
Develop and implement borrow area and quarry
site management and restoration plan
Loss of properties (crops, Involve all the stakeholders in Roads selection and District road Engineer, Contractor, -
trees, houses, etc.) due to integrate representatives of PAPs in the Project RTDA/FRDP social safeguards specialist
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(Frw)
road realignment Compensate for lost assets as per the Rwanda - District, RTDA/FRDP Captured in
Expropriation Law and WB policy on Involuntary compensation
Resettlement cost under project
RAP
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Loss of vegetation cover, Develop a detailed borrow pit / quarry Contractor Environmental &Social 11,500,000
topsoil, surface and soil management plan, delineating required space for Safeguards Expert; Environmental &
fauna; loss of farming borrow pits, quarries and minimizing vegetation Social Safe- guards Expert of the
lands and forested areas; damage as much as possible. Supervising Firm District Environmental
soil erosion affecting and Officer
landscape change
Stagnant water in Proper drainage of storm water and avoiding RTDA/FRDP, District, Contractors and 4,812,500
undrained borrow stagnate water and ensure erosion control Supervising firm Engineer and
pits/quarry areas creating measures. Environmental & Social Safe- guards
habitat for water borne Reshaping, transport and spreading over topsoil in Expert. Resident Engineer &
disease vectors and the pits for rehabilitation and Planting of trees and Environmental & Social Safeguards Expert
possible safety issues for grasses and maintenance.
people and livestock Develop and implement storm water management
plan
Safety risks at the borrow Develop and implement a site-specific ESMP (prior Contractor 1,050,000
/quarry sites (accidents), to commencement works).Sensitizing machinery Contractor’s Engineer and Environmental
operators, workers, trucks drivers, and & Social Safe- guards Expert;
surrounding community on safety measures Environmental &Social Safeguards Expert
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(Frw)
Posting of safety signposts and of the Supervising Firm
guards at the site Providing all required PPEs and
enforce effective use
If Blasting activities occurred along the road
corridor and associated quarries, it should Contractor
consider measures to limit high intensity
vibrations, and noise, and appropriate schedule
Develop a blasting management plan to mitigate
all associated negative environmental, social and
safety impacts.
Loss of beneficiaries’ Prepare and implement RAP Contractors Environmental & Social Captured in
properties (land, trees, Compensation for lost properties Safeguards Expert; compensation
crops, houses & other Environmental & Social Safeguards Expert cost under project
structures of the Supervising Firm- RAP
District Environmentalist
Soil erosion causing Avoid earthworks during heavy Contractor, District Road Engineer -
water quality rains (mid-March to mid-May) RTDA/FRDP Engineer
Put in place erosion control devises
Protection of road embankments/ slopes with Contractors Environmental &Social Safe 12,500,000
vegetation to reduce landslides Expert; Environmental & Social
Safeguards Expert of the Supervising
Firm- District Environmental Officer
District Agronomist, and RTDA/ FRDP
157

(Frw)
Environ- mental Specialist
Install proper road drainage and Contractor 25,000,000
check dams, silt traps where necessary to reduce
silts
Maintenance of motorized machinery and Contractor 2,500,000
equipment’s in-service stations
Solid wastes Preparation and implementation of waste Contractor 250,000
Management Plan Provision of dustbins for waste
collection
Soil pollution due to Cleaning of the site and dispose of the Contractor Engineer & Social/ captured in the
quarry, borrow pit construction spoils at the dumping site approved Environmental safeguards Expert above budget for
excavation and road by the District -Resident Engineer and Social borrow/quarry
construction activities management plan
Disruption in drainage Proper design of drainage canals as per the designs Contractor 1,250,000
pattern District road Engineer
Water pollution Provision of sanitary facilities to Contractor Engineer & Environmental & 2,250,000
workersConstruction of check dams or silt trap Safeguards Ex pert
structures to minimize sediments load before Resident Engineer & Environmental &
discharging roadside runoff into receiving water Safeguards Ex- pert, Supervising Firm
body District Environmental Officer
Prepare a spills management plan for bitumen and RTDA Environmentalist
oils to ensure safe transport, storage, use and
leakage control.
158

(Frw)
Establish temporary and permanent spill
containment structure, as applicable.
Increased road Construction works should be Contractor Engineer 12,500,000
embankments’ land slides done during dry periods or low intensity rainfall Resident Engineer
District road Engineer, RTDA
Construction of stone masonry Contractor Engineer 50,500,000
with critical road embankment slopes - Resident Engineer
Construction of diversion ditches in the upstream - District road Engineer
of the slopes with high landslide risks to control -RTDA
runoff water causing embankment sliding
Tree planting.
Wildlife accidents & Posting animal safety signposts Awareness Contractor 575,000
passes campaigns for drivers and workers on the Supervising Firm
protection of wildlife, establishing an animal RTDA/FRDP
detection system within the project area, - RDB
Avoiding poaching, District authority
Enforcing speed reducing mechanisms, Park authority
Avoiding blowing horns in the forest section,
support for local Environmental Contractor Included in Water
education and wildlife organizations, Awareness Supervising Firm pollution Cost
campaigns to RTDA/FRDP above
drivers/ motorcyclists/ bicyclists and pedestrians • RDB
for pedestrian’s safety, • District authority
159

(Frw)
Health and safety risks Developing and implement a public and Contractor Engineer & Environmental & 50,000
occupational health and safety Safeguards Ex- pert
management plan (POHSMP) -Resident Engineer & Environmental &
Safeguards Ex- pert, Supervising Firm
Provision of sanitary facilities Contractor Engineer & Environmental & Included in Water
(toilet, water, etc.) Safeguards Ex- pert pollution Cost
-Resident Engineer & Environmental & above
Safeguards Ex- pert, Supervising Firm
-District Environmental Officer
-RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist
Awareness campaigns for the Contractor Environmental & 50,000
prevention of communicable diseases, STDs, etc. Safeguards Expert; Supervising firm
Environmental & Safeguards Expert;
District Health Centers staff
RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist
Provision of protective equipment’s to workers Contractor Engineer & Environmental & 2,550,000
Availing well equipped First Aid Safeguards Ex- pert, Resident Engineer &
facility and Provision of medical insurance Environmental & Safeguards Ex- pert,
to workers Supervising Firm. District Environmental
Reinforcement of the laws on Officer, RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist
child labor, sexual harassment/ prostitutions and
gender equity
Increase of Gender based Reinforcement of the laws on -Contractor Environmental and Social 250,000
160

(Frw)
violence cases, child labor, sexual harassment/ prostitutions and Safeguards Expert
prostitutions and use of gender equity. Supervising Firm Environmentalist
child labor Awareness meetings on GBV,
child labor, prostitutions preventions
Awareness programs on child -RTDA/FRDP Social safeguards Specialist, 500,000
protection through close collaboration with - District Social protection officer
existing Child protection Committees within the
community and capacity building for those
committees.
Air pollution due to dust Spray water regularly when -Contractor’s Engineer 23,015,000
and exhaust fumes constructing roads to reduce the dust -Supervising firm Engineer District
-Environmental Officer
Use equipment and automobiles with certification Contractor Environmentalist &social 3,750,000
of good working conditions from “National safeguards Expert Supervising Firm
Automobile inspection center” to avoid exhaust Environmentalist & social safeguards Ex-
fumes pert, District Environmental Officer
Routine maintenance, repair of RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist
trucks and machines.
Noise Pollution Restriction of activities creating -Contractor Engineer & Environmental & 0
lots of noise or irritations to normal working hours Safeguards Expert, Environmental & Safe-
(7h00- 17h00) to prevent noise for neighbors at guards Expert, Supervising Firm, District
night Environmental Officer, District road
Engineer RTDA /FRDP Environmentalist
161

(Frw)
&Engineer
Use equipment and automobiles with certification Contractor Engineer & Environmental & 0
of good working conditions from “National Safeguards Ex- pert, Environmental &
Automobile inspection center” to avoid noise Safeguards Expert, Supervising Firm,
District Environmental Officer, and
District road Engineer.
Loss of flora and Reinforcement of the law on the Contractor Environmental & 12,500, 000
fauna habitat conservation of protected areas Safeguards. Expert
Awareness campaigns for the protection of - Supervising Firm’s Environ- mental &
biodiversity, Safeguards Expert,
Posting warning signposts especially in the District authorities
protected zone RTDA I/FRDP Environmentalist
Tree planting program to replace affected trees Park authority.
Road congestion Application of traffic management measures -Contractor’s Engineer 12,500,000
/closure Preparation of alternative roads - District road Engineer
in case of roads closure - RTDA /FRDP Engineer
Loss of water points Relocation and construction of Contractor’s Environmental & Social 1,250,000
new water points Safeguards Expert; Environmental &
Social Safe- guards Expert of the
Supervising Firm
162

(Frw)
Noncompliance with Environmental & Social Safeguards Expert 0
safeguards in camps site Develop and implement a site-specific ESMP to of the Supervising Firm, District
guide the selection, construction and operation of Environmental Officer, RTDA/ FRDP Social
the camp. safeguards Specialist
PROJECT OPERATION PHASE
Air pollution causing Provision of speed restriction District Road Engineer 0
health risks due to dust measures (speed limit signs, bumps) near villages
and exhaust gas from and special facilities (schools, health posts,
vehicles markets)
Noise pollution causing Provision of speed restriction District Road Engineer 0
health risks due to noise measures (speed limit signs, bumps) near villages
from vehicles and special facilities (schools, health posts,
markets)
Road safety due to Provide traffic control signage 2,500,000
improved road, inducing prominently at the entrance and throughout
drivers to exceed the populated village areas
speed
Provision of speed bumps in the 1,250,000
vicinity of populated areas like villages, schools,
markets, health posts, etc.
Develop and implement traffic management plan
limits and cause accidents Wear helmets when driving two District Authorities 2,500,000
(mostly to pedestrians) wheeler National Police
Community awareness meetings on traffic safety
163

(Frw)
issues
Water pollution and Regular maintenance of the Local Community Association 2,500,000
Property damages road drainage system (LCAs)
District Road Engineer
Landslides of roads Protection of slopes with vegetation and regular Local Community Association 12,500,000
embankments maintenance of the embankments and its (LCAs)
upstream part District Road Engineer
Total 190, 227, 500
Contingency (10%) 19,022,750

Total Budget 209,250,250
164
8 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
8.1 General
A comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment requires not only the evaluation of
the impacts resulting from the proposed project at a specific location and resulting from
construction process, but also a complete environmental and social impact assessment cycle
requires detail assessment of possible alternatives as well.
During the feasibility stage of the proposed feeder road rehabilitation/reconstruction project,
options were explored, and these options were weighed from all considerations such as cost,
environment, and ease of implementation and maximum utilization of available infrastructure.
Alternative energy sources and projects and in addition to the "do-nothing" have been considered
and the implications of each are described in the sections which follow.
 No project/Without project alternative
 With project alternative
 Construction material and exploitation techniques
 Alternative roads
 Alternative selection
 Project sitting
 Design alternative
The aim of alternative analysis is to arrive at a development option, which maximizes the benefits
while minimizing the adverse impacts. Alternative analysis is also a form of mitigation measures.
The two alternatives were considered “Without Project Scenario” and “With Project Scenario”.
In with project scenario, different considerations involved in the project implementation will be
also discussed. The following sections provide descriptions of the project alternatives and analysis
of the same with respect to environmental, social and economic features
8.2 “Do Nothing”/Without Project Alternative
The” Do Nothing”/without project alternative option in respect to the proposed feeder road
project implies that the status quo is maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from
an extreme environmental perspective as it ensures non-interference of impacts with the existing
environmental conditions. This option will however, involve the losses of potential environmental
and socio-economic benefits to the local population and the nation as a whole, and quality of life
would remain at a low level for many of those who live in the country. The local farmers will
continue to face the constraints they are currently experiencing due to inefficient transport
network and system and the anticipated economic development aimed at fulfilling the National
Strategy for Transformation (NST 1) will remain unattainable; where roads rehabilitation and
upgrading projects will contribute to the reduction of the cost of doing business and facilitate
165
trade, accelerate sustainable urbanization, etc.

The No Project Option is the least preferred from the socioeconomic and environmental
perspective due to the following factors:
 The socio-economic status of the Nyaruguru District’s residents would remain unchanged.
Reduced interaction both at local and national levels.
 The local skills would remain under-utilized as no employment opportunities will be
created for local population who would have otherwise be employed by the feeder roads
rehabilitation project.
 Reduced business development due to current bad conditions of selected feeder roads in
the district.
 The current erosion rate and storm water impact in the feeder road due to lack of
drainage system will remain.
 Loss of business for contractors.
Therefore, the “Do Nothing/ without project” alternative is not preferable to project
implementation.
8.3 With Project Alternative
The implementation of the project will contribute to socio-economic improvement and will have
positive impacts on residents' life quality. This alternative will have positive impacts on residents’
life quality and has the following advantage: there will be improved and assured transport facilities
to the residents of the District. This will stimulate socio-economic development of the area. The
proposed feeder roads are a major deterrent for commercial growth in the area, the project
scenario will catalyze commercial growth in the different centers and there will be better business
opportunities for locals. There will also be savings in the vehicle operation cost (fuel, operation
and maintenance) due to better feeder road condition.
This option will have also negative impact on land use, forests/trees, water, noise and air pollution
during construction and operation phases. About 31.854ha of land are likely to be acquired to
have 10.5 m of RoW or 10.09 ha to have the paved road with 6 m width. However, the
implementation of the project will take adequate consideration to avoid/minimize and mitigate
the anticipated impact through implementation of the following measures, include proper
designs, tree planting program for replacing lost trees, compensation for lost properties, proper
management of borrow pits and quarry areas, proper disposal of wastes, stabilization of slopes
with vegetation, provision of adequate sanitation facilities, provision with protective equipment
to workers, use machinery and truck in good condition during daytime, regular watering of road
sections to ensure the implementation of the project to be environmental friendly and socially
acceptable. In addition, the below alternative construction technologies will also be considered.
166
8.3.1 Limiting works within the existing carriageway

Changing alignments and/or limiting the roads works within the available carriageway to avoid
passing through at long lengths and large widths within the Nyungwe National Park or other
sensitive habitat, if applicable is one of the mitigation measures considered to avoid impacting
sensitive receptors. This alternative also applies to the selected roads passing through grouped
settlements or centers. The encroachment to protected areas and wetlands, though converted
into agriculture, are also avoided or minimized through changing alignments or limiting road
works within the existing carriageway.
8.3.2 Project siting
Different sites to be used in the project implementation were identified based on their potential
as source of construction materials (Laterite soil, Sand, Stones etc.). Therefore, they do not have
alternative siting considerations except for exploitation techniques. Other sites (camp sites,
quarry, crushing and asphalt making, dump sites) were however sited based on suitability in
meeting certain criterion considered during design to take care of the environmental and social
issues likely to happen following the use of those sites.
8.3.3 Preference of hillside cut over valley side cut
There exist some road alignments passing close to lowlands (valley/ swamp) and their
rehabilitation may be done in either side of the road, while some road sections are passing
through hilly areas. In such cases, the rehabilitation of the road is better done on the hillside
as valley side filling involves construction difficulties and is more expensive.
8.3.4 Design alternatives
The planning and exploitation techniques have been chosen in consideration of environmental
requirements necessary to avoid damages that may follow the site exploitation. The design
engineer and the project economist have taken due exceptions to provide an economic and safe
design that is also in line with projected budgetary allocation.
8.3.5 Alternative roads
According to the field surveys and stakeholder consultations it was noted that no alternative route
is preferred to the existing proposed feeder road purpose. However, contractor designer team
followed existing road centerline and made a slight realignment in residential/ commercials area
and utilities infrastructures interference to avoid excessive displacement of people as well as
utilities damage wherever possible.
8.3.6 Construction material and exploitation techniques
The proposed road project will be constructed using locally and internationally accepted materials
to achieve public health, safety, security and environmental aesthetic requirements. Equipment
that saves energy and water will be given first priority without compromising on cost or availability
factors. The road surfaces substructure and road infrastructure will be made using locally sourced
materials that meet Standards requirements.
167
Exploitation techniques mainly involve either use of heavy machinery, labor intensive methods or
a mix of both through engaging the services of competent contractors. The decision on the
methods of construction will be made by the contractor, subject approval by the supervision
consultant.
Labor intensive approach alone will have certain limitations especially inability to excavate,
inability to fill up road elevation and achieve specified compaction and slow progress. From a
positive perspective labor intensive techniques are environmentally friendly compared to the use
of heavy machinery however using modern heavy machinery has higher economic return since
the speed and quality of construction is highly enhanced and may be favored more than labor
intensive methods for the speedy implementation of the project. Construction equipment and
machineries should be incorporated with pollution control devices like dust
arrestors/precipitators, emission control and noise abatement devices.
8.3.7 Preference of local labor over imported labor
Most building works are highly labor-intensive in nature. The use of local labor force over
imported labor is important to increase local employment opportunities and ownership of
project activities as well as limit the dissemination of communicable diseases. The awareness
campaign on communicable diseases prevention for workers should be prioritized.
8.4 Analysis/Evaluation of project Alternatives
By analyzing both scenarios, With Project Alternative and “Do Nothing”/Without Project
Alternative; the without project Alternative has been rejected, and with Project alternative is
adopted.
This “Without Project Alternative” decision is not favorable since the proposed feeder roads
development project in Nyaruguru District aimed at enhancing transportation of agricultural
products to the market, providing of cheaper, safer, fast and lower transport cost among other
benefit, all of them will not be achieved if the proposed indicative feeder roads are not upgraded
and rehabilitated.
The “With Project Alternative” adoption decision is based on its socio-economic benefits and the
alternative measures that will be developed to avoid, minimize and mitigate any active and
residual environmental and social impacts from the project implementation. Therefore, the
benefits from the adopted alternative outweigh and selected from the without project alternative.
In some sections of the roads where potential negative impacts are higher, the project is limiting
the road width to minimize the risks while maximizing potential benefits of the road rehabilitation.
168
9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.1 General Considerations
A principal Nyaruguru District Feeder Road Project goal is to achieve an appropriate balance in the
environmental and social management during implementation of the project along the indicative
alignment and its immediate surroundings. It is achieved through avoidance, minimize or
mitigation of potential impacts associated with the Project, and enhancement of Project benefits.
Towards this goal, a sound environmental and social management is recommended.
In order to be effective, a sound environmental and social management plan must be utilized
adequately considering all anticipated impacts and shall fully integrated with overall project
management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level of quality
control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and functions
efficiently throughout its life. Appropriate road alignment and design issues need to be addressed
as well as specific construction related activities, and issues like waste management, safety risk
management, construction labour, and resettlement and compensation management prior to
implementation of an environmental management and monitoring plan. A draft Environmental
and Social Management Plan is presented in the Table 7-1 above. Some of the identified
management issues are sectoral in nature, requiring outside participation of other Government
authorities or the private sector.
Most of the project environmental and social management activities will be carried out during the
construction phase, since this is when most impacts can be expected to arise. Management will
very largely be concerned with controlling impacts which may result from the actions of the
Contractor, through enforcement of the construction contract clauses related to protection of the
environment and social and safety risk management as a whole and of the components within it.
In this respect, it is important to recognize that successful mitigation of construction impacts can
only be achieved if the environmental and social management measures, as set out in the
construction contract, are properly enforced.
The Contractor will utilize the already identified information (Table 7-1) and update it to develop
a Contractor Environmental and Social Management plan (CESMP). Below an indicative guideline
is stated for the preparation of CESMP and specific Management Strategy Implementation Plans
(sub management plans) aligned with this ESIA. These instruments will be prepared by the
Contractor to be use as a tool for the contractor to manage any environmental, social and safety
(EHS) risks management anticipated during construction period and for the proponent to review
and supervise the efficiency of the contractor on the management of EHS risks.
9.2 CESMP and Management Strategy Implementation Plans preparation
In Addition to the above mitigation measures for different impacts from the project activities, the
Contractor will prepare the Contractor Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) and
other key Management Strategy and Implementation Plans (MSIPs) to ensure that all impacts are
mitigated at high possible level.
169
The Key Management Strategy and Implementation Plans (MSIPs) to be prepared and
operationalized during project implementation include but not limited to the followings:
 Code of Conduct.
 Boundary marking and protection strategy (Quarries, borrow pits and dumping sites to be
captured).
 Strategy for obtaining Consents/Permits.
 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) & Community health management plan.
 Gender Based Violence, Sexual exploitation and abuse, Sexual Harassment and Violence
against Children (GBV, SEA/SH/ VAC) and Labor Influx prevention and response action plan,
(PRAP).
 Traffic management plan.
 Water resources protection & Storm water management plans.
 Emergency Procedures and Contingency Plan& Incident Notification procedure.
 Dumping site Management and Rehabilitation plan.
 Quarry/Borrow Site Management and Restoration/Rehabilitation plan.
 Contractor Camp Management Plan
 Blasting Management Plan.
 Wastes, Dumping sites Management and Rehabilitation plan.
 Prepare a spills management plan for bitumen and oils/fuel to ensure its safe transport,
storage, use and leakage control.
The CESMP to be prepared and the associated management strategy and implementation plans
(MSIPs) will go into details of what need to be done to properly manage any impacts that might
rise during roads rehabilitation and upgrading activities. Some MSIPs go even beyond the roads
rehabilitation/construction period and focus on rehabilitation of different sites like quarry, borrow
pits and dumping sites hen the project will be at the end.
Note that, the mentioned C-ESMP document and associated MSIPs should be approved by
consultant before its uses, and will be updated every six months by the contractor to capture any
change that might be experienced during the project implementation period.
170
10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN

10.1 General Considerations
The environmental and social monitoring program is a vital tool and process in relation to
environmental and social management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions
regarding impact control. In this feeder roads development project, the environmental and social
monitoring plan will help to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures for identified impacts
and risks; are being implemented effectively to fix the issues they have been designed for. The
monitoring programme for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following
objectives:
 to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been
adopted, and are proving effective in practice,
 to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of
preparation of the ESIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a
basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures, and
 to provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the
effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback
mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects.
There are two basic forms of monitoring:
 Compliance monitoring, which checks whether prescribed actions have been carried out,
usually by means of inspection or enquiries.
 Effects monitoring, which records the consequences of activities on one or more
environmental components, and usually involves physical measurement of selected
parameters or the execution of surveys to establish the nature and extent of induced
changes.
Compliance monitoring is usually given more emphasis in the case of road projects than is effects
monitoring. This is because most impact controls take the form of measures incorporated in
project designs and contract documents, and the extent to which recommendations on these
matters, as set out in the ESIA, are complied with, plays a major part in determining the overall
environmental performance of the project.
Environmental monitoring during the construction phase will comprise two principal groups of
activities:
 review of the Contractor’s plans, method statements, temporary works designs, and
arrangements relating to obtaining necessary approvals from the Engineer, so as to ensure
that environmental protection measures specified in the contract documents are adopted,
and that the Contractor’s proposals provide an acceptable level of impact control, and
 systematic observation on a day-to-day basis of all site activities and the Contractor’s
offsite facilities including quarry and borrow areas, as a check that the contract
171
requirements relating to environmental matters are in fact being complied with, and that
no impacts foreseen and unforeseen are occurring.
These activities will be fully integrated with other construction supervision and monitoring
activities carried out by the construction supervision consultant. Primary responsibility for
ensuring that an adequate level of environmental and social monitoring is carried out will lie with
the Resident Engineer (RE), as part of his duties connected with general site supervision. Actual
monitoring on a day-to-day basis will be carried out by the site staff from the construction
supervision consultant, under the direction of the RE.
The majority of monitoring will comprise visual observations, carried out at the same time as the
engineering monitoring activities. Site inspections will take place with emphasis on early
identification of any environmental problems and the initiation of suitable remedial action. Where
remedial actions have been required on the part of the Contractor, further checks will need to be
made to ensure that these are actually being implemented to the agreed schedule and in the
required form. Each part of the site where construction is taking place needs to be formally
inspected from an environmental social management viewpoint on a regular basis.
The RE will decide on the appropriate course of action to be taken in cases where unsatisfactory
reports are received from his field staff regarding environmental matters. In the case of relatively
minor matters, advice to the Contractor on the need for remedial action may suffice, but in all
serious cases, the RE should either recommend an appropriate course of action to the Engineer,
or should issue a formal instruction to the Contractor to take remedial action, depending on the
extent of his delegated powers.
Check monitoring will be carried out on an intermittent basis by the Environmental Specialist.
RTDA’s should participate in visits as required. Monthly reports prepared by the RE should contain
a brief section referring to environmental and social matters, which summarizes the results of site
monitoring, remedial actions which have been initiated, and whether or not the resultant action
is having the desired result. The report will also identify any unforeseen environmental and social
risk and problems and will recommend suitable additional actions. Progress meetings with the
Contractor will also include a review of environmental aspects.
In addition to visual observation, it is particularly important that monitoring should also include
limited informal questioning of people and local community leaders who live near to and use the
project road, since they may be aware of matters which are unsatisfactory, but which may not be
readily apparent or recognized during normal site inspection visits. The environmental and social
monitoring cost is estimated as 16,100,000 RWF (including contingencies 10%). The most critical
parameters to be monitored are listed below and the summary of Environmental and Social
Monitoring Plan indicated in Table 61 below.
 Behaviors control
 Security control around project sites (Quarries, borrow pits and campsites)
 Occupational health and safety (OHS) for the labors and communities
 Violence related to the project (GBV, SEA, VAC, SH)
172
 Road safety and traffic control

 Water Quality,
 Air Quality
 Noise level
 Accident occurrence and frequency
 Soil conservation and Reforestation
 Project Capacity building
10.2 Reporting
Progress Reports should be prepared which summarize the results of all monitoring. The reports
will give monitoring data in a standard format. Reports should emphasize any significant violations
of contract provisions by the contractor or any failure to implement requirements of the RAP. Any
significant incidents of environmental contamination should be summarized, along with actions
taken to mitigate these and to prevent reoccurrence. Progress Reports should be submitted to
Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Transport, RTDA, World Bank and other relevant institutions
periodically during construction.
173
Table 10-1: Environnemental and Social Monitoring Plan

Adverse Impact Parameter to be Indicator Methods Frequency Responsibility Cost
Monitored Estimates
(RWF)
Loss of properties Compensation for Lists of PAPs & Site visits for Continuous District 950,000
(houses, and other lost assets their affected meeting with PAPs authorities,
properties, etc.) assets, Lists of and crosschecking RTDA/FRDP,
paid PAP at the Banks Social safeguards
Specialist
Misconduct of Behaviors control, Signed code of Inspection Continuous Contractor, 500,000
workers which conduct by District,
would cause workers, Consultant, RTDA
environmental and
social impacts
Grievances raised Complaints raised number of Meetings, site visits As and when Contractor, 250, 000
by affected families by PAP complaints required District, Local
recorded communities,
GRCs
Different form of (GBV, SEA/SH/ VAC) Awareness Review the report Continuous Contractor, 2,000,000
violence campaign against of the service District,
violence provider on Consultant,
violence RTDA, Service
provider, RNP-
Isange OSC
Different form of Level of dust and air Number of test Hand-held Whenever Contractor, 500,000
pollutions (Air, pollutants recorded monitoring meter required and District,
Noise and Water emissions upon complaints Consultant,
174
Pollutions) Noise level Number of test hand-held Whenever RTDA, 500,000

recorded monitoring meter required and
upon complaints
Water quality (DO, Nutrient and Bi-annually during Once every wet 1,100,000
Ca, Mg, TSS, sediments load wet seasons season
Turbidity, Coli form
Count
Soil Pollution Soil Chemical Soil nutrient loads Soil sampling and As and when FRDP 600,000
properties, laboratory analysis required
Loss of trees Tree species along Number / area of Field observations Once in a month FRDP 8,100,000
roads and other planted trees for 3 years Environmentalist,
identified areas District, PAPs
Safety hazards safety at the site Incidences, Review and Continuous RTDA/ FRDP 2,750,000
accidents, disease evaluation of District
incidences,
accidents register,
diseases record
Accidents Accident and Review of police Continuous National Police, 800,000
frequency incident records records on roads District,
at site accidents RTDA/FRDP
175
Impacts on Encroachment of Unnecessary Number of Continuous Nyungwe 50,000

Biodiversity construction presence of grievances, results National Park
activities onto the contractors or of monitoring authorities, FRDP
park and wetlands construction environmentalist
activities within
the boundaries of
sensitive
habitats.;
damage,
including
pollution,
removal of trees,
impacts on
wildlife.
GBV, SEA/SH risk Training, Number of events List of attendees, Continuous Contractor, 1,000,000
management Consultation and conducted training material District,
awareness creation Consultant, RTDA
workshop
Insecurity around Incidents and Signboard, Site visit, Continuous Contractor, 4,000,000
projects sites accidents around Warning tapes incidences, District,
project sites and guards accidents register, Consultant, RTDA
(Quarries, borrow present on sites
pits and campsites)
Loss of trees Tree species along Number / area of Field observations Once in a month FRDP 8,100,000
roads and other planted trees for 3 years Environmentalist,
identified areas District, PAPs
176
Low capacity of Capacity/skills in training reports, Training of District Twice a Year RTDA/ FRDP, 750,000
beneficiaries in the environmental and number of trained Environmental MINALOC,
implementation of social management staff Officers and other District
safeguards officers involved in
environmental and
social management
Total 23,600,000
Contingency (10%) 2,360,000
Total 25,960,000
The Contractors and Supervising Consultants should consider using hand held, portable monitoring meters to measure and monitor air quality
(dust, SOx, NOx, HC, etc.), noise levels, and water quality (DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, pH, turbidity, etc.) for compliance to the tolerable limits as
described in the above table. The data on these parameters should be taken before civil works to serve as baseline data.
This would allow the supervision engineer to get the contractor take immediate remedial actions for monitoring purposes or handling complaints
that would be raised by stakeholders.
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11 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS

Grievance redress mechanisms will be required to ensure that project affected people (PAPs) are
able to raise complaints or concerns, without cost, and with the assurance of a timely and
satisfactory resolution of the issue. The procedures also ensure that the entitlements are
effectively transferred to the intended beneficiaries. All stakeholders will be informed of the
intention to implement the grievance mechanism, and the procedure will be communicated
before the starting of civil works.
a) Established procedures for Grievance redress mechanism: The Grievance redress
mechanism is one of the strategies that are put in place to monitor and resolve complaints
that may arise during or after the Project implementation by the affected people but those
committees are limited to handle GBV,SEA/SH cases they can only report to the competent
service providers who have the signed MoU with the contactor or Isange One Stop Center ;
this means that the service provider will be responsible of doing awareness campaign,
sensitization and giving trainings program to GRCs to be able to handle sensitive cases of
GBV,SEA/SH smoothly and easily , it should be noted that sensitive cases will not be recorded
in the grievance logbook it should be kept confidential ; therefore after recruitment of
workers the GRC will be established separate from the one of PAPs already established to
ensure grievances are addressed and resolved to avoid escalated conflicts among workers .
In addition, the sensitization meetings for workers and PAPs will be part and parcel of the
grievance redress mechanism.
b) GBV, SEA, SH, VAC PREVENTION: For effective prevention of adverse socio effect that could
arise from the selected Feeder Road Project due to misbehavior of employees in the project
area, sufficient mitigation measures and actions have been defined to address any sexual
harassment(SH), gender based violence(GBV)and Sexual exploitation abuse(SEA) or acts that
could arise during the Project implementation. Contractor will prevent and report in case
previous abuse happen and it will be done with confidentiality. Contractor plan to
collaborate with local authorized NGO in order to achieve the targeted project execution
without any case related to sexual harassment, violence against children, etc.
c) Services provider (NGO): The Service Provider is a local organization which has the
experience and ability to support survivors of GBV, SEA, SH or VAC. Contractor together with
the client and consultant (MEANS JV STECOL CORPORATION- HORIZON CONSTRUCTION as
contractor, RTDA and NYARUGURU DISTRICT as client AND MARISWE&ASTRIC as consultant
has established a working relationship with the Service Provider, so that SEA and VAC cases
can safely be referred to them. The Service Provider will also provide support and guidance
to the GBV, SEA and VAC Focal Points as necessary. where the contractor will hire a
competent services provider and have a signed MoU with nearby health center to provide
services related with SEA, ESH, GBV and VAC and client will pay the cost through the invoice
approved by consultant and the Social safe guard staff for both side will be responsible to
do the monitoring.
178
Contractor and sub-contractor’s employees will be encouraged to report suspected or actual

SEA, VAC and Sexual Harassment cases. Managers will have to report suspected or actual
SEA, SH and/or VAC cases as they have responsibilities to uphold company commitments
and they hold their direct reports accountable for complying with the Individual Code of
Conduct.
Contractor will provide information to employees and the community on how to report
cases of GBV, SEA and VAC Code of Conduct breaches through the Grievance Redress
Committees and the Isange One Stop Center (IOSC). The PCT will follow up on cases of GBV,
SEA, VAC and Code of Conduct breaches reported through the GRM of the project.
Max. 4 weeks Grievance committee at Cell level
- President
Sector level
- Vice President
- Village leader
- Women Representative
1 weeks - Cell Executive Secretary
District level - Project representative
- Contractor representative
2 weeks
Court of law
Figure 11-1: The Grievance redresses Mechanism Structure

The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ensures that complaints are received, reviewed and
addressed by the elected Grievance redress committee.
The Grievance committee was elected by the Project affected people during the second
consultation meeting to be held between the District officials, Project representative and the
project affected people. The elected committee is based at the cell level and is made up of at least
8 members. The PAPs select and vote for 3 candidates (President, Vice president and women and
vulnerable representative); the Village leader is selected by the cell executive secretary and the
PAPs, the social and environmental officers from the Contractor, client, and supervising company
are also part of the elected committee.
All grievances concerning non-fulfillment of contracts, levels of compensation, or seizure
of assets without compensation shall be addressed to the subproject GRC and resolved in
coordination with the District Administration. In practice, grievances and disputes that are
most likely during the implementation of a resettlement program are the following:
 Misidentification of assets or mistakes in valuing them.
179
 Disputes over plot limits, either between the affected person and the Project, or between
two neighbors.
 Dispute over the ownership of a given asset (two individuals claim to be the owner of the
same asset).
 Disagreement over the valuation of a plot or other asset.
 Successions, divorces, and other family issues, resulting in disputes between heirs and
other family members, over ownership or ownership shares for a given asset.
 Disagreement over resettlement measures, for instance on the location of the
resettlement site, on the type or standing of the proposed housing, or over the
characteristics of the resettlement plot.
 Disputed ownership of a business (for instance where the owner and the operator are
different persons), which gives rise to conflicts over the compensation sharing
arrangements; and
 Dispute over offsite impacts (for instance, runoff water from the road causing downstream
damages).
d) Grievance resolution approach
It is encouraged to resolve the issues at Cell and Sector levels, as they are so close to the affected
communities, aware of and involved in the whole process. The unsolved grievance at the cell level
can be referred to the sector and the District committee.
The relevant local administration will then attempt to resolve the problem (through dialogue and
negotiation) within 30 days of the complaint being lodged. If the grievance is not resolved in this
way, the dissatisfied party can refer the matter to the competent court. Local courts should be
used. If not resolved, then the high court or court of appeal of Rwanda remains an avenue for
voicing and resolving these complaints.
RTDA will follow up the aggrieved PAP at each level to ensure that the grievances are resolved.
Each sector should identify one PAP to work with RTDA, Contractor, supervising firm and the local
leaders to ensure that the grievances are attended to in time.
The channels of receiving complaints include presentation of complaints via face to face meetings,
written complaints, telephones, email communication, third party (e.g., farmers’ organizations,
Church, private sector, etc).
c) Grievance Log
The GRC (Grievance Redress Committee) will ensure that each complaint has an individual
reference number and is appropriately tracked, and recorded actions are completed. The log will
contain record of the person responsible for an individual complaint, and records dates for the
following events:
 Date the complaint was reported.
180
 Date the Grievance Log was added onto the project database.
 Date information on proposed corrective action sent to complainant (if appropriate).
 The date the complaint was closed out; and
 Date response was sent to complainant.
e) Monitoring Complaints
The District Project team will be responsible for:
 Providing the sub-project GRC reports on a bi-weekly basis detailing the number and status
of complaints.
 Any outstanding issues to be addressed; and
 Monthly reports, including analysis of the type of complaints, levels of complaints, actions
to reduce complaints and initiator of such action. Transport and communication incentives
of grievance committee is estimated at 6,912,000 Rwandan francs
Unit price # GRC members Total
3000 2 18 16 4 6,912,000
A total of 16 GRCs were formed for both Lots.
12 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING COSTS

The estimated budget both for implementaion of environmental and social management and
monitoring plans are estimated at about 235, 210, 250 FrW or about USD* 248,900. Out of
which, 209, 250,250 FrW or USD 221, 428 is estimated for implementaion of environmental and
social management plan and about 25,960,000 FrW or USD 27, 471 is for implemntation of
Environmental and Social Monitoring plan. Other costs for certain items associated with
environmental and social management and monitoring will be an integral part of specific items
incorporated in overall project budget.
* (1 USD= 945 FrW)
181
13 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Considering the positive socio-economic benefits which will accrue as a result of the proposed
feeder roads development project in Nyaruguru District, and considering that the ESIA study has
proposed different mitigation measures for the residual environmental and social impacts of the
mentioned project, it is be concluded that project will bring benefit to the people of the area. The
negative impacts are within the manageable limits and can be mitigated with the proposed
management plans. However, it is also recommended that the implementation of this project
should be in line with the effective mitigation measures developed by the ESIA study.
 The feeder roads are mostly in hilly terrain in the district of Nyaruguru. A detailed design
was done for a total of 69 km of feeder roads, and an Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment study was updated to establish an Environmental and Social Management
Plan.
 Due to the expected cutting from hills terrain in Nyaruguru District, 4.271 km length of
retaining wall and gabions are to be constructed on all selected four feeder roads to
stabilize the roads embankments.
 With the anticipated negative environmental, social, health and safety impacts from roads
upgrading and rehabilitation works, the contractor is committed to develop different
management plan as pact of C-ESMP before civil works to ensure high level of impacts
mitigation.
 The project area is about 160 km from Kigali and may be reached by road via National Road
3 and National Road 5. The integration of these roads with National Roads will help in
economic development of the region. One of the important aims of rehabilitating
Nyaruguru district feeder Roads is to provide access to the rural areas and to improve
quality of life of local community. This will enable to fulfil the goal of vision 2050, EDPRS II
and other development programs to a large extends. Apart of this aim, the feeder road will
help improve social and cultural environment and development of other sectors like
agriculture, commerce and trade. Hence the proposed feeder road rehabilitation will play
an important role in economic growth and reduction of the poverty. Educational, cultural
and health centers will have an easy access thus making improved living standards and
quality life of the people.
 It is estimated that 1,954 trees are likely to be cut for expansion of feeder roads. An
inventory of these trees has been made. It is proposed, to plant a little more than trees
cut; hence 25,680 trees will be planted at suitable locations along the feeder roads. In
addition, trees will be planted on roadside as an environmental enhancement measure
and also to protect the valley side erosion. Ditches will be constructed to protect critical
embankments slopes and tree planting program is also planned. In addition, the borrow
area and quarry sites will also be vegetated to prevent erosion.
 The major positive achievements of feeder road project are:
o The road network in the District with national road linking with other Districts, mainly
Huye, Gisagara, Nyamagabe and Rusizi.
182
o Development of social and cultural environment of not only influence area but also
the surrounding Districts.
o Development will stimulate ancillary projects in agriculture and allied areas which will
improve economic status of the local population.
o More employment of people during construction and operation phases.
o Less travel time to schools, health center and markets.
o Development of potential socio-economic centers, enhancement of rural economy
and improved transport system.
o Skill Transfer and Training.
o Potential to improve drainage, road safety and reduction in greenhouse gases.
Ensure the effective implementation of those mitigation measures, the following
recommendations have been also formulated:
 The project is planning appropriate drainage pattern which will reduce the erosion rate in
the different catchments. The underground utilities such as water pipeline, valve chambers
etc. are likely to be relocated. Income generation of the rural population will be greatly
enhanced through creating new avenues like trade commerce and other small agro
processing industries.
 The environmental and social mitigation measures as stipulated in ESMP shall be
monitored during implementation of the feeder road project. In order to perform
monitoring of ESMP, the construction company shall monitor the plans in the supervision
of the experienced monitoring laboratory or Company.
 The contractor has to prepare different Management Strategy and Implementation Plans
(MSIPs) associated with detailed requirements for the effective implementation of
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), so that the project implementation is
environmental and Social sound.
 The contractor should ensure that the staffs and labors involved in the implementation of
environmental and social mitigation measures have necessary knowledge, skills and ethic
to do so.
 The noise and air quality of the project area is within the permissible limits. With the
increase in traffic the maximum increase in noise level anticipated in the project area will
be about 10 dB (A) as estimated based on field measurements. The change in air quality
will be insignificant. The overall impact on air and noise quality during construction is
limited to site and of short duration and can be mitigated.
 The labor camps shall be established away from the forests and wetlands to avoid the
problem of deforestation and water pollution.
 The availability of monitoring consultant experts in matters of environmental and social
should be ensured to interact with contractor’s staffs whenever need for a smooth
implementation of the project in accordance with environmental and social safeguarding
requirements.
183
 To all parties; contractor, client and consultant; are deemed to ensure that local
communities are involved in the project implementation activities and ensure that they
acquire necessary knowledge and skills on matters of environmental and social
safeguarding for the sake of project sustainability.
 RTDA has designated environmental and social staffs to support and advise the
contractor’s staffs for better handling of environmental and social safeguards matters that
would rise during project implementation.
 The good faith between all parties is a key for the timely and successful implementation of
the environmental and social management plan developed under this study.
 The environmental and social monitoring plan developed under this study needs to be
operationalized with special attention to avoid any gaps that may rise from loss of control
by the responsible party.
 Involve local communities in all stages of project planning and development, ii) Permanent
communication between project initiators and local authorities, iii) All people whose
properties have been affected by the project have to be compensated for their assets,
 First priority should be given to local people for employment of skilled and unskilled
manpower.
 Collaborate with the RDB&REMA in regard to wildlife considerations during all the phases
of the road construction and upgrading so as to develop suitable alternatives and ensure
safety from wildlife attacks and also for conservation issues among other concerns.
 Dumpsites are prohibited in the sensitive habitat for not contaminating the nearby soil and
water environment.
In view of the ESIA/ESMP findings, it could be concluded that the project will bring benefits
to the people of the area. The identified negative impacts can be mitigated with the proposed
Environmental and Social Management Plans. However, for the successful implementation of
planned development activities, the timely implementation of the proposed mitigation measures
is required. Finally, with application of the recommended measures and implementing the
project in an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and economically feasible, the
proposed project could be implemented.
184
14 REFERENCE
Government of Rwanda/Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, 2017.Environmental and
Social Management Framework for Feeder Roads Development Project,
Government of Rwanda/Ministry of Infrastructure, 2017.National Feeder Roads Policy and
Strategy,
Government of Rwanda, 7 Years Government Program: National Strategy for Transformation (NST
1) 2017 – 2024
Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. (INDIA) In Association with ALN Consultants
Ltd (RWANDA), 2016. ESIA&ESMP for Indicative Feeder Roads in Nyaruguru District
World Bank, 1993. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Update
Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Year 44 n° 18 15th September 2005. Organic law n°
08/2005 of 14/07/2005 determining the use and management of Land in Rwanda
Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Year 44 n° 9, 1st May 2005.Organic Law n° 04/2005 of
08/04/2005, determining the modalities of protection, conservation and promotion of
environment in Rwanda
Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Year 45 n° special of 17 October 2006,
Presidential order n° 53/01 of 12/10/2006 determining the structure, the powers and the
functioning of the office of the registrar of land titles.
Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, n° 14, 4th June 2009
Law n°59/2008 of 10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of Gender- Based Violence
Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwandan° 66. Special of 06/09/2018
Law n° 66/2018 of 30/08/2018 regulating labor in Rwanda
World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards Policies,
EYITOPE JOHN AJAYI, 2015.The Review and Update of Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) for the Prioritized 200km of Rural Roads to be Constructed/Rehabilitated under
RAMP-2 in Adamawa State LOT 1, 2 & 3
DS (Dutch Standards), 2000. Circular on Target Values and Intervention Values for Soil
Remediation and Groundwater. Retrieved on March 10, 2008 fromhttp://www.sites
pollues.ecologie.gouv.fr/donneespratiques/paysbas/RIVM/S%20and%20I%20values.pdf
IUCN (The World Conservation Union), 2001. Red List of Threatened Species. Categories & Criteria
(version 3.1). Accessed on May 2007.
Website:http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist2006/redlist2006.htm
Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2004. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands. 2nd Edition
Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.
Tata Energy Research Institute, 1999. Energy Saving in Brick Industry: Brick-by-Brick Approach to
Sustainable Development.” Terivision No. 18. Tata Energy Research Institute.
USAID, 2008. Rwanda Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA), Kigali.
World Bank, 1987. Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries on Java.
World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. UNDP, World Bank.
Walling, D.E. 1980. Water in catchment ecosystem. In: Gower, A.M. (ed.) Water quality in
Ecosystem. John Willy & Sons.
Wilhm, J.J., Cooper and Namminga, H. 1978. Species composition, diversity, biomass and
chlorophyll of periphyton in Freasy Creek, Red Rock Creek and Arkarrasas Creek, Oklahoma.
Hydrobiologia, 57, 17-23.
Nyaruguru District, 2018. District Development Strategy 2018/2019-2023/2024. 123, 61-65, 102-
110.
Nyaruguru District, 2017. Agriculture Status in Nyaruguru District. 14, 1-14
Water for Growth, 2019. Water quality monitoring in Rwanda phase II final report. 67.
NBI, 2005. National Nile Basin Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Report for Rwanda. 76, 32-39.
Andrew J. Plumptre et Al,2002. Biodiversity survey of the Nyungwe Forest Reserve in S.W. 97
REMA, 2019. Rwanda Compendium of environment Statistics. 158, 43-45
186
15 ANNEX
Annex 1: Tolerance Limits for Discharged of Domestic Wastewater
S. No. Parameter Limits Treated Methods of Test

1 TDS mg/l <1500 ISO 6107-2:1989
2 TSS mg/l <50 ISO 11923:1997
3 Ph 5-9 ISO 10523:1994
4 Nitrates mg/l 20 ISO 5663:1984,
ISO 6778:1984,
ISO7890-3:1988
Nitrites mg/l 2 ISO 6777:1984
Total Nitrogen 30 ISO 11905
5 Total phosphorus mg/l 5 ISO 6878:2004
Temperature variation of
Treated water compare to
ambient Temperature of
6 water 0c <3 Thermometer
7 BOD5 mg/l < 50 ISO 5815-2:2003
8 COD mg/l < 250 ISO 6060:1989
9 Faecal Coli forms mg/l 400 ISO 4831:2006
10 Oil and grease mg/l <10 ISO 9377-2:2000
11 Chlorine mg/l <2 ISO 7393
12 Sulphate mg/l 500 ISO 22743
13 Color Pt-Co 200 ISO 7887
Annex 2: Permissible Limits for Industrial Wastewater Discharge
Permissible
S/N Parameter Limit Test Method
1. Temperature increase 0C <3 Thermometer
2. Total suspended solids mg/l 50.0 ISO .11923:1997
3. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 2000.0 ISO 7868:1985
4. Oil and greasemg/l 10 0 ISO 9377-2:2000
187
Permissible
S/N Parameter Limit Test Method
5. BOD5 mg/l (20 0C) 50.0 ISO 5815-2:2003
6. COD mg/l 250 0 ISO 6060:1989
7. Faecal Coli forms MPN/I00ml 400 ISO 4831:2006
8. Ammonia (as N) mg/l 20.0 ISO 6778:1984
9. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 ISO 11969 1996
10. Benzene mg/l 0.1 ISO 11423-2:1997
11. Cadmium mg/l 0.01 ISO 5961:1994
12. Hexavalent Chromium mg/l 0.05 ISO 23913:2006
13. Copper mg/I 3.0 ISO 8288:1986
14. Cyanide mg/l 0.1 ISO 6703-1:1984
15. Iron mg/i 3.5 ISO 6332:1988
16. Lead mg/l 0.1 ISO 8288:1986
17. Mercury mg/l 0.0002 ISO 5666:1999
18. Nickel mg/l 3.0 ISO 8288:1986
19. Phenol mg/l 0.2 ISO 8165-1:1992
20. Sulphide mg/l 1.0 ISO 13358:1997
21. Zinc mg/l 5.0 ISO 8288:1986
22. pH 5-9 ISO 10523:1994
Annex 3: Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits
Land Use
Area Test
Time Residential Methods
weighted Industr Rural & Controll ISO 4221-
S/N Pollutant average ial Area other Area ed area 1980
80µg/
m3 60µg/m 15 µg/m -
Annual
Sulphur oxides Average*2 125 330µg/m
1 (SOx); 4 hours** µg/m3 380µg/m3 3
2 Oxides of Annual 80µg/ 60ug/m3 15µg/m3 -
188
Land Use
Area Test
Time Residential Methods
weighted Industr Rural & Controll ISO 4221-
S/N Pollutant average ial Area other Area ed area 1980
Nitrogen (NOx) Average*8 m3
hours
360µg/
m3 140µg/m3 70µg/m3
Suspended Annual
particulate Average24 500µg/ 100µg/ ISO9835:
3 matter (SPM) Hours m3 200µg/m3 m3 1993
70µg/
Respirable
m3 50µg/m3 50µg/m3
particulate Annual
matters(<10um average 24 150µg/ 100µg/Nm 75µg/N ISO9835;
4 ) (RPM hours Nm3 3 m3 1993
35µg/ ISO9835;
m3 1993
Annual
average 24 75µg/
5 MP2.6 hours m3 - -
Carbon
monoxide 5.0mg/ 1.0mg/ ISO4224:
6 (CO)/ Car 8hours** m3 2.0mg/m3 m3 2000
Annex 4: Noise Exposure Limits
Area Code Category Area Limits in dB (A) Maximum

Day time Nighttime
06:00 –21:00 21:00 –06:00
A Industrial Area 75.0 70.0
B Commercial Area 65.0 55.0
C Residential Area 55.0 45.0
D Silence Zone 50.0 40.0
Source: Rwanda Standards Board RS 236:2014
189
Annex 5: List of Participants in Public Consultation meeting
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
Annex 6: Interim checklist - Review of E&S Implementation in T&I Bank-financed Works

Contracts
Project Name
Project Number
Country
Contract Name
Contract Duration and completion date
Implementing Agency
Review Date
Current Status (Please elaborate

No Measure
rather than a “Yes/No”- approach)
Contractual Arrangements on site
Is there a full-time Employer’s Representative (ER)

1
on site at all times? If not frequency of visits?
2 Years of experience of the ER?
3 Name of Supervision Consulting Firm (SC)
Does SC TOR require oversight over ESMP, RAP,
4
HIV/AIDS awareness implementation?
If yes, to the above, does the SC contract provide
5.
sufficient resources?
If yes, to the above, does the works contract provide
6. sufficient resources to implement all activities? Are
they provisional sums or budgeted activities?
7 Name of SC Team Leader the Resident Engineer - RE)
8 Years of experience of RE
Does the Employer have an Environmental Unit – if
9 yes, how many full-time technical staff are
employed?
Does the Employer have a Social Unit – if yes, how
10
many full-time technical staff are employed
Contract Reports and Instruments
197
Does the Bank receive Monthly Progress Reports

11
from the RE on schedule?
ESMP in place, and cleared, being implemented and
documented in the MPRs? Provide dates of
12
submission and clearance and any sequencing of
works to accommodate clearance process.
Is the ESMP an integral part of the contractor’s
13
contract with clear activities and costs?
RAP or ARAP, if required, completed and RAP or
ARAP completion Report cleared? Provide dates of
14
submission and clearance and any sequencing of
works to accommodate clearance process.
Is there any additional expropriation which will
15
require a RAP amendment?
Contractor’s Health and Safety Management Plan in
16 place and approved by ER, and implementation
documented in the MPR?
Any Citizen engagement activities under
17
implementation?
Any Gender-based activities and/or data collection
18
in place
Contractor’s Traffic Management Plan in place,
19
cleared by RE, and being implemented?
HIV/AIDS Awareness/STI mitigation measures in
20
place?
Who is HIV/AIDS service provider? Are they
21
registered with the National Aids Commission?
Site arrangements
22 Grievance Redress System in place?

Contractor/Cs/ER combined Meetings with affected
23
communities undertaken and how regularly?
Number of contractor’s staff provided with site
24
accommodation.
Distance of contractor’s base camp vis-à-vis towns,
25
villages, centers of population and environmentally
198
sensitive areas.
Percentage of staff recruited from the Project
26
Impact Area vs. brought from outside.
Condition of site accommodation and amenities
27
provided.
Do out-of-area workers receive any allowances
28 additional to their salary/wages? If so, please
describe.
Wages paid to casual and permanent works and
29
their compliance with local labor laws.
Compliance with local working hours and site safety
30
laws for contractor’s workers.
Are Contractor’s staff wearing issued personal
31
protection equipment?
Emergency contact numbers for Contractor/ ER
32
shown in conspicuous place?
Annex 7: RoW of selected feeder roads
Road Name Feeder National Wetland PK Remarks

Road park
ID
Munini-Kanama- FR3 Giswi The road is very far from the
Gatunda-Remera Park and crossed wetland is
dominated with seasonal food
crops
Giswi-Rugogwe- FR4 Nyungwe Giswi 00+000 The road is far from Nyungwe
Kabere-Nshili Tea National Park. The wetland is
factory –kabere dominated with seasonal food
(Ruheru) crops (maize,
beans, etc)
Rukore-Bigugu- FR6 Agatobw 5+600 The road is very far from the
Nyabimata e Nyungwe National Park and
crossed wetlands that were
converted into agriculture
Huye-Rusenge- FR10 4+500 The road is very far from the
Ngera-Nyagisozi Nyungwe National Park and
crossed wetlands that were
converted into agriculture
199
RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Resettlement Action Plan for selected feeder roads in the District
of Nyaruguru, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498
Annex 8: Number of Socio economic and Infrastructure along the Selected Feeder Road
200

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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

RWANDA TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (RTDA)

UPDATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT

NYARUGURU DISTRICT, 69Km, (2 Lots)

4.9.17 Social services and prevention of communicable diseases ............................................................................... 94

8.2 “DO NOTHING”/WITHOUT PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................................... 165

TABLE 6-3: VEHICLES EMISSION FACTORS................................................................................................................................... 126

PHOTO 3-1 : TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF STARTING POINT OF FR3 ........................................................................................................... 40

OHS : Occupational Health and Safety

Figure 1-1: Location of Nyaruguru District in Rwanda

policies and guideline.

2 LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.3 Policy Framework for Rwanda

aims at the following:

transport infrastructure in particular.

Table 2-1 : Environmental law articles and statement

warrant a certificate, approve or authorize the commencement of a project mentioned in the

control of environmental impacts caused by socio-economic development. The “General

Figure 2-1: EIA Procedure in Rwanda3

No Institution / Agency Key interests and responsibilities for feeder roads

No Institution / Agency Key interests and responsibilities for feeder roads

No Institution / Agency Key interests and responsibilities for feeder roads

17 Supervision Firm Supervising the proper implementation of site specific ESMP

more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people and

“C” No EIA or other analysis is required. Category C projects result in negligible or

including adjacent or downstream critical natural habitats.

3.3 Roads Status in the project area

3.4 Project Details

FR3 Munini-Kanama-Gatunda-Remera Nyarure

Feeder roads ID Feeder Roads Name Sectors Cell

FR10 Huye- Rusenge- Ngera-Nyagisozi Bunge

3.4.3 Brief Description on Feeder Roads

Figure 3-2: Administrative map of all priority selected feeder roads

with seasonal food crops.

Photo 3-1 : Typical example of Starting Point of FR3

Photo 3-2: Typical Giswi River closer to the roads FR3

ii) Giswi-Rugogwe-Kabere-Nshili Tea Factory-Kabere (Ruheru) (NRFR4)

Figure 3-5: Location of Rukore- Bigugu- Nyabimata (FR6)

Photo 3-3: End Location of Rukore- Bigugu- Nyabimata (FR6)

iv) Huye- Rusenge- Ngera- Nyagisozi (NRFR10)

side filling involve construction difficulties and must be more expensive.

Photo 3-4: Starting Point of the FR10

Photo 3-5: Agatobwe River closer to the roads FR10

Source: Feasibility Study report, June 2016

Source: Field Survey

S. No. Description Unit Value

Figure 3-7: Design of the road section

3.7 Project Ancillary activities

Sr. Quarry Coordinates Site Location

No identified Borrow Borrow pits Location GP Coordinates

S/N Location Remarks Sector Cell

Feeder Required construction material from Excess cut material from

FR10 63,964 18,980 75,919 106,129

3.7.5 Access roads to project’s ancillary facilities

Table 3-11: Status of access roads to ancillary facilities

Feeder Type of Borrow pits Access road description

Uwinteko Center/Village New road access is to be constructed

4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT/BASELINE DATA

 Identification of environmentally significant factors or geographical areas that could

Project Likely Impacts Baseline Data Review

-Description of current status of

4.2 Study Area