Nama : Fuad

NPM : 20071012

DIALECTOLOGY OF DISTRICT AND CITY IN BANGKALAN

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

A. Background of study
Indonesian is a unified language that unites various languages in the archipelago.
Every language has different characteristics, but languages also have many characteristics
that are almost similar but not the same. The nature of language is a special skill that is
complex, develops in humans spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction,
is used without understanding the underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in everyone, and
differs from other skills of a more general nature in that process information or behave
intelligently (Brown, 1960: 6).
According to Salzner in his book Aprachenatlas des Indopazifischen Raumes
(Wiesbaden, 1960), the Madurese language is allied with the Austronesian languages, which
also include the languages of Madagascar, Formosa, the Philippines, Java, Nusa Tenggara,
Maluku, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sundanese, and Malay in Indonesia. Malacca. Like the
languages in the area, Madura is also divided into various dialects. However, only four
dialects are allowed, namely: Bangkalan dialect, Pamekasan dialect, Sumenep dialect and
Kangean dialect.
In several previous studies it was found that there were many variations in the use of
the Madurese language in several sub-districts. This is indicated by the emergence of several
Bangkalan dialects of the Madurese language in each sub-district. Based on this, we
conducted research on dialectology of the Madurese language in every sub-district in
Bangkalan Regency. The samples used were Arosbaya District and Geger District. The first
reason is because this area has various language variations in terms of dialectological
differences in the use of the Madurese language, especially in Bangkalan Regency and the
second is because Arosbaya District and Geger District are located in geographically different
areas, namely Arosbaya District is located in a coastal area while Geger District is in a
mountainous area. . The purpose of this study was to analyze the use of the Madurese
Bangkalan dialect in Bangkalan District, namely in Arosbaya District and Geger District. So
that dialects can be obtained using the Madurese language in Bangkalan Regency. The
language dialects were analyzed in terms of phonological differences, vocal variants,
morphological differences, syntactic differences, and dialect semantic differences in each of
these districts.
The term dialectology comes from the word dialect and the word logic. The word
dialect comes from the Greek dialectos. The word dialectos is used to refer to the state of
language in the Greeks which showed slight differences in the language they used. The word
logic comes from the Greek logos, which means 'knowledge'. The combination of these two
words and their meanings conveys the notion of dialectology as a science that studies only
one dialect of a language and can also study dialects in a language. Dialectology is a branch
of linguistics that studies language variations by treating them with a complete structure
(Kridalaksana, 2001: 42). Dialectology also studies language variation in all its aspects
(Keraf, 1984: 143). Trudgill (1985: 17) states that dialect refers to the differences between
different languages with different vocabulary, grammar and also pronunciation.
Dialect is a variation of language or variety of languages based on geographical
factors. Adisumarto (1992: 23) suggests that the term dialect comes from Greek, namely
dialectos. This dialect or dialectal variation can be defined as a variation of language based
on the user, in other words a dialect is the language that is commonly used by the user
depending on who the user is, where the user is from. Chaer and Leonie (2004: 63) state that
a dialect is a variation of language from a group of speakers whose numbers are large
relatively, which is in one particular place, region, or area. According to Kridalaksana (2001:
42) suggests that dialect is a variation of language that varies according to the user; language
variation used by a group of linguists in a certain place (regional dialect), or a certain group
of linguists (social dialect), or by a group of linguists who live in a certain time (temporal
dialect). Nababan (1991: 4) suggests that idiolects that show more similarities with other
idiolects can be classified into a group of categories called dialects.

B. Statement Of Problem
a. Geographical factors, namely in which area the language is used as a regional language
(regional variety).
b. Societal factors, namely which socioeconomic group uses that language as the language of
the group (social variety).
c. Factors of the language situation, this includes: participants (speakers, listeners, other
people), place of language (at home, at school, at the assembly hall and so on), topics
discussed, language pathways (oral, written, telegram, and so on). etc). This is called
situational language (functional variety).
d. The time factor, that is everywhere (a period of time in the history of a language) the
language is used as the language of the era (temporal or chronological variety).

C. Objective Of The Study

a. Variety of Dialects
The variety of languages related to the area where the speakers live (geographical factors) is
called a dialect. Dialect differences exist in all aspects of language, namely phonology,
spelling and pronunciation, morphology and syntax, vocabulary and proverbs (idioms) and
also in pragmatics (language use).
b. Variety of Sociolects
The variety of languages related to the social class of its speakers is called a sociolect. For
example, the upper class sociolect (wealthy and wealthy people), and the middle class (which
consists partly of educated people).
Range of Functionolects
The third group of language varieties relates to the situation of the language, the actors and
the language as well as the topics and routes (written, spoken, and so on) of the language.
Nababan argues that Martin Joss, an American linguist who studies English use a lot, divides
this functional variety into five sub-styles, namely frozen variety, formal variety, business
variety (consultative), relaxed variety (casual) and familiar variety. (intimates).
Chronolek Variety
The varieties of language which correspond to changes in language over time are called
chronolects.

D. Significance of the study

1. Increase the reader's knowledge when reading this article about Dialectology, especially
for people who are interested in the topic of language differences.
2. Helping readers to recognize and understand what is meant by Madurese dialectology
3. Hopefully this research can be a good reference for those who need it in the future
 E. Scope and Limitations
1. The scope of this research is sound recording and interview strategy
2. The limitation of this research is that it is difficult for Bangkalan Madurese to be
interviewed

F. Definition of Key Terms

The main characteristics of dialects are differences in unity and unity in differences
(Meilet 1967:70) cited by Ayatrohaedi (1979:2). Another feature is: a dialect is a set of
different local speech forms, which have common features and each is more similar to each
other than other speech forms of the same language, and dialects do not necessarily take all
the speech forms of a language.
In addition, Adisumarto (1992: 19) a feature of dialect is that speakers of the same
language dialects still understand each other. If the dialects are not mutually understood by
their speakers, then the dialects become independent languages, theoretically if two speakers
from two different social groups can communicate well even though each uses their own
system.

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A.THEORIS
The phonological differences in question involve phonetic differences or differences
phonology. Phonological differences in the form of sound correspondence can be classified
into: perfect correspondence and differences in the form of imperfect correspondence,
according to the sound correspondence level criteria. Furthermore, phonological differences
can also be grouped into 4 groups, namely differences in the form of vocal correspondences,
vowel variations, consonant correspondences and consonant variations, such as the division
into types of sound changes.
1) Correspondence of Vowels and Consonants
The correspondence of vowels and consonants in the Javanese language of Semarang
Regency which was found by Zulaeha (2003) is as follows.

a) Vocal Correspondence
Decreasing vowel sounds in closed syllables, such as:
BJS BJKS /gӘtih/ /gӘteh/ /pӘrih/ /pӘreh/

b) Replacement consonant correspondence in the final syllable

BJS BJKS
/kuluban/ /kuban//kubaμ/ c) Disappearance, namely:
MEANING OF 'blood' 'grief'
meaning
"leaf (long bean)"
Elimination of consonants in initial syllables, such as: BJS BJKS meaning
/wudӘl/ /udӘl/ 'navel'
The loss of tribes with weak pressure, such as: BJS BJKS meaning
/mburitan/ /mbitan/ 'back yard'
Adding a consonant to the initial or middle syllable, such as: BJS BJKS meaning
/dalu/ /ndalu/ 'night'

2) Vocal Variations
Vowel variations as a differentiator of the Brebes Javanese dialect (BJB) from Standard
Javanese
(BJS) found (Sasangka, 1999) in the form of vowel variations and consonant variations. The
vocal variations in BJB are as follows.
BJS BJB meaning
[tail] [tail]
The consonant variations in Brebes Javanese are as follows.
BJS BJB meaning
[manU] [manu?] 'bird' b. Morphological Differences
This difference can involve aspects of affixation, reduplication, composition (compounding)
and morphophonemic. Differences in aspects of affixation, for example differences in the
form of affixes which express causative, benefactive meanings that exist between Javanese
speakers in the Central Java and West Java regions. The difference is in the aspect of
affixation.
Differences in the aspect of reduplication, such as the different types of reduplication used to
form nouns from the precategorical basic forms found in modern Sundanese. The difference
in the fortofolemic aspect concerns the difference in realizing an affix which expresses the
same meaning.
c. Syntax Difference
Syntactic differences concern differences in the structure of clauses or phrases used for
express the same meaning, such as different phrase constructions that express ownership.
d. Lexicon Distinction
There is a difference in the lexicon, if the lexeme is used to realize something
the same meaning is not derived from a prelingual etymone.
BJS
Wulu bat [wulu kal‫ב‬μ]
BJKS Gloss
wulu bats 'hair on the neck' wulu [ wulu]
The difference in the lexicon occurs because of the different point of view between one
speaker and another.
e. Semantic Differences
These differences still have a connection between the meanings used in the regions
certain observations with meanings used next to other observations. The difference occurs
because of giving different meanings to the same symbol or because of giving more than one
concept to the same symbol (Ayatrohaedi, 1979: 43).
a. Anake Wage lanang apa wadon?
b. Anake Wage lanang apa wadon?
"Anak wage laki laki atau perempuan?"
This difference leads to homonymous meaning relations, namely the similarity of the name of
the word wadhone in the different concepts of 'Perempuan' and 'Istri', the word lanang in the
different concepts of 'Laki laki' and 'Suami'.

CHAPTER III

A. RESEARCH DESIGN
The data used in this research is data obtained in the form of "conversational"
sentences and not in the form of numbers, so it is called qualitative research. Other reasons
which state that this research is a type of qualitative research are: 1) Presentation of the
results of this research in the form of a description of the object, 2) Collection of data with a
natural background, 3) Researchers as the main instrument (Suharsimi, 2010: 20).
 The data in this study are the utterances of the Bangkalan Madurese dialect
which are still in the form of raw data. This means that the data obtained from informants is
still in the form of oral. So that the raw data is then transcribed in written form in the form of
words and sentences. Sources of data or informants from this study were the speeches of
native people from the Arosbaya and Geger sub-districts. There were eight informants tapped
in this dialectology study, divided into six people from Arosbaya sub-district and two people
from Geger sub-district, each of whom was a native of the sub-district. The age of the
informants chosen by the researchers ranged from 30 years to 68 years. Even though the age
of the informants was less or more than the required age, the informants used by the
researchers had mastered their own dialect and language and had not yet reached the stage of
senility so that they could provide maximum data. As for their education, most of the
research informants only had junior high school and elementary school education. However,
there was also an informant who had a tertiary education, but he was very fluent and
mastered the local dialect besides mastering other languages. As for the origin of the
informants selected by the researchers as a whole are the natives of the area studied.
This research is a type of descriptive qualitative research, which becomes the
research instrument or tool is the researcher himself. Therefore, researchers as instruments
are also validated to what extent qualitative researchers are ready to carry out research that
will then go into the field. Validation of the researcher as an instrument includes validation of
the understanding of qualitative research methods, mastery of insight into the field studied,
readiness researchers to enter the object of research, both academically and logistically. the
researcher is a key instrument in qualitative research assisted by a recording device/recorder.
Data collection techniques in this study used the see method. Because the
method used to obtain data is done by listening to the use of language. This method has a
basic technique in the form of tapping techniques because in general listening is done by
tapping. Researchers in this technique tap into someone's language user or several people
who become informants by using a recording tool/recorder. This tapping technique is
followed by advanced techniques in the form of proficient free listening techniques, note-
taking techniques, recording techniques, data transcription techniques, and translation.
The next stage is data analysis, the collected data is classified and analyzed.
The data analysis method used in this study is the equivalent method. The equivalent method
is a method whose determining tool is outside, detached and not part of the language in
question (Sudaryanto, 1993: 13). The equivalent method also has basic techniques and
advanced techniques. The basic technique referred to by Sudaryanto (1993:21) is the
technique of sorting out the determining elements or PUP. The tool used in this technique is
the mental discernment possessed by the researcher, namely referential discernment.
Meanwhile, the advanced technique is a differential comparison technique (HBB technique).
The validity of the data in this study was determined using credibility criteria
(degree of trust). Credibility is intended to prove that what has been collected is in
accordance with the reality in the research setting. In the book written by Lexy J. Moleong,
several techniques for checking the validity of the data are written, namely (a) extension of
participation, persistence, observation, (b) triangulation, (c) peer checking, (d) referential
adequacy, (e) special negative review, and (f) member checking. To fulfill the validity of the
findings regarding the use of the Madurese dialect of Bangkalan in Arosbaya District and
Geger District, Bangkalan Regency, the following inspection techniques were used: (a)
extension of participation in the observation; (b) observation persistence; (c) triangulation,
meaning that the data obtained is compared, tested and selected for its validity. The
triangulation technique used in this technique is in two ways, namely first using triangulation
with sources, namely comparing the acquisition of data from different sources on the same
phenomenon, for example using sources from residents in Arosbaya District and Klampis
District. The second uses method triangulation, namely comparing data acquisition from the
same data collection technique with different methods, for example by using the proficient
method or the introspection method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1.Phonological Difference Analysis
a. Data 1/DKA and Data 1/DKG
The mention of the word "you" in Arosbaya District is /legghik/ while in
Kecamata Geger with the word /degghik/. It is clear from the two words that there is a
difference in the phonemes used, namely /legghik/ uses the phoneme /l/ and the word
/degghik/ uses the phoneme /d/.
b. Data 2/DKA and Data 2/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, the word "if" is said with the word /mek/ while in Geger sub-district
it is said with the word /mik/. There are phoneme differences in the words /mek/ and /mik/
where the phonemes are different, namely the phoneme /e/ for the word /mek/ and the
phoneme /i/ for the word /mik/.
c. Data 3/DKA and Data 3/DKG
In Arosbaya Subdistrict, the word "after" is said with the word /mareh/ while in Geger
Subdistrict it is said with the word /maren/. There are phoneme differences in the words
/mareh/ and /maren/ where the phonemes are different, namely the phoneme /h/ for the
word /mareh/ and the phoneme /n/ for the word /maren/.
d. Data 4/DKA and Data 4/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, the word "not yet" is written with the word /ghilok/ while in the
Geger sub-district it is said with the word /ghitak/. There is a difference in the second syllable
in the words /ghilok/ and /ghitak/ where the syllables are different, namely /lok/ for the
word /ghilok/ and /tak/ for the word /ghitak/.
e. Data 5/DKA and Data 5/DKG
In Arosbaya District, the word "see" is /nengghuh/ while
in Geger sub-district with the word /looking/. There is a difference in the first syllable and the
omission of phonemes in the words /nengghuh/ and /nengok/ where the syllables are
different, namely /ghuh/ for the word /nengghuh/ and /ngok/ for the word /nengok/, as well as
the omission of the phoneme /g/.
f. Data6/DKA and Data6/DKG

In Kecamatan Arosbaya, the word “where” is said with the word /dimmah/
while in Kecamatan Geger it is with the word /deemmah/. There are phoneme differences and
phoneme additions in the words /dimmah/ and /deemmah/ where the phonemes are different,
namely the phoneme /i/ for the word /dimmah/ and the phoneme /e/ for the word /deemmah/.
In the word /deemmah/ there is the addition of the phoneme / e/. m. Data 13/DKA and Data
13/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, the word "that" is said with the word /adhek/ while in Geger sub-
district it is said with the word /tadhek/. There is an addition of phonemes to the words
/adhek/ and /tadhek/ where the added phoneme is the phoneme /t/ in the word /tadhek/ in
Geger District from the word /adhek/ in Arosbaya District.
n. Data 14/DKA and Data 14/DKG
In the Arosbaya sub-district, the word /bik/ is pronounced in the sub-district
He was shocked by the word /ben/. The words /bik/ and /ben/ underwent a phoneme change,
namely the phoneme /e/ /i/ /n/ /k/ from the word /ben/ to /bik/. The words /bik/ and /ben/ are
classified as dissimilation because the phoneme in /bik/ is used as a different phoneme in
/ben/.
o. Data 15/DKA and Data 15/DKG
In Arosbaya Subdistrict, the word "women" is mentioned with the word /binek/ while in
Geger Subdistrict it is said with the word /binik/. There are phoneme differences in the words
/binek/ and /binik/ where the phonemes are different, namely the phoneme /e/ for the word
/binek/ and the phoneme /i/ for the word /binik/. p.s. Data 16/DKA and Data 16/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, the word "begini" is said with the word /dekiyyeh/ while in Geger
sub-district it is said with the word /dek diyyeh/. There is an addition of phonemes to the
words /dek iyyeh/ and /dek diyyeh/ where the added phoneme is the phoneme /d/ in the
word /dek diyyeh/ in Geger District from the word /dek iyyeh/ in Arosbaya District.
q. Data 17/DKA and Data 17/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, the word "but" is /ken/, while in
Geger District with the word /keng/. There are phoneme differences in the words /ken/ and
/keng/ where the phonemes are different, namely the phoneme /n/ for the word /ken/ and the
phoneme /ng/ for the word /keng/ r. Data18/DKA and Data18/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, you call it /be'eng/, but in Geger sub-district, you call it /kakeh/. The
words /kakeh/ and /be'eng/ are classified as dissimilation because the phoneme in /be'eng/ is
used as a different phoneme in /kakeh/.
s. Data19/DKA and Data19/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, the word home is /roma/ but in the sub-district
Geger calls it the word /bungkoh/. The words /roma/ and /bungkoh/ are classified as
dissimilation because the phoneme in /bungkoh/ is used as a different phoneme in /roma/.
t. Data20/DKA and Data20/DKG
In Arosbaya subdistrict, the word walking is called /ajhelen/ but in Geger subdistrict, it is
called /adheret/. The words /adheret/ and /ajhelen/ are classified as dissimilation because the
phoneme in /adheret/ is used as a different phoneme in /ajhelen/.

2.Analysis of Morphological Differences

a. Data 1/DKA and Data 1/DKG
In Arosbaya District, the word 'he said' is /kocakeng/ while
in Geger District with the word /funny n/. From the two words above, it can be seen that there
is a difference in affixation morphology, namely using the suffix /eng/ in the word /kocak
eng/ in Arosbaya District and the suffix /n/ in the word /kocak n/ in Geger District
b. Data 2/DKA and Data 2/DKG
In Arosbaya Subdistrict, the word 'made' is mentioned with the word /eghebeiaghih/ while in
Geger Subdistrict it is said with the word /egheibeiaghin/. From the two words above, it can
be seen that there are differences in affixation morphology, namely using the suffix /aghih/ in
the word /eghebeiaghih/ in Arosbaya District and the suffix /aghin/ in the word
/eghebeiaghin/ in Geger District

3.Syntactic Difference Analysis

a. Data 1/DKA and Data 1/DKG
In Arosbaya sub-district, the word 'above' which indicates a place is pronounced in words
/Atas/ /attas/ while in Geger District it is pronounced with the word ///attas/. It can be seen
from these two words that there is a difference in the construction of phrases that express
places, where the phrase /Atas/ is used in Arosbaya District and the phrase /Atas/ is used in
Geger District.
b. Data 2/DKA and Data 2/DKG
There is a difference in the construction of the phrase which expresses ownership of the word
/masse/ in Arosbaya District and the word /massa/ in Geger District which means 'his older
brother', where the difference can be seen from the last syllable of the word /-se/ in Arosbaya
District and / -sa/ in Geger District.
c. Data 3/DKA and Data 3/DKG
In Arosbaya District, the phrase 'ke' which indicates a place is pronounced with the word
/Lek?/
whereas in Geger District it is pronounced with the word /ka/. It can be seen from the two
phrases that there is a difference in the construction of phrases that indicate place, where the
phrase /ke/ in the word /dek binena/ uses the phrase /dek/ in Arosbaya District and the
word /ka Pasar/ uses the phrase /Lek/ in Geger District.

4.Analysis of Semantic Differences

a. Data 1/DKA and Data 1/DKG
In this data, the word neng has two meanings, namely neng which means the phrase 'di'
and /neng/
which means 'a term for married adult women'. /neng/ which states that the phrase 'di' is used
or pronounced in Arosbaya Subdistrict while /neng/ which states 'the term for married
women' is used or pronounced in Geger District.
b. Data 2/DKA and Data 2/DKG
There are semantic differences that lead to differences in manifold meaning relations
homonym, namely the similarity of the word /sareng/ phoneme in a different concept, in
Arosbaya Subdistrict it means 'again' while in Geger Subdistrict it means 'to filter'.
c. Data 3/DKA and Data 3/DKG
There are semantic differences that lead to differences in meaning relations which are of the
homonymous type, namely the similarity of the phoneme word /male/ in different concepts,
in Arosbaya Subdistrict it means 'naughty' while in Geger Subdistrict it means 'so'.

From the analysis above, the Bangkalan dialect distinguishing areas were
obtained in Arosbaya Subdistrict and Geger Subdistrict, Bangkalan Regency in terms of
dialectological studies, which are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Meanwhile, from the data
analysis, several discussions were obtained regarding the differences in dialect elements that
occur, namely (1) 1) phonological differences consisting of phoneme differences, syllable
differences, phoneme omissions, phoneme additions, dissimilation, (2) morphological
differences, (3) syntactic differences, and (4) semantic differences.

1. Phonological differences
Based on the explanation of the analysis of phonological differences above, the Madurese
dialect data
In Bangkalan, Arosbaya and Geger sub-districts (Dialectological Studies) there are several
differences in terms of phonology, namely the following results are obtained:
a. Phoneme Difference
In the analysis of phoneme differences, there are 7 data indicating the existence of phoneme
differences. Where the data has the same meaning but the pronunciation and phonemes are
different, both vowels and consonants. So that there are characteristics of each of these
districts.
b. Syllable differences
In the analysis of syllable differences, there are 3 data that show differences in syllables. The
meaning of these words is the same but the use of syllables in Arosbaya District is different
from the use of syllables in Geger District. So that there are differences in dialect.
c. Phoneme Missing
In the analysis table of phonological differences above, there are 2 data indicating the
presence of phoneme omissions. There are phonemes that are omitted from the existing data
in Arosbaya District. So that there are changes and differences in the sound of each sub-
district with the same meaning.
d. Phoneme Addition
In the analysis table of phonological differences above, there are 5 data indicating the
addition of phonemes. Data with the same meaning but data from Arosbaya sub-district are
added phonemes to data in Geger sub-district.
e. Dissimilation
In the analysis table of phonological differences above, there are 5 data that show
dissimilation. Dissimilation is a sound change process that results in a sound that is the same
or similar to a sound that is nearby.
2. Differences in Morphology
In the above analysis, there are 2 data that can show a difference
morphology. The data from these differences are included in the fortophonemic aspect, where
the differences This fortophonemic concerns the difference in realizing an affix which
expresses the same meaning.
3. Syntactical Differences
There are 3 data from the many descriptions of data found from Arosbaya District and
geger district. Where the 3 data represent differences in syntax in the two districts. This
syntactic difference is included in the aspect of differences in the structure of the phrases
used to express the same meaning.
4. Semantic Differences
In the analysis of semantic differences, there are 2 data that show differences
semantics. This difference still has a connection between the meaning used in certain
observation areas and the meaning used next to other observations. These differences occur
because of giving different meanings to the same symbol or because of differences in the
concept of more than one on the same symbol.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of language differences that occurred in Arosbaya
Subdistrict and Geger Subdistrict, Bangkalan Regency, it was found that the vocabulary was
classified as having differences in phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. From the
differences in phonology, vocabulary is obtained which shows differences which include
dissimilation, phoneme differences, phoneme omissions, syllable differences, and phoneme
additions, there are differences in sound variations which include removing and adding
sounds. Based on the morphological differences, the vocabulary that shows the difference,
which includes changes in affixation, is obtained. Based on the difference in syntax, the
vocabulary obtained shows a difference, namely the difference in the phrases used. Based on
semantic differences, vocabulary with the same phoneme is obtained but the meaning is
different.