Basics Oil Fields For Geologists - Version 1

Basics Oil Fields
for Geologists
Version 1
Geologist
Abd Allah Abd El Ghafar
2017
1
Content
Title Page
Chapter 1 - Introduction……………………………..…...9
Reservoir Rocks………….………………………………………………...…..…10
Petroleum Traps…………………………………………………………….....….12
Oil and Gas………………………………………………………………….……17
Chapter 2 - Overview about Oilfields………………......19
Oil Fields Steps………………………………………………...…………..…….20
1- Exploration…….…………………………………………………………….21
2- Drilling………….…………………………………………………….……..44
3- Production……….………………………………………………………..….49
Chapter 3 - Drilling Rig Types………………………….53
1-Cable Tool Rig…………………………………………………………...……55
2- Rotary Drilling Rig……………………………………………………..….…58
Land Rigs…………………………………………………………………..….61
Offshore Rigs…………………………………………………………...……..66
2
Content
Title Page
Chapter 4 - Drilling Rig Components…………………...74
1- Power System……………………………………………………………..……77
2- Hoisting System……………………………………………………………...…87
3- Rotating System……………………………………………………….…..…..103
4-Circulating System……………………………………………………..............182
5- Well Control System (BOP)…………………………………………………..275
Chapter 5 - Drilling Rig Operations……………….…..307
Introduction……………………………………………………..……….………309
Well Planning………………………………………...……..…………….…….310
Prepared Well location…………………………………………....……….…...314
Rig move……………………………………………..……..……….………....319
Rig up……………………………………………………….……….………....323
Drilling………………………………………………………………….………...336
Drilling Parameters…………………...……..…………………..……………..338
Drilling Status …………………...……..……….……………………………..339
Wash and Reaming………………………………………....……….………….362
Connection…………………………………………..……..……….………….365
3
Content
Title Page
Chapter 5 Continue- Drilling Rig Operations
Type of Drilling………………………….…………………….…….....….….379
Vertical Drilling…………………………….……….……….………………..380
Directional Drilling………………………………….……….……………….381
Mud Motor………………………………….……….………………………..384
RSS(Rotary Steerable Systems )……………………….……………………..388
Causes of Directional Drilling……………………….………………………..401
Survey………………………………….……………………………………...411
Tripping………………………………………………………………….….…..422
RIH…………………...……..…………………………….…………...….….435
POOH………………………………………....……………………….….….444
Coring…………………………………………………...………………….…..450
Conventional Coring…………………………..…………...……..……….….453
Sidewall Coring………………………………………....…………..…….….477
Well Logging……………………….……………………………………….…..483
LWD…………………...……..……………………………………..…….….486
Wire Line………………………………………………………....……….….488
Quick Look Log Analysis………………………………....……………..…..508
4
Content
Title Page
Chapter 5 Continue- Drilling Rig Operations
Casing…………………………………………..………………….……………522
Functions of Casing:…………………...……..…………………………….….524
Casing Equipment………………………………………....………………...…526
Casing Running Tools………………………………………....……………....535
Casing Operation………………………………………....……………………540
Casing While Drilling……………………………………………………….…..552
Benefits of Casing While Drilling………………………….……………….…554
Casing While Drilling Running tool…………………………………………...558
Cementing………………………………………………………….……………560
Cement Tools…………………...……..……….………………………………563
Cement Job………………………………………....……….……………….…570
Multistage Cementing………………………………....……….……….………585
Two Stage of Cement (DV-Tool)……………………………....…….……..….586
Liner cement……………………………....……….………………...……..….590
New Hole………………………………………………………….…………..…595
Formation Integrity Test (FIT)………………………..…...……..………...….602
5
Content
Title Page
Chapter 5 Continue - Drilling Rig Operations
Cement plug……………………………………………………………...….….606
Common Reasons for Cement Plug…………………………………...………614
Side-track…………………...……..……………………………………….….618
Rig Operation Summary………………………………….…………….……...633
Chapter 6 - Mud Logging………………………………………...653
Introduction about Mud Logging……………………………….………….…655
Mud Logging Unit Equipment & Technology……………………....……......665
1-Geological Equipment's……….……………………………………….…....667
2-Gas System……………………………………….…………………………677
3-Mud logging Sensors……………………………………………….…..…...694
4-Data Acquisition System……………………….…………………………....721
5- Mud logging Soft Ware Programs………………….…………..……….….724
Lag Calculation………………………………………………………………....735
Lag Check……………………………………………………………………....743
Samples Catching……………………………………………………..…...…...759
Samples Description……………………………………………………………808
Oil Shows…………….…………………………………………………………832
6
Content
Title Page
Chapter 6 Continue - Mud Logging
Final Well Data (Final)………………………………………………………....846
Man Power in Mud logging unit…………………………………………….….852
Duties and responsibilities of Mud Logger……………………………………..859
Duties and responsibilities of Well Site Geologist……………………….…..…860
Duties and responsibilities for Mud logging Crew from start to finish…….…..861
Chapter 7 - Well Problems………………………………………..874
Lost circulation……………………………………………………………….…879
Well kicks………………………………………………………………………..888
Blowout……………………………………………………………………....….906
Washout of the drilling string……………………………………………………925
Twist Off…………………………………………………………………..……..931
Stuck pipe………………………………………………………………….……935
Fishing…………………………………………………………………...….…...962
7
Content
Title Page
Chapter 8 - People and Companies…………………....................979
Operating Companies………………………………………………………………….…981
Drilling Contractor Companies………………………………………………………..…985
Drilling Service Companies……………………………………………………………...992
Personnel & People…………………………………………………………...………..1002
Chapter 9 - Well Completion and Production………………....1032
Well Completion……………………………………………….……………..……...…1033
Production………………………………………………………………………...……1057
Recovery………………………………………………………………………….……1066
Primary Recovery……………………………………………..………………….……1068
Secondary Recovery…………………………………..………………………….……1072
Tertiary Recovery………………...……………………………………………….……1074
Petroleum Products………………………………………………………………….....1078
Chapter 10 – Definition………………………...……………..…1085
References……....………………………………………………...1097
8
Chapter 1
Introduction
9
Reservoir Rocks
Reservoir : a subsurface porous permeable formation
in which oil or gas is present.
• Oil and gas are

trapped in the pore
spaces of rock
• Porosity is an
indication of how
much empty space
there is in rock
10
Reservoir Rocks
• Permeability is a
measure of how
well the pore
spaces are
interconnected
• Permeability allows
fluid to flow
through the rock
11
Petroleum Traps
• Petroleum will
accumulate in
traps
• Oil and gas floats
so it collects in
high points
12
Petroleum Traps
• Structural traps
form because of
deformations in
the rock such as
a fault or
anticline
13
Petroleum Traps
• Stratigraphic traps
are formed when
other beds seal the
reservoir bed or
permeability
changes within the
reservoir bed
14
Petroleum Traps
• Stratigraphic
traps can be
extremely
varied
15
Petroleum Traps
• Combination traps have both structural and
stratigraphic attributes
16
Oil and Gas
• Oil and gas are naturally occurring hydrocarbons
• Composed of hydrogen and carbon
– Methane – 1 carbon, 4 hydrogen (CH4)
– Ethane – 2 carbon, 6 hydrogen (C2H6)
– Propane – 3 carbon, 8 hydrogen (C3H8)
– Butane - 4 carbon , 10 hydrogen (C4H10)
– Pentane - 5 carbon , 12 hydrogen (C4H12)
17
Oil and Gas
• Natural gas
is mostly methane (CH4)
• Oil
As the number of carbon atoms increase, it becomes
oil (Butane C4H10,…..etc)
• Tars
Very heavy oils are tars
18
Chapter 2
Overview about
Oilfields
19
Oil Fields Steps
1- Exploration.
2- Drilling.
3- Production.
20
Exploration
-Exploration methods
1- (Geologic Surveys).
2- ( Geophysical Surveys).
21
Exploration
-Exploration methods such as remote sensing and the mapping of
rock outcrops and seeps can obtain indications of the presence of
oil and gas called (Geologic Surveys).
-Geologic (Surveys)
Geological surveys normally are a casual use. Rock outcrops and
topography are examined to determine the structural attitude and
age of the surface formations, and surface maps are prepared.
In many cases indirect methods, such as seismic, gravity, and

magnetic surveys are used to delineate subsurface features that
may contain oil and gas called ( Geophysical Surveys).
22
Petroleum system
The Elements of the Exploration Task
•The presence of a source rock

•The presence of a reservoir rock
•The presence of a migration path
•The presence of a trap
•The presence of a seal
23
Petroleum system
24
Petroleum system
25
Geographic extent of Petroleum system
26
Geophysical surveys
• Gravity surveys
• Magnetic surveys
• Seismic surveys
27
Gravity Surveys
-The gravity method measures small changes in the earth‟s gravity field caused by
density contrasts between disparate rock types. In the case shown here, the density
of the salt diapir is sufficiently different than the surrounding sedimentary clastic
section to be detected by the gravity tool. The sensing element in the tool is a
sophisticated form of spring balance. Variations in the earth‟s gravity field cause
changes in the length of the spring, which are measured. Measurements must be
corrected for the elevation of the recording station.
28
Gravity Surveys
Uncorrected
Gravity
+1 Gravity
-1 Value (mgal)
Corrected Gravity -2
-3
(Bouguer Anomaly)
Meter
Salt
Clastics 2.1 gm/cm3
2.4 gm/cm3
29
Gravity Surveys
Measured Force of Gravity Grav. Max. Gravimetric Curve
Grav.Min.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Zero
Line
Gravity Meter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Clay Sp.Gr. 2.3

Limestone Sp.Gr. 2.7
Sand
Clay Sp.Gr. 2.4
30
Magnetic Surveys
The magnetic method is a very popular and inexpensive approach for near-surface
metal detection. Engineering and environmental site characterization projects often
begin with a magnetometer survey as a means of rapidly providing a layer of
information on where utilities and
other buried concerns are located
31
Magnetic Surveys
Sedimentary Basin
Basement
+
Magnetization
Measured
-
32
Magnetic Surveys
Examples of a field measurement with a magnetometer model GEM-
19T from GEM System, owned by LaGeo; a magnetic survey in the
San Vicente volcano area
33
Seismic
•Use seismic
data to image the
formations
•Sound waves
are reflected
back to the
surface
34
Seismic
• Seismic Acquisition
• Seismic processing
• Seismic Interpretation
35
Seismic Acquisition
36
Seismic Acquisition
37
Seismic processing
38
Seismic processing
• The reflected energy is plotted versus time (depth) to give a
picture of what the formations look like
39
Seismic processing
40
Seismic Interpretation
41
Seismic Interpretation
42
Traps
43
Drilling
44
Types of Wells
1- Exploratory wells
2- Development wells
3- Injection wells
45
Types of Wells
1- Exploratory wells
– Commonly called wildcat
– Drilled to find out if petroleum is present
– Drilling in an unknown environment
– Cost more and requires better planning
2- Development wells
– Once a reservoir is determined to be economically viable,
multiple wells are drilled to develop the reservoir
– When reducing the acreage per well, they are called infill wells
– Wells near the boundary are called step-out wells
3- Injection wells
The use of water-flooding or gas injection to maintain formation
pressure during primary production and to reduce the rate of decline
of the original reservoir drive.
46
Types of Wells
Exploratory well Development well
Development well
47
Injection wells
Water-flooding
The use of water-flooding to maintain formation pressure during primary production
and to reduce the rate of decline of the original reservoir drive.
48
Production
1-Natural production
2-Artificial production
49
Natural production
50
Artificial production (Sucker Rod pump)
51
Production Station
52
Chapter 3
Drilling Rig Types.
53
Drilling Rig Types.
• There are two type of rig
1-Cable Tool Rig
2- Rotary Drilling Rig
54
Cable Tool Rig
• A cable is connected to
the walking beam which
moves the bit up and
down
• No mud circulation
55
Cable Tool Rig
56
Cable Tool Rig
57
Rotary Drilling Rig
• The drill string is rotated by
Kelly or top drive turning the
bit which drills the formation
• Drilling mud is pumped down
the drill string and back up the
annulus to remove cuttings
• The rotary rig is the drilling
rig used today
• Rotation of the drill string
turns the bit
58
Rotary Drilling Rig
• The drill string is rotated by
Kelly or top drive
• In case Kelly the rotary table
turns the drill string, which
turns the bit and makes it drill
• A top drive can be used to turn

the drill string rather than using
the rotary table
• More expensive but may save
time
59
Rotary Rig Types
A- Land Rig
B- Offshore Rig
60
Land Rigs
Land rigs vary
considerably in
size, lifting
capacity, power
generation, ability
to circulate
fluids... etc.
61
Land Rigs
Can be anything from a small – mobile rig to a very large rig
62
Land Rigs
Designed to drill in almost any environment
Land Rig – Desert Location
63
Land Rig – Jungle Location
64
Land Rig – Arctic Location
65
Offshore Rigs
1-Jackup
2-Submersible
3-Semi submersible
4-Drill ship
5-Platform
66
Submersible
-Working in shallow
water up to 175 ft
67
Jack up
• Three to four legs
• Can work in water up
to 400 ft
68
Jack up
69
Semisubmersible
• Working in water up
to 2000 ft.
– Floats in the water
– Towed or self
propelled
– Anchored or
dynamically
positioned
70
Drill ship
– Can work in ultra
deep water; more
than 2000 ft
– Floats on a ships
hull
– Can carry more
equipment and
cargo than semi
– Not as good in
rough water
71
Platform
– Fixed on a
platform
– Rigged up on a
platform
– May be permanent
or drill the wells
and then leave
72
Drilling rig types.
73
Chapter 4
Rig Components
74
Common Rig Components
75
Rig Components
1- Power System
2- Hoisting System
3- Rotating System
4-Circulating System
5- Well control System (BOP)
76
Power System
77
Power System
• Until the 1940‟s and 1950‟s, Steam Engines
drove almost every rig
• Today rigs are powered by Diesel Engines or
Electricity
• Today rigs
1-Mechanical Rigs
2-Electric Rigs
78
Mechanical Rigs
– Diesel engines supply power similar to a car
– Uses a transmission system or compound
79
Mechanical Rigs
-The source of power is one or more internal-combustion engine and
in which power is distributed to rig components through devices
such as chains, sprockets, clutches.
80
Electric Rigs
• Diesel electric rigs run off electricity
81
Electric Rigs
-The source of power is effected by the combination of engines,
generator set, control system and electric motors.
82
Electric Rigs
DC-powered rigs fall into
two categories: one uses
DC generators and the
other, which is gaining
popularity, uses AC
generators along with
Silicon Controlled
Rectification (SCR) to
produce the required DC
power.
SCR Room
83
Electric Rigs
AC-DC System
84
Electric Rigs
DC-DC System
85
Electric motors
• Electric motors run the drawworks and mud pumps
86
Hoisting System
87
Hoisting System
• The hoisting system is used to pull and run
equipment in the well
– Mast or derrick
– Draw works
– Drilling line
– Crown block
– Traveling block
– Hook
– Dead Line Anchore
– Supply reel
88
Hoisting System
Crown
Mast
Monkey Board
Stands of drill pipe
Doghouse
V-door
Substructure
89
The Substructure
The foundation on which the derrick or mast and usually the drawworks
sit; contains space for storage and well control equipment.
90
Mast or derrick
Is the framework-tower usually associated with oil well drilling.
A portable derrick capable of being erected as a unit, as distinguished from a standard
derrick, which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit.
91
Crown Block
• The crown block is located
at the top of the mast
• The drilling line is run back
and forth over the sheaves
92
Monkey Board
This is a platform
situated at a specific
height from the rig floor,
typically 60 to 90
feet, on which the
derrickman works during
trips. This platform also
supports the fingers that
are used to rack the
stands of drill pipe
93
Monkey Board
The derrickman's
working area
94
Drilling Line
A wire rope hoisting line, reeved on sheaves of the crown block and
traveling block (in effect a block and tackle).
Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing from or into
a well. Also, a wire rope used to support the drilling tools.
95
Drilling Line
• The drilling line is attached to the Drawworks at
one end
96
Drilling Line
The wire rope used to support the Drilling Tools.
Types of Wire Rope Lay
Right Lang Lay
Left Lang Lay
Right Regular Lay
Left Regular Lay
97
Draw Work
Is a winch, which winds up the drilling line.
98
Traveling Block
• An assembly of sheaves or pulleys
through which the drilling line is
reeved and which moves up and
down in the Derrick or Mast.
• is attached to the drill string
99
Hook
• A large, hook-shaped device from which
the elevator bails or the swivel is
suspended. It is designed to carry maximum
loads ranging from 100 to 650 tons and
turns on bearings in its supporting housing.
Hook
100
Dead line anchor
• An equipment that holds
down the deadline part of
the wire rope. It is usually
bolted on to the
substructure.
101
Supply Reel
The drilling line is stored on
a spool.
Periodically, some of the
drilling line is cut off at the
Drawworks and additional
line is pulled off the spool
to replace the cut line.
102
Rotating System
103
Rotating System
• The rotating system is used to turn the bit and
make it drill
– Top drive
– Kelly
– Mud Motor (Down hole motor)
– String
– Drill bits
– Handling Equipment
– Miscellaneous
104
Top Drive
A hydraulically powered device located below the Swivel that when
actuated allows the Drillstem to spin and proceed in drilling.
105
Top Drive
• Some larger land rigs and
most offshore rigs have a
top drive to rotate the pipe
• The top drive rotates the
drill string end bit without
theuse of a kelly and rotary
table. The top drive is
operated from a control
console on the rig floor.
106
Top Drive
107
Kelly
• The heavy steel m ember, usually
four or six-sided that is suspended
from the Swivel through the
Rotary Table and connected to the
topmost joint of drillpipe to turn
the drill stem as the rotary table
turns.
– The rotary table or turntable
rotates the drill string
108
Kelly Bushing
A device that when fitted to master bushing transmits torque to
the kelly and simultaneously permits vertical movement of the
Kelly to make hole.
Type
Type HDP Type HDS
HDP Type HDS Type
Type MDS
MDS
Heavy Duty fits 23”
Heavy Duty for Medium Duty
through 49-1/2” Rotary
Square Drive Rotary for Square
Table
Tables Rotary Table
109
Master Bushing
A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips
and drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating motion of the
rotary table can be transmitted to the Kelly.
Type MSPC
Type MSPC Type MPCH
Type MPCH Type MSPC
Type MSPC Type MBSS
Type MBSS
Fits 20-1/2” Fits 37-1/2” to Fits 17-1/2” to Fits 17-1/2” to

to 27-1/2” 49-1/2” Rotary 27-1/2” 27-1/2” Rotary
Rotary Tables Tables Rotary Tables Tables
110
Rotary table
The principal component
of a rotary, or rotary
machine, used to turn the
drill stem and support the
drilling assembly.
The rotary table contains a
master bushing and tapered
bowl
111
Kelly and Rotary table
112
Kelly and Rotary table
• The kelly bushing is
used to transfer rotation
from the master bushing
to the kelly
Type
HDP
113
Swivel
• The swivel attaches the rotating system to the hoisting system
114
Swivel
• It also provide connection for the
rotary hose and provide
passageway for the flow of
drilling fluid into the drill stem.
115
Kelly Spinner
A pneumatically controlled device
mounted below the Swivel that
when actuated causes the Kelly to
spin.
116
Kelly Spinner
A device for spinning the
drill pipe. Replaces the
spinning chain.
117
Rotary hose
• Drilling fluid is
pump through the
rotary hose (kelly
hose) and goose
neck into the swivel
118
Downhole Motors (Mud Motors) /Turbines
Turbines rotate at high speed, usually

from 500 to 1000 RPM, depending on
fluid flow rate. These speeds tend to
overheat and damage the bearings of
conventional rolling-cone bits, so
operators prefer to use diamond bits
with turbines.
PDMs can run at speeds from 100-
1500 RPM, depending on fluid flow
rate and rotor shape. They tend to be
more suitable for directional drilling
with conventional bits.
119
Mud Motor
Down hole motor : a drilling tool made up in the drill string directly above the bit. It causes
the bit to turn while the drill string remains fixed. It is used most often as a deflection tool in
directional drilling, where it is made up between the bit and a bent sub (or, sometimes, the
housing of the motor itself isbent). Two principal types of downhole motor are the positive-
displacement motor and the downhole turbine motor.
120
Mud Motor
• A downhole motor
can be used to turn
the bit, but is
usually used while
directional drilling
or to increase ROP
121
Drill String
 The drill string
– Connects the Top Drive or kelly to the bit
– Transmits rotary torque to bit
– Enables circulation of drilling mud
The drill string

Bit
122
Drill String
 The main components of the Drill String are:
– Drill pipe (DP)
– Heavy weight drill pipe (HWDP)
– Drilling Jars (Jars)
– Drill collars (DC)
– Crossovers (XO) and subs
– Stabilizers (Stab)
– Drill Bit
123
Arrangement Drill String
Drill Pipe
OD = 5"
ID =4.27"
Weight = 19.5 lb /ft
Heave Weight Drill Pipe

OD = 5"
ID =3"
Drill Collar
OD = 8.25"
ID =2.87"
Weight =161 lb /ft
Drill Bit
8.5"
124
Drill Bits
 The tool at the bottom of the drill string that cuts the formation
The drill string
Bit
125
Drill Bits
 Number of different manufacturers
 Many different types and configurations
 Bit performance is formation-dependent
 Choosing the wrong bit can waste a lot of time - and money
 Bit selection can influence cuttings quality and pore pressure
evaluation
• A variety of bits are available for drilling and sampling
operation. The selection of bit is usually dependent on the
formation which is to be drilled and the purpose of the
borehole.
126
Drill Bits
• Drill bits come in a wide variety of types
127
Tricone Bit (Rock Bit)
• Steel tooth bit
-Bit designed to drill soft formations
128
Tricone Bit (Rock Bit)
• Tungsten carbide insert (TCI)
-Bit designed to drill harder formations
129
Drag bits (PDC Bit)
-PDC or polycrystalline diamond compact
130
Drag bits (PDC Bit)
– Drag bits (TSP)
• Natural or synthetic diamond (TSP)
131
CORE BIT
132
BIT nozzle or jets
Nozzle :
a passageway through jet bits that causes
the drilling fluid to be ejected from the bit BIT jets
at high velocity.
Example
Nozzle: 3*16
Numbers 3 & Size 16/32 inch
133
Drill collars
A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used betweenthe drill pipe
and the bit in the drill stem. It is used to put weight on the bit so that
the bit can drill.
134
Drill Collars
– Make up majority of BHA
– Give weight to BHA to keep
drillstring in tension
– „Made up‟ in stands of three
135
Drill Collars
• Some collars have spiral grooves on outside to give less surface
area - prevents sticking to borehole wall
136
Drill Collars
• Some collars have spiral grooves on outside to give less surface area -
prevents sticking to borehole wall
• Drill collars have a large OD and small ID
137
Drill Pipe
These are heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulated
the drilling fluid. Joints of pipe approximately 30 feet long are
coupled together by means of tool joints.
138
Drill Pipe
 A joint of drill pipe (DP) is:-
– Made of special alloy steel
Box
– Main body usually 5” or 3½” in end
diameter
– Hard facing around tool joints
– One end „pin‟ other end „box‟ Tool Joint
Pin end
Tool Joint
139
Drill Pipe
• Drill pipe has larger diameter tool joints (connections) to make the
pipe stronger
• Called a single (two = double; three = stand)
• Usually made up in stands of three
140
Heavy weight drill pipe (HWDP
This is the same as a drill
pipe but with a smaller
inner diameter and longer
tool joints and connects
the collars to drill pipe
Drill Pipe
OD = 5"
ID =4.27"
Heave Weight Drill PipeDrill pipe

OD = 5"
ID =3" HWDP
Drill Collar
141
OD = 8.25"
Stronger with narrower ID
Longer tool joints
Usually part of BHA
142
As a transition member to be run between drill collars and drill pipe,
as a flexible weight member to run on directional drilling, as a
weight member on small rigs, drilling small diameter holes.
Drill Pipe
OD = 5"
Example: ID =4.27"
5” DP WT LB/FT =19.5
8.25” DC WT LB/FT =161

5” HWDP WT LB/FT =49.3 Heave Weight Drill Pipe
OD = 5"
ID =3"
Drill Collar
OD = 8.25"
ID =2.87"
Weight =161 lb /ft
Drill Bit
8.5"
143
Standing in the derrick
• Drill pipe, heavy weight and drill collars standing in the derrick
• Stand = 3 Pipes (Joints) or Stand=2 Pipes (Joints)
144
Example Drill String sheet
145
Drilling Jars
Jars are devices used to deliver an impact load to other
down hole components, especially when the
components are stuck.
146
Drilling Jars
There are two main types,
hydraulic and mechanical
jars.
In both types, energy is stored in the
jars and suddenly released when it
„fires‟.
The jar fires by allowing one section
of the jar to rapidly move relative to a
second, much the same way that one
end of a stretched spring moves when
released. After a few inches of
movement, this moving section or
„hammer‟ strikes a steel „anvil‟,
imparting the jarring effect.
147
Jar Basics
Drill Pipe
HWDP above jars
Anvil
Jar
Hammer
Fish
148
Stabilizers
 Stabilizers are placed in
the BHA to reduce or
enhance the tendency of
the hole to deviate from
a tangent (straight) path
 Depending on
requirements, one, two
or three stabilizers may
be used
149
Stabilizers
150
Hole Openers
 Hole Openers are often
used in top hole to make
hole more efficiently
151
Under Reamer
An under reamer is similar to
a hole opener but has
retractable arms containing the
cutting structure. Thus the
under reamer can be passed
through a small- diameter
restriction, such as a casing
string, before the under
reaming operations begin.
152
Subs
 A short, threaded piece of pipe used to adapt parts of the
drilling string that cannot otherwise be screwed together
because of difference in thread size or design.
 These consist of:
1. Bit Sub
2. Crossover Sub
3. Kelly Saver Sub
4. Lifting Sub
5. Bent Sub
153
Subs in BHA
Drill Pipe
OD = 5"
Drill Pipe
ID =4.27" OD = 5"
Weight = 19.5 lb /ft ID =4.27"
Heave Weight Drill Pipe Heave Weight Drill Pipe

Cross over sub OD = 5" Cross over sub OD = 5"
ID =3" ID =3"
Drill Collar
Drill Collar OD = 8.25"
OD = 8.25" ID =2.87"
ID =2.87" Bit Sub Weight =161 lb /ft
Bit Sub Weight =161 lb /ft
Drill Bit
8.5"
Drill Bit
8.5"
154
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
• BHA = Drill Collar + Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
= DC + HWDP
Drill Pipe
Heave Weight
Drill Pipe
BHA
Drill Collar
Drill Bit
155
BHA Types
 Packed BHA - BHA with four or five stabilizers to maintain
current hole angle.
 Pendulum assembly - BHA with stabilizer away from bit. In
theory the lower part of the BHA acts like a pendulum and the
hole angle should reduce.
 Slick BHA - BHA with no, or only one, stabilizer.
 Building assembly - Used to build hole angle.
 Kick off assembly - usually a mud motor or turbine in
combination with a bent sub and strategically placed
stabilizers. Used to initiate a kick off in a planned deviated
well or sidetrack.
156
Arrangement Drill String
157
BHA Tally
OPERATOR k.energy BIT # 9 TYPE MS16168
ASC-1X SIZE 8 1/2'' MANF. PDC BHA WT

DATE:- 13-03-2013 8.5'' BHA Sino-Tharwa
RIG ST # 11
NO. DESCRIPTION SERIA L NO. LENGTH mt CUM. LENGTH O.D I.D FISHNECK TOP CONN.
LENGTH O.D SIZE TY PE
1 PDC 14552 0.30 0.30 8.5'' 6*14 MS16168

2 BIT SUB ST # 11 1.20 1.50 6.5" 2 7/8''
3 S.STAB EF-ST-8068 1.79 3.29 8" 213/16 '' 0.90
4 1X6.5'' D/C ST # 11 9.27 12.56 6.5'' 2 13/16 '' 0.51 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
5 S.STAB EF-ST-8067 1.66 14.22 7 3/4'' 213/16 '' 0.70
6 2X6.5'' D/C ST # 11 9.07 23.29 6.5'' 2 7/8'' 0.37 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
7 3X6.5'' D/C ST # 11 9.10 32.39 6.5'' 2 7/8'' 0.56 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
8 4X6.5'' D/C ST # 11 9.14 41.53 6.5'' 2 13/16 '' 0.51 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
9 JAR CW-745362-1 7.11 48.64 6.5'' 2 7/8'' 0.48 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
10 5X6.5'' D/C ST # 11 9.20 57.84 6.5'' 2 3/4 '' 0.57 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
12 5X6.5'' D/C ST # 11 9.20 67.04 6.5'' 2 3/4 '' 0.57 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
13 1X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.36 76.40 6.5'' 2 3/4 '' 0.51 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
14 2X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.38 85.78 6.5'' 2 7/8'' 0.50 6.5'' 4 1/2'' IF
15 3X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.39 95.17 5'' 3'' 0.52 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
16 4X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.37 104.54 5'' 3'' 0.52 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
17 5X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.38 113.92 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
18 6X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.23 123.15 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
20 7X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.38 132.53 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
21 8X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.31 141.84 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
22 9X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.31 151.15 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
23 10X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.39 160.54 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
24 11X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.23 169.77 5'' 3'' 0.52 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
25 12X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.38 179.15 5'' 3'' 0.54 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
26 13X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.37 188.52 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
27 14X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.30 197.82 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
28 15X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.42 207.24 5'' 3'' 0.56 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
29 16X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.28 216.52 5'' 3'' 0.50 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
30 18X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.40 225.92 5'' 3'' 0.54 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
32 18X5'' HW DP ST # 11 9.32 235.24 5'' 3'' 0.68 5'' 4 1/2'' IF
Total BHA Length: 235.24
158
Pipe Tally
159
Handling Equipment
Equipment used to move, make and break connection, suspend
tubular on the rig.
These include the following:
1. Links 8. Tugger /Winch
2. Elevator 9.Pipe Racks
3. Slips 10. Catwalk
4. Safety Clamp 11. V-Door
5. Manual Tongs 12. Mousehole
6. Power Tongs 12. Rathole
7. Bit Breaker
160
Links
Equipment attached onto the Traveling Block in order to suspend the Elevators.
161
Elevator
Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing, drillpipe or drill collars
so that the stand or joint can be raised from or lowered into the
hole opening of the rotary table.
162
Slips
A wedge shape piece of metal with teeth or other gripping
elements that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into
hole or to hold the pipe in place.
Drill Pipe Slips
Drill Collar Slips
Casing Slips
163
Links, Elevator and Slips
Links
Elevator
Slips
164
Safety Clamp
The are used on tubulars above the slips to prevent dropping
the string should the slips fail to hold.
165
Manual Tong
Large wrenches used to make or break out
tubulars.
Breakout Tong
Make up Tong
166
Power tong
Power tongs are pneumatically or hydraulically operated tools that
spin the pipe up and, in some instances, apply the final makeup
torque.
167
Bit Breaker
A device that is placed on top of the rotary table to enable the bit
to be made up to drill string.
168
Tugger / Winch
A pneumatically operated drum with wire rope spooled onto it to
move or lift heavy objects on the rig floor.
169
Pipe Racks
A horizontal support for tubular goods.
170
Catwalk
A drilling rig catwalk is a pipe
handling platform for conveying
equipment between a drill rig
drilling floor and a surface
supplies like drill pipes, casing
and electric tools. It is always
located laterally offset and some
distance below the floor.
Carwalk to drag drillpipe

171
V-Door
A triangular opening on the front of the derrick to allow
drill pipes to be pick up from the cat walk
172
Mousehole
Shallow bores under the rig floor,
usually lined with pipe,
in which joints of drill pipe are
temporarily suspended for
later connection to the drill string.
173
Rathole
A hole in the rig floor 30 to 35 feet deep, lined with casing
that projects above the floor. The kelly is placed in the
rathole when hoisting operations are in progress.
174
Driller’s Console
The control panel, located on the platform, where the driller
controls drilling operations.
175
Driller’s Console -- 1
Weight
Indicator
Rotary
Torque
Gauge
Tong Line
Pull Gauge
RPM
Gauge
Brake
Lever
176
177
178
Doghouse
A small enclosure on the rig floor used as an office for the
driller or as a storehouse for small objects. Also, any small
building used as an office or for storage.
179
Stairways
Stairs leading from one level to another. Protected with handrails.
180
Electric Cable Tray
Supports the heavy electrical cables that feed the power from the
control panel to the rig motors.
181
Circulating System
182
Circulating System
• The circulating system allow drilling fluid to
be pumped to the bit and back to the surface
– Mud or drilling fluid
– Mud pits
– Mud mixing equipment
– Mud pumps
– Annulus (mud return path)
– Solids control equipment
– Mud Lines
183
Circulating System
Or Top Drive
184
Drilling fluid
• The drilling fluid or mud is a
mixture of water or oil, clay and
weighting material
185
Mud Products Storage (land location)
186
187
Chemical
188
Chemical
189
Water tank
190
Mixing of Drilling fluid
191
Mixing of Drilling fluid
192
Type of Drilling fluid
1-Water Base Mud

2-Oil Base Mud
193
Water Base Mud
Water is the liguid phase of mud
-Clay for viscosity
-Barite for density
-Chemical to get desired properties
-Drill solids as a contaminant
194
Oil Base Mud
Oil is the liquid phase of mud
Usually and oil water mixture
The water is emulsified in the oil producing viscosity
Can use crude oil, diesel, mineral oil or synthetic oils
Mineral oils and synthetic oils are more environmentally friendly but expensive
195
Oil Base Mud
Reasons for using oil based or synthetic based mud
• To drill water sensitive shales
• Salt drilling
• High temperature
• Torque and drag reduction
• Formations with H2S or CO2
196
Functions of Drilling Mud
• Cleaning the hole
• Cooling and lubricating the bit and
drill string
• Lifting cuttings to the surface
• Control the formation pressure
• Stabilizing the well bore
• Carrying information about
formations.
197
Cleaning the Hole
198
Cooling and lubricating the bit and drill string
199
Protecting the walls of the well bore
200
Controlling Formation Pressure
201
Obtaining Down hole Information
Gas trap
202
The properties of the drilling fluid are
•The properties of the drilling fluid are :

1- Density ( Mud weight)
2- Rheology:
((The laboratory measured mud parameters))
A-Funnel Viscosity (vis)
B-Plastic Viscosity (PV)
C- Yield Point (YP)
D- Gel strength
E- PH
F- Filtration
G- Alkalinity
H- Chloride Content
I- Calcium Content
203
Some properties of the drilling fluid are
maintained by the rig crew
– Mud weight
– Viscosity
204
Main Duties of the Mud Engineer
• Run tests on Drilling Fluid
• Monitors and maintains Mud‟s properties
• Recommends changes to Improve Drilling
205
Basic Mud Tests
206
1- Density (MWT)
(Any accepted terminology that indicates the weight per unit volume of drilling fluid)
-Pounds per gallon (ppg). -Pounds per cubic feet (pcf).
-Gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc). -Kilogram per liter (kg/l).
207
2- Viscosity
((Viscosity is a measure of the internal
resistance of a fluid to flow))
1- Funnel Viscosity
Apparent Viscosity (vis)
• is the measured times it takes for
one quart of mud to gravity feed
through a hole of a specific
diameter.
2- Multi Speed rheometr
• relates viscosity to shear rate and
shear stress.
i. Newtonian fluids
ii. Non Newtonian fluids
B-Plastic viscosity (PV)
is that part of flow resistance in a mud caused primarily by the
friction between the suspended particles and by the viscosity of the
continuous liquid phase. i.e. it is a representation of the
208
concentration, size and shape of the solid particles.
3-Yield point (YP)
is a measurement under flowing conditions of the forces in the
mud which cause gel structure to develop when the mud is at rest.
209
4- Gel Strength
is a measurement under static conditions of the forces in the
mud which cause gel structure to develop when the mud is
at rest.
210
5-PH
-is a measure of acidity or

alkalinity of drilling mud
as expressed in the
hydrogen ion concentration
-It is used as an aid in
determining for type of
mud treatment and as
indication of contaminants
such as cement, gypsum
211
6-Filter Press
is a measurement liquid filtrate of the drilling mud. It measure the ability
of the solid components to form a thin, low permeability filter cake
212
7-Chloride Test
213
Mixing Equipment
• Hopper
• Agitator
214
Hopper
A large funnel- or cone-shaped device into which dry components (such as
powdered clay or cement) can be poured to later mix with water or other liquids.
The dry component is educted through a nozzle at the bottom of the hopper.
215
Hopper
216
Agitator
217
Mud Pits
A series of open tanks, usually made of steel plates, through which the drilling
mud is cycled to allow sand and sediments to settle out. Additives are mixed
with the mud in the pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored there before being
pumped back into the well. Mud pit compartments are also called shaker pits,
settling pits, and suction pits, depending on their main purpose.
218
Mud Pits
Water Tanks
Reserve Tank
Mixing tank
Suction Tank
Intermediate Tank
Settling Tank
Sand Trap Tank
Trip Tank
219
Mud Pits
Water Tanks
Water Tanks
Is used to store water that is used

for mud mixing, cementing, and
rig cleaning.
Reserve Tank
-Special mud tank that holds mud
that is not being actively circulated. Reserve Tank
A reserve tank usually contains a
different type of mud from that
which the pump is currently
circulating. For example, it may
store heavy mud for emergency well-
control operations.
220
Mud Pits
Mixing tank
Mixing tank
any tank or vessel used
to mix components of a
substance (as in the
mixing of additives
with drilling mud).
221
Mud Pits
Suction Tank
The mud pit from which mud is drawn into the mud pumps for
circulating down the hole.
222
Mud Pits
Settling Tank
Another term for settling pit, a
drilling mud filled open steel or
earthen berm tank that is not stirred
or circulated. By having mud slowly
pass through such a container, most
large drilling solids sink to the
bottom, cleaning the mud
somewhat.
Intermediate Tank
The pit between Settling tank
and suction tank
223
Trip Tank
Mud Pits
Trip Tank is a small metal tank with small capacity about 20-40 bbls with 1 bbl
divisions inside and it is used to monitor the well. There are several operations
that we can use the trip tank to monitor the well as follows;
Trip Tank
224
Mud Pits
Trip Tank
There are several operations that we can use the trip tank to monitor the well as
follows;
Trip Out Of Hole (TOOH):
While tripping out of hole, the trip tank is used to track volume of mud
replacing volume of drill string. The volume of mud should be equal to
displacement volume of any kind of tubular tripped out of hole.
Trip In Hole (TIH):
While tripping in hole, the drilling string (bit, BHA and drill pipe) is
ran back in the hole, the trip tank must be use to keep track volume
gain. The expected volume gain should be equal to the displacement
volume of whole string.
Flow check:
The trip tank is utilized to determine well condition in order to see if
the well is still under static condition.
225
Mud Pits
Trip Tank
The importance of trip tank is as follows:
• Provide sufficient hydrostatic pressure to prevent influx from
reservoir. When TOH, mud hydrostatic will be lost because mud
volume must substitute drill pipe volume pulled out of hole. If
hydrostatic pressure decreases too much, influx from reservoir
can come into the hole and make a trouble in well control. For this
reason, mud in trip tank must be filled into hole to maintain
hydrostatic pressure.
• 2. Kick Indicator: Volume of mud from the trip tank is pumped in
the hole can be an indicator that relates to a situation occurring in
wellbore as kick. If the volume of mud measured by trip tank is
less than the expected volume of drill pipe volume tripped out of
hole, the suspect problem is kick because volume of kick
substitutes volume of mud.
226
Mud Pits
Sand Trap
A small pit, typically located immediately after the shaker screens, which is used as a
settling pit to separate coarser solids that accidentally bypass the shakers. Mud enters
the pit at one side and exits via an overflow at the other. Sand traps are dumped
periodically to remove the settled solids, or alternatively the contents can be processed
over a fine screen or with a centrifuge.
Shale
Shaker
Sand
Trap
227
Mud Pits Layout
Mast
Mud Hose
Mud Pump
Flow line
Tip
Tank Water
Tank
Shale Shaker
Reserve
Tank
Settling Intermediate sucction

Sand Trap Mixing
Tank Tank Tank Tank
228
Mud Lab
229
Mud Pumps
A large, high-pressure reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud
on a drilling rig. A typical mud pump is a two or three-cylinder
piston pump whose replaceable pistons travel in replaceable liners
and are driven by a crankshaft actuated by an engine or a motor.
230
Types of Mud Pumps
• (Triplex)
Single-acting Pumps
• (Duplex)
Double-acting Pumps
231
Triplex Pumps
The pump has three sets of pistons and cylinders, with mud entering
the cylinder as the piston strokes inward, and expelled as the piston
moves outward.
232
Triplex Pumps
233
Duplex Pumps
The pump has two sets of pistons and cylinders; double-acting means
that the each movement of the piston, in either direction, is a power
stroke.
234
Mud Lines (Mud Pathway)
• Suction line
• Discharge line
• Standpipe
• Rotary Hose
• Drill String
• Annulus
• BOP
• Bill nipple
• Flow line
• Possum belly
235
Suction line
• The pipe line take the fluid from the suction pit to mud
pumps
236
Discharge line
• The pipe line take the fluid from the mud pumps to
Standpipe
237
Standpipe
A vertical pipe rising along the side of the derrick or mast.
It joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the rotary hose
Standpipe
238
Rotary Hose
The hose on a rotary drilling rig that conducts the drilling
fluid from the mud pump and standpipe to the swivel and
kelly; also called the mud hose or the kelly hose.
Rotary
Hose
239
Drill String
The drill string

Bit
240
Annulus
The space around a pipe in a well bore, the outer wall of which may
be the wall of either the bore hole or the casing; sometimes termed the
annular space.
Annulus
241
Calculate Annular volume
Annular Volume Cutting

or Bottom up
or Lag out
Casing
DP
HWDP
Open Hole
DC
242
BOP
Blow Out Preventer
243
Booster Pump
For offshore jobs where a
riser is used, a problem can
occur where the limited mud
flow rate required for drilling
small-diameter hole is not
high enough to efficiently
move cuttings up the riser. In
such cases, the rig uses a
booster pump to increase the
flow rate, in the riser annulus
only. Thus the cuttings lag
time will be reduced
whenever a booster pump is
used.
244
Bell Nipple
245
Mud Return Line (Flow Line)
A trough or pipe, placed between the surface connections at the
well bore and the shale shaker. Drilling mud flows through it upon
its return to the surface from the hole.
246
Possum Belly
247
Shale Shaker
248
Mud Cycle or Circulation
The movement of drilling fluid out of the mud pits, down the
drill pipe and drill collars, out the bit, up the annulus, and
back to the pits while drilling proceeds.
Mud Pits Mud Pump Stand Pipe Line

Rotary Hose Swivel Kelly or Top Drive
Drill String Bit Annulus Flow Line
Shale Shaker Mud Pits
249
Circulating System
Or Top Drive
250
Solids Control
Mechanical separation of solids from drilling fluids
Benefits of solids control

1. Faster drilling
2. Lower mud bills
3. Less pump and downhole equipment wear
4. Prevention of differential pressure sticking
5. Reduced cost
251
Solids problems
• High total solids reduces
the sweep action of the
mud thus decreasing the
bits penetration rate
252
Solids problems
253
Solids Control
• Methods of mechanical solids separation
– Vibratory screening
– Centrifugal force
254
Solids control equipment
• Shale shakers
• Desanders
• Desilters
• Mud cleaners
• Centrifuges
255
Shale Shaker
A series of trays with sieves or screens that vibrate to remove cuttings
from circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. The size of the
openings in the sieve is selected to match the size of the solids in the
drilling fluid and the anticipated size of cuttings. Also called a shaker.
256
Shale Shaker
Cuttings Flow Over Shale Shaker
257
Shale Shaker
• When the mud comes out
of the well, it goes over a
shale shaker to remove
large cuttings and mud
logger take this cutting
for sample analysis.
258
Degasser
The equipment used to remove unwanted gas from a liquid, especially
from drilling fluid.
259
Desander
A centrifugal device for removing sand from drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the
pumps. It may be operated mechanically or by a fast -moving stream of fluid inside
a special cone-shaped vessel, in which case it is sometimes called a hydrocyclone.
260
Desander
261
Desilter
A centrifugal device, similar to a desander, used to remove very fine particles, or
silt, from drilling fluid. This keeps the amount of solids in the fluid to the lowest
possible level.
262
Desilter
263
Mud cleaner
A cone-shaped device, a hydrocyclone, designed to remove very fine
solid particles from the drilling mud.
264
Triple compo
Desander, Desilter & Mud Cleaner
265
Centrifuge
A device that uses centrifugal force to separate small solid components
from liquid drilling fluid.
• Centrifuge application
– Control viscosity in weighted muds
– Dry the solids discharge in closed pit system
266
Centrifuge
267
Typical Arrangement of Solids
Control Equipment
268
Circulation System layout with Solid Control
Equipment
Unweighted Muds Overflow Underflow
Flowline
Desilter or
Shale Desander Mud Cleaner
Shaker Degasser
Mast Centrifuge
Mud Pump
Mud Hose
To
(optional) Suction Pit
No Screen
Weighted Muds
Flowline
Flow line
Desilter or
Shale Desander Mud Cleaner
Shaker Degasser
Tip Centrifuge
Tank Water
Disposal
Tank
(optional)
Shale Shaker (optional) To Suction Pit

Reserve
Tank
Intermediate sucction
Sand Trap Settling Tank Mixing
Tank Tank Tank
269
Underbalanced Drilling
Drilling Where the Hydrostatic of the Drilling Fluid Is Less Than
Formation Pressure
• Air or gas drilling

• Mist drilling
• Foam drilling
• Aerated fluid drilling
• Flow drilling
270
Underbalanced Drilling
• Air drilling
The drilling fluid is air, natural gas or nitrogen
• Mist drilling
The drilling fluid is air, natural gas or nitrogen with a small amount
of water
• Foam drilling
The drilling fluid is air, natural gas or nitrogen with water and enough
foaming agent to create foam
• Aerated fluid drilling
The drilling fluid mud or water with some air or nitrogen added to the
system to reduce hydrostatic pressure
• Flow drilling
The drilling fluid is water or mud and the formation pressure exceeds
the hydrostatic pressure When production is encountered, the well
kicks and flows with the drilling fluid
271
Air drilling
A method of rotary drilling that uses compressed air as the circulation
medium.
272
Air Drilling Equipment
Compressor Booster
Mist Pump
Line to Rig
273
Air Drilling Equipment
Compressed air removes the cuttings with equal or greater efficiency.
The rate of penetration is usually increased considerably when air
drilling is used. However, a principal problem in air drilling is the
penetration of formations containing water, since the entry of water
into the system reduces the ability of the air to remove the cuttings.
Sample Catcher Dusting
274
Well Control System
BOP
Blow Out Preventers
275
Well Control
The methods used to control a
kick and prevent a well from
blowing out.
Such techniques include, but are
not limited to, keeping the
borehole completely filled with
drilling mud of the proper weight
or density during operations,
exercising reasonable care when
tripping pipe out of the hole to
prevent swabbing, and keeping
careful track of the amount of
mud put into the hole to replace
the volume of pipe removed from
the hole during a trip.
276
Well Control
• Primary Well Control
• Secondary Well Control
In conventional drilling, the pressure of the mud column in the hole is
always slightly greater than the formation fluid pressure; this is known
as primary well control.
Under certain conditions, primary well control may be lost; generally
when this happens, a kick (influx of formation fluid) occurs. Surface
equipment, including devices known as blowout preventers, allow the
safe circulation of the influx fluid and return to balance in the
wellbore. Use of the blowout preventers to control a kick is known as
secondary well control.
277
Blow Out Preventer (BOP)
One or more valves installed at
the wellhead to prevent the
escape of pressure either in the
annular space between the
casing and the drill pipe or in
open hole (for example, hole
with no drill pipe) during
drilling or completion
operations.
BOP
wellhead
casing 278
BOP
LAND BOP BOP SUBSEA
279
Types of BOP
The two basic types of blowout preventers are:
• Annular type preventers

The annular preventer is usually mounted at the top of the BOP stack.
Annular preventers are generally rated for surface pressures up to 5000
psi.
• Ram type preventers.

Ram-type preventers, because of their method of construction, can
close on higher surface pressures than annular BOP's: generally up to
15000 psi. Usually, however, only the annular preventer will be closed
if the well kicks, with the ram-type preventers used as a backup.
280
Annular BOP
A large valve, usually installed above the ram preventers, that forms
a seal in the annular space between the pipe and well bore. If no
pipe is present, it forms a seal on the well bore itself.
281
Annular BOP
282
Ram BOP
A blowout preventer that uses rams to seal off pressure on a hole that
is with or without pipe. It is also called a ram preventer. Ram -type
preventers have interchangeable ram blocks to accommodate
different O.D. drill pipe, casing, or tubing.
283
Types of Rams
284
Pipe Ram
Closed around drill pipe
A sealing component for a blowout preventer that closes the annular
space between the pipe and the blowout preventer or wellhead.
285
Pipe Ram
Different size
286
Blind Ram
Shut the well in
when closed, form a seal on a hole that has no drill pipe in it
287
Shear Ram
Cut the pipe and shut the well in
The component in a
blowout preventer that
cuts, or shears, through
drill pipe and forms a
seal against well
pressure.
288
Typical Three-Ram
Surface BOP Stack
289
Typical Two-Ram
Surface BOP Stack
290
Example BOP Stack (land rig)
Ports for choke and

kill lines on each set
of rams
291
Diverters
A diverter is a mechanism for diverting a shallow gas flow to a
location a safe distance from the rig. It is used in circumstances
when it is not possible to safely close in a well without the
possibility of creating an underground blowout.
The diverter consists of an annular BOP and large-diameter flow
lines mounted at the wellhead. Normally a hydraulic closure
system is used, with the BOP closure and diverter valve opening
coupled together, to prevent a possible surge of back pressure
down the annulus when the system is activated.
292
Schematic Diverter Arrangement
293
Subsea BOPs
On floating offshore rigs, such as semi submersibles and drill
ships, the blowout preventers are attached to the well on the
seafloor, and connected to surface by the riser.
A sub sea BOP stack tends to be larger and heavier than a
surface stack of the same rating. Normally there is a system in
place to allow the rig to quickly disconnect from the stack in
case of problems at surface.
In addition to the normal hydraulic actuation system, there will
be an acoustic system to allow remote closure of the BOPs
even if they are disconnected from the rig.
294
BOP Subsea
Tensioners to keep
Riser in tension
295
Cameron-type Guideline Subsea
BOP Stack
296
Cameron-type Guideline less
Subsea BOP Stack
297
Driller’s Air-operated
BOP Panel
Actual Panel on a Jack-up Rig

(Note different BOP configuration)
298
Accumulator
The storage device for nitrogen pressurized hydraulic
fluid, which is used in operating the blowout preventers.
299
Choke Manifold
The arrangement of
piping and special valves,
called chokes, through
which drilling mud is
circulated when the
blowout preventers are
closed to control the
pressures encountered
during a kick.
300
ChokesManifolds
301
Choke Control Panel
Actual Panel on a Jack-up Rig
302
Example Choke Manifold
(Cameron type)
303
Choke line
A line, or pipe, that runs from the blowout preventer stack to the
choke manifold through which fluid from the hole is flowed when
the well is shut in with the blowout preventer.
304
Mud-Gas Separator
A device that removes gas from the mud coming out of a well
when a kick is being circulated out.
305
Well Control in Underbalanced Drilling
So-called 'underbalanced' drilling is essentially drilling under
controlled blowout conditions. This is quite safe as long as long
as the well bore is closed off so that produced fluids are
diverted away from the rig. The regular BOPs are present, but
are not used during drilling because they are not configured to
allow easy rotation and vertical movement of the string. In such
cases, a special rotating head or rotating BOP (usually rated
up to 1500 psi) is used.
The term „Blooie line‟ refers to the specialized flow line used in
underbalanced operations. The Blooie line is essentially a
diverter line that directs return flow away from the rig.
Generally there is also a system to flare off any gas or oil
produced as a by-product of the underbalanced circulation.
306
Chapter 5
Drilling Rig Operations.
307
Drilling Rig operation
• Introduction
• Drilling
• Tripping
• Coring
• Well logging
• Casing
• Cementing
• New Hole
• Cement Plug
• Rig Operation Summary 308
Introduction
- Well Planning
- Prepared Well location
- Rig move
- Rig up
309
Well Planning
Before a new well is drilled a well plan has to be developed. There is a number of
different companies involved in making the hole and a well plan requires close
liaison between them.
1. Deciding where to drill
( Seismic, Surface Geology, Nearby wells, Maps ,etc)
2. Obtaining the rights to drill
3. Well Types
4. Engineering the Well
(Cost, expected pore pressure, fracturing pressure, hole
geometry, directional planning, drilling tools ….etc)
5. Selecting the drilling site
6. Contractors and wellsite personnel
310
Well Plan ( from Seismic Data)
Example Well Name : AB-42
311
Well Planning
Well Name : AB-42
AB-42
312
Well prognosis
Well Name : AB-42
313
Prepared Well location
Location
The place where a well is drilled. Also called well site.
AB-42
314
Prepared cellar
Cellar
A pit in the ground to provide additional height between the rig floor and the well
head to accommodate the installation of blowout preventers, rat holes, mouseholes,
and so forth. It also collects drainage water and other fluids for disposal.
315
Conductor pipe
The largest diameter casing and the topmost length of casing.
It is relatively short and encases the topmoststring of casing.
It may be driven into the ground by a special pile driver
316
Hammering conductor
317
Now Conductor set on celler
318
Rig Move
319
Rig Move
320
Rig Move
321
Rig Move
322
Rigging up
to prepare the drilling rig for making hole, for example, to
install tools and machinery before drilling is started.
323
Rigging up
324
Rigging Up
325
Rigging Up
326
Rigging Up
327
Rigging Up
328
Rigging Up
329
Rigging Up
330
Rigging Up
331
Rigging Up
332
Rigging Up
333
Rigging Up
334
Rigging Up
335
Drilling
336
Drilling
• In order to drill deeper, a
joint of pipe must be added
to the drill string
– Initially drilling with drill
collars
– After all the collars are in
the hole, add drill pipe to the
string
– Each joint is approx. 31-32
feet long
337
Drilling parameters
Hook load (HKLD)
this is the load on the hook (summation of the strings: BHA and bit).
Weight on bit (WOB)
it s calculated from the hook load and its decrease on it (if HKL is 200
tones then become 150 tones due to formation resistance so WOB is 50 tones).
Rotary speed (RPM)
The speed of rotation of the string
Rotary torque (TQ)
The resistance of the formation to the drilling and rotation of string
Stand pipe pressure (SPP)
pressure of the pumped fluid inside the pipes and hoses.
Pump speed
The speeds of pumping of mud inside the pipes (related to SPM or efficiency
ofpump)
338
Drilling Status
Drilling
Reaming
Circulating
Off bottom
Connection
339
Drilling Status
Reaming:
is performed to open an under-gauge hole to its original
full-gauge size.
Circulating:
is the process of pumping drilling fluid out of the mud pits,
down the drill string, up
the annulus and back to the mud pits, and is a continual
process while drilling.
Connection:
the joining of a section of drillpipe to the top of the drillstring as
drilling proceeds.
340
Drilling Status and parameters
341
Drilling
Connected bit to drill collar and ran in hole with same
342
Drilling
And then connected Heavy weight and drill pipe to drill
collar and ran in hole with same
343
Drilling
And then connected kelly or top drive to drill pipe
344
Drilling
Driller start mud pump
345
Drilling by Top Drive
Rotating Drill String by top drive
346
Drilling by Kelly
• Kelly lowered into
the well until the
kelly is drilled
down
347
Drilling by Kelly
• The kelly
bushing is in
the rotary table
and start
rotating the
string
348
Drilling
• Some of the weight of the drill string onto the bit
called ( WOB)
Weight indicator
349
Drilling
• Mud remove Cutting from bottom to surface at shale shaker
350
Drilling
• While Drilling Mud Logger monitor on drilling parameter and gas
analysis
351
Drilling
• While Drilling Sample Catcher take sample from Shale
Shaker
352
Drilling
• And Wellsite Geologist examination sample under
microscope to determine formation
353
Drilling
While Drilling Derrick Man Check Mud Weight
354
Drilling
• Mud return back to system and then pumping agin to
hole
355
Drilling
• Cutting
Remove by Shale Shakers
356
Drilling
• Cutting
Dumped on Cutting Bore
357
Drilling
• Cutting
Or Dumped on Dry Location
358
Drilling
• Cutting
Or Dumped on Dry Location
359
Drilling
• Cutting
Dumped on Dry Location
360
Drilling
• Cutting
Dumped on Dry Location
361
Wash and Reaming
• To enlarge a wellbore.
• After finished drilling stand or joint
362
Wash and Reaming
• Pulling out this stand or joint
363
Wash and Reaming
• And ran in hole again with rotating and circulation
364
Connection
The action of adding a joint of pipe to the drill stem as drilling progresses.
365
Making a Connection
• The slips are set in the rotary table and the weight of the
drill string is transferred to the slips
366
Making a Connection with Kelly
• To make a connection, the kelly is pulled out of the hole
367
• The Kelly is unscrewed from the drill string
368
• Picked up new joint from catwalk to mouse hole
369
• The kelly is connected to the joint in the mousehole
370
• The joint is picked up out of the mousehole and made up
to the drill string
371
• The weight of the drill string is picked up and the slips are
removed
372
• The Kelly bushing is engaged in the rotary table and drilling
resumes until it is time to make the next connection
373
Making a Connection With Top Drive
• Making a connection with a top drive is

very similar
– The pipe is drilled down until the top drive
reaches the floor
– A joint can be added by making up to a joint in
the mousehole or
– The top drive can be made up to a full stand of
drill pipe (three joints)
374
– The pipe is drilled down until the top drive reaches the floor
375
– The top drive can be made up to a full stand of drill pipe (three
joints)
376
• Uses Power Tong to connected joint with joint Apply the final
makeup torque.
377
• or uses top drive, Automated Equipment
• Completely automated on the rig floor
378
Type of Drilling
A) Vertical Drilling
B) Directional Drilling
379
Vertical Drilling
380
Directional Drilling
Directional Drilling:
the intentional deviation of a wellbore
in order to reach a certain objective
some distance from the rig.
Horizontal well
Deviated well
381
Directional Drilling Tools:

• Mud motor
• RSS
382
Directional Drilling by:

• Mud motor
RKB
KOP
• RSS
Build Section
EOB or EOC
TVD, ft
Tangent or Hold
Drop
Section
Departure, ft
383
Mud Motor
A drilling tool made up in the drill string directly above the bit. It causes the bit to turn
while the drill string remains fixed. It is used most often as a deflection tool in
directional drilling, where it is made up between the bit and a bent sub (or, sometimes,
the housing of the motor itself isbent). Two principal types of downhole motor are the
positive-displacement motor and the downhole turbine motor.
384
Mud Motor
385
Mud Motor
386
Mud Motor
387
RSS
(Rotary Steerable Systems )
388
RSS Bypass
389
RSS Bypass
390
RSS
Several different technologies are available, depending on
the vendor.
• AutoTrak Baker Hughes

• PowerDrive Schlumberger
• geo-pilot Halliburton
391
AutoTrak
392
AutoTrak
393
AutoTrak
394
PowerDrive
395
PowerDrive
396
PowerDrive
397
geo-pilot
398
geo-pilot
399
geo-pilot
400
Causes of Directional Drilling
• Inaccessible surface
location
• Drilling in towns,
from land to
offshore and under
production facilities
401
• Drilling multiple
wells from a single
structure or pad
• Most offshore
development would
not be possible
without directional
drilling
402
• Drilling around salt
domes
• Salt can cause
significant drilling
problems and
directional drilling
can be used to drill
under the
overhanging cap
403
Offshore Directional
By using directional
drilling, as many as
twenty or more wells
offshore may be
drilled into the
reservoir from one
platform.
404
• Relief well drilling
• Directional drilling
into the blowout when
the surface location is
no longer accessible
• Very small target and
takes specialized
equipment
405
• Horizontal drilling
• Increasing exposure
of the reservoir to
increase productivity
406
• Multilateral drilling
• Drilling more than
one wellbore from
a single parent
wellbore
407
• Horizontal drilling
to produced gas or
oil from shale
408
• Sometimes multiple
sidetracks are used to
better understand
geology or to place the
wellbore in a more
favorable portion of
the reservoir
409
Directional Drilling assemble
410
Survey
Survey calculations are used to predict the position
of the wellbore relative to the surface location
Survey methods:
• MWD ( Measurement While Drilling)
• Gyro
• Totco
411
MWD
Measurement While Drilling
412
MWD
Surface Computer
Transducer
On Standpipe
Pressure Pulses
in Drill Pipe
MWD
413
MWD
 Information encoded is transmitted to the surface
by either a positive or negative pressure pulse in
the drilling fluid. Other systems send information
in a sinusoidal wave form, using a modulator.
MWD Systems
 Downhole sensor package
 Surface Computer
 Surface Sensors
 Downhole power source
 Downhole computer
 Telemetry system
414
Survey Sheet
415
Totco
Single Shot to determine the Well Inclination
416
Gyro
417
Gyro
Surface Readout Gyro
 Function
– provides surface readout via
conducting wireline of incl., az. and
TF orientation either inside casing or
DP throughout the required section of
a wellbore. The azimuth reference is a
foresight direction.
 Application
– orientation and short multishots in
magnetic environments
 Accuracy
– suitable for orientation work and short
multishots (errors can be derived
from the foresight direction and the
gyro drift)
 Cost
418
Gyro
419
Gyro
Gyro Single Shot
• Function
provides photographic
record of inclination,
azimuth and toolface
orientation at a single
point in the wellbore
420
Gyro
Gyro Multishot
• Function
provides photographic record of inclination and
azimuth either inside casing or drillpipe
throughout the required section of a wellbore
421
Tripping
422
Tripping
• Tripping is the act of pulling pipe out of or
running pipe into a well
– To change bits
– At the end of a hole section
– Mechanical problems
– Change bottomhole assembly
423
Types of Tripping
Trip In & Trip Out
Trip in = Run in = Run In Hole = RIH
:To trip pipe into the hole.
Trip out = Pull out = Pull Out Of Hole = POOH
:To trip string out of the hole.
Wiper trip & Condition trip

Wiper trip
A short trip up into casing then back to bottom to clean out
the hole, to check for gauge, and to reduce the danger of getting stuck.
Condition trip
A trip from surface to bottom or from bottom to surface
424
Tripping
• Top drive still during tripping
425
Tripping
• The Kelly is removed from the drill string before tripping
• The Kelly and Swivel are stored in the rathole
426
Tripping
• The pipe is pulled or run using the elevators attached to the hook
427
Tripping
428
Tripping
429
Tripping
• Uses Power Tong to connected joint with joint Apply the final
makeup torque.
430
Tripping
• The bottom of a stand is set off to the side of the floor
• The top is set in the fingers of the finger board
431
Tripping
• Rather than laying each joint down, the pipe is racked in
the derrick in stands
• A stand is two or three joints depending upon the rig
432
Tripping
• On highly automated rigs such as offshore, the pipe is
handled by automatic pipe handling equipment
433
Tripping
• While tripping mud logger monitor on Depth and Losses
434
RIH
435
RIH
436
RIH
437
RIH
438
RIH
439
RIH
440
RIH
441
RIH
442
POOH
443
POOH
444
POOH
445
POOH
446
POOH
447
POOH
448
POOH
449
Coring
450
Coring
• Cylindrical sample taken from
a formation for geological
analysis.
• Either type of core can be
examined in a laboratory and
may reveal much about the
nature of the reservoir.
451
Types of Coring
• Conventional Coring
( at time of drilling )
• Sidewall Coring
( after drilling while wireline logging )
452
Conventional Coring
When drilling into a reservoir , an ordinary bit
may be removed and replaced by a core
barrel, " is made up on the drill string with a
special type of bits called ”Core Head” and
run to the bottom of the hole. As the core
barrel is rotated, it cuts a cylindrical core a
few inches in diameter that is received in a
tube above the core cutting bit
The main objective of coring is to study the

physical properties of reservoir ( porosity and
permeability) characteristics and formation
fluids.
It is cut whenever study of lithology, age, fluid
study, etc. is required.
453
Equipment for Conventional Coring
Core Bit
454
Core barrel
Outer Tubes Inner Tubes 455

Inner Tubes
456
Conventional Core BHA
457
Coring Operation
Circulation off bottom Coring
458
POOH with Core
Inner Tubes
Outer Tubes
459
POOH with Core
460
Laied down Core barrel
461
Core barrel
462
Core barrel
463
Cut Core barrel
464
Mud logger take Core sample
465
466
467
468
469
Packing Core
470
Packing Core
471
Packing Core
472
Boxing cores for transport
Label top and Do the same for Seal wooden boxes
one side of box interior of box with nails; seal
with depths, box carboard boxes
number and with heavy
orientation strapping
tape
Oil Co. Geo Oil

Well E x a m p le # 1
Core # 2 Box # 1
Depth:
from 18 2 1 to 18 2 8 .6
Location S e in e
S a in t - D e n is
473
474
475
Cores transport to labratory for studies
476
Sidewall Coring
• It used in zones where core recovery by
conventional methods was small or where cores
where not obtained as drilling progressed
• It is useful for paleonthological work . The
sidewall core device “CST” (chronological
Sample Taker )
477
Sidewall Coring
In a sidewall sampler a
small explosive charge is
fired to ram a small
cylinder into the wall of
the hole. When the tool is
pulled out of the hole, the
small core samples come
out with the tool.
478
Core bullets
• The CST is lowered into hole on a wireline cable and sample of
formation is taken at desired depth by shooting a hollow “bullet”into
and pulling it out of the wall of the hole ( up to 30 bullet per gun)
479
Core bullets
480
Rotary SWL coring
A rotary sidewall core extraction is now widely preferred
having better sample representation of formation,
hydraulic wire line tool used for extraction.
481
Rotary SWL coring
482
Well Logging
483
Well Logging
Well logging : the recording of information about subsurface geologic formations,
including records kept by the driller and records of mud and cutting analyses, core
analysis, drill stem tests, and electric, acoustic, and radioactivity procedures.
484
Well Logging Methods
Two methods are used to lower tools in the well:
• LWD
Logging While Drilling.
• Wireline logging
tools are lowered using a cable
485
LWD
Logging While Drilling
Inclination
Neutron Resistivity Measurement
Gamma Ray
Density
486
LWD Out Put
487
Wire Line
Wireline: a slender, rodlike or threadlike piece of metal usually small in
diameter, that is used for lowering special tools (such as logging sondes,
perforating guns, and so forth) into the well. Also called
slick line.
488
Wire Line Truck
489
Wire Line tools
490
Wire Line tools
491
Logging Truck components
Acquisition Equipment
Client Unit Engine

(Witness)
Wire-line cable to
down-hole tools
Winchman
Cable drum
492
Logging Truck components
Cable Drum Depth - IDW
Acquisition System
CSU - Cyber Service Unit

Logging Tool
Logging Cable
493
Logging Cable
Logging Cable provides Mechanical Strength and Electrical Path

494
Logging Runs plan
495
Truck and tool travel to site
496
Crew start test tools
497
Rigging up tools
498
Rigging up tools and Ran In Hole
499
Recording
500
Recording
501
Recording
502
Recording
503
Data Transmit with satellite
504
Wire Line Out Put
505
Example Logging Runs
506
What do the tools measure?
• Tool Measurements
– Density
– Resistivity
– Gamma Ray
– ………….etc
507
Quick Look Log Analysis
Gamma Ray Shale Volume
Density Porosity
Neutron Porosity
Acoustic Porosity
Resistivity Saturation
508
508
Lithology interpretation
509
General Log responses
Lithology GR Density Neutron Acoustic Resistivity
Sandstone Low 2.65 -4 55 high

(Unless RA min)
Limestone low 2.71 0 47.5 high
Shale high 2.2-2.7 High 50-150 low

(water content) (water content) (water content) (water content)
Dolomite Low 2.85 +4 42.5 high

(higher if U)
Anhydrite V.low 2.95 -1 50 V.high
Salt Low 2.1 0 67 V.high

(Unless K salt)
Water 0 1-1.1 100 180-190 0 - infinite

(salt and Temp) (salt and Temp)
Oil 0 0.6-1.0 70-100 210-240 V.high

(api) (H2 index) (api)
Gas 0 0.2-0.5 10-50 ~1000 V.high

(pressure) (H2 index)
510
Gamma Ray
0 api 150
Shale
Sand
Shale
Sand
Shale
511
Gamma Ray
0 api 150
Shale volume
Shale
135
1) Pick a clean GR response
90 Sand
2) Pick a shale GR response

Shale
3) Scale between
GR log - Gr clean
35 Sand Vsh =
GR shale - Gr clean
Shale
512
Density
1.95 G/cc 2.95
Shale • Uses gamma rays to measure
bulk formation density in g/cc.
Sand • Each rock matrix (Lithology) has
a characteristic density between

Shale 2-3 g/cc.
• Fluids generally have a lower
density between 0.2 - 1.0 g/cc.

Sand
• Used to define porosity and
lithology.
Shale
513
Density
1.95 G/cc 2.95
Density Porosity
Shale Ma - b
=
Ma - f
Sand
Matrix Density:
- Sand (SiO2): 2.65
Shale gm/cc
- Limestone (CaCO3): 2.71
gm/cc
2.15 Fluid Density:
- Dolomite (CaMgCo3): 2.87
Sand - Fresh Mud: 1 gm/cc
gm/cc
- Saline Mud: 1.1 gm/cc
- Hyper Saline Mud: 2.87 gm/cc
Shale
514
Neutron
45 Porosity -15
• Uses Neutrons to measure
Shale Hydrogen content of formation
• Most Hydrogen is in fluids

Sand
• Log calibrated and scaled in
Limestone porosity units

Shale
• Other rock types require small
corrections to porosities
• Sand + 4%
Sand
• Dolomite - 4%
• With Density -> gas indicator

Shale
515
Neutron & Density
1.95 Density 2.95
45 Neutron -15
Shale
Sand
Shale
Gas
Sand
Liquid
Shale
516
Acoustic
140 us/ft 40
• Measures speed of sound in the
formation in microseconds/ft.
Shale
• Each rock type (lithology) has a
Sand characteristic DT 40-70 us/ft.
• Fluids have a much slower DT
Shale of 180-230 us/ft, gas even
slower.
Gas • Links seismic depth in time to
log depth in ft or m.
Liquid • Used to determine porosity and
lithology.
Shale
517
Acoustic
140 us/ft 40
Sonic Porosity
Shale DT - DTma
=
(Wylies Formula)
DTf - DTma
Sand
DT Matrix:
Shale - Sand: 55.5 – 51.3 us/ft.
- Limestone: 47.6 – 43.5 us/ft.
- Dolomite: 43.5 – 38.5 us/ft.
80 Sand DT Fluid:
- Fresh Mud: 189 us/ft.
- Saline Mud: 47 us/ft.
Shale
518
Resistivity
0.2 Ohmm‟s 2000
1 10 100 1000
• Measures electrical conductivity
due to:-
Shale
 Water in the pore space.
Sand  Bound water in shales.
 Induction logs for oil or fresh
Shale water resistive mud systems.

Shallow
 Laterologs for salty conductive
Hydrocarbo mud systems.

n
 Hydrocarbons are non-
Deep water conducting.
Shale  Different depths show Invasion.
519
Shale Effect
• Total porosity includes Shale clay bound water
• Effective porosity is shale corrected to remove clay bound
water
effective = Total - (Vsh x Shale)
• Calculated “Archie” saturation ignores shale conductivity

• Other equations available
– Dual water
– Indonesian
– Waxman Smits
– Simandoux
» etc
520
Resistivity
0.2 Ohmm‟s 2000
1 10 100 1000
Archie Equation
Shale
Basic “Archie” resistivity formula:-
Sand Sw n = a x Rw
m x Rt
Shale Sw = water saturation

400 Rw = formation water resistivity
Rt = formation resistivity
= porosity
a, m, n are constants
Sand (default a=1, m=2, n=2)
0.3
Shale
521
Casing
522
Casing
Casing : steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well to prevent the wall of the hole from
caving in, to prevent movement of fluids from one formation to another and to aid in
well control.
After drilling for some depth at the end of every drilled phase, the borehole is lined
with steel casing, and cement is set between the casing and the bore hole wall,
523
Functions of Casing
1- Prevents the hole from caving or collapsing.
2- Prevents loss of drilling fluids into weak formations.
3- Isolate troublesome formations.
4- Prevents communication between formations.
5- Provides means of extracting hydrocarbons if the well is
productive.
6- To effect a method of control and safety as depth
increases.
7- Provides a means of support for the well head equipment.
524
Casing Plan
525
Casing Equipment
• Casing joints or pipe
• Casing shoe
• Float collar
• Centralizer
Other Casing Accessories
 Reamer Shoe
526
Casing pipe
A steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well to prevent the wall of the hole from caving
in, to prevent movement of fluids from one formation to another and to aid in well
control.
527
Casing pipe
528
Float Shoe (Casing Shoe)
Float Shoe : a short, heavy, cylindrical steel section with a rounded bottom that is
attached to the bottom of the casing string. It contains a check valve and functions
similarly to the float collar but also serves as a guide shoe for the casing.
The float shoe is the first item to got into the hole
529
Float Collar
A special coupling device inserted one or two joints above the bottom of the casing
string that contains a check valve to permit fluid to pass downward but not upward
through the casing. The float collar prevents drilling mud from entering the casing
while it is being lowered, allowing the casing to float during its descent and thus
decreasing the load on the derrick or mast.
The float collar is installed on the top of the first or second joint
530
Centralizes
The centralizes are attached to the casing and since they have a bowed
spring arrangement keep the casing centered in the hole after it is
lowered in.
531
Centralizes
• keep the casing centered in the hole after it is lowered in.
532
Reamer Shoe
• Guiding casing and liner strings to total depth (TD) in open
hole wellbores can be complicated by obstructions, such as
ledges and bridges, and by unstable, sloughing, or swelling
formations.
• Reamer shoes use cutters to smooth the wellbore ahead of the
casing and liner string, which reduces the risk of a short
landing.
533
Reamer Shoe
The full-coverage tungsten carbide blade
cutting structures facilitate rotating,
reciprocating, and backreaming applications.
- Applications
• Hard formations
• Horizontal or high-angle wellbores
• Sidetrack and re-entry wells in which the
downhole orientation may be unknown
• Heavy casing strings on rigs that limit
the ability to free stuck casing
• Wells that limit the ability to rotate
casing or liner
534
Casing Running Tools
• Spider Elevator
• Spider Slips
• Casing tongs
• Fill-up tool
535
Spider Elevator
The elevator/spider tool is designed for lifting and suspending tubular goods, from
light tubing to heavy wall pipe and drill collars. The main body of these units can be
dressed as a casing elevator or as a spider.... The main body of these units can be
dressed as a casing elevator or as a spider.
536
Spider Slips
A gripping device used to grip and hold rods or casing while coupling or
uncoupling them as they are being run into or pulled from a borehole.
Also called bowl and slips.
537
Casing tongs
Casing power tongs are used
to make or break casing
tubulars placed in the drill hole
in order to maintain the opening
of the well. They come in a
variety of sizes that measure
anywhere from 5 ½ feet to 36
feet, and are designed to deal
with lightweight, or high torque
casing.
538
Fill-up tool
The AutoFill Casing Fill-Up and Circulating System saves time and enhances rig safety
and well control during drilling operations by allowing the operator to fill, circulate
and recover fluid while running Casing. With the AutoFill Casing Fill-Up and
Circulating System, you can continue to use the rig pumps and top-drive while
running or pulling each joint of Casing.
Fill-up tool
539
Casing Operation
Picking casing up with a lay down machine
540
Casing Operation
• The casing is picked up with a sling
• The stabber keeps the casing straight to prevent cross
threading and puts the elevators on the casing
541
Casing Operation
• Special elevators and slips for running casing
542
Casing Operation
• The float shoe is the first
item to got into the hole
First joint
Float shoe
543
Casing Operation
• The float collar is installed
on the top of the first or
second joint
Float collar
Second joint
544
Casing Operation
The centralizes are attached to the casing
545
Final Casing profile
Wall Bore
Casing Joints
Float Collar
Pipe 2
Pipe 1 Float Shoe
546
Common Hole and Casing Sizes
The diameter of bit and casing are internationally standard.
Hole size Bit size Casing size
36” 36” 30”

26” 26” 20”
17.5” 17.5” 13 3/8”
12.25” 12.25” 9 5/8”
8.5” 8.5” 7”
6” 6” 5”
547
Liner Hanger
• A liner is a casing string that does not extend back to the surface
Conductor 20”
Casing 13 3/8”
17½" hole @ 197 ft
Casing 9 5/8”
Liner Hanger
12¼" hole @ 4703 ft
7" LINER
548
Example Final Well Profile
4 Casing Design
Conductor casing 20”
Surface casing 13 3/8”
Intermediate casing 9 5/8”
Liner
Hanger
Production Liner 7”
549
5 Casing design
• Conductor 30 inch
• Surface 20 inch
• Intermediate 13 3/8
inch
• Production 9 5/8 inch
• Liner 7 inch
550
6 Casing Design
Surface casing 13 3/8”
Intermediate casing 9 5/8”
7” Liner
Hanger
Production Liner 7”
5” Liner
Production Liner 5” Hanger
551
Casing While Drilling
CWD
552
Casing While Drilling
Drilling and Casing the hole in the same time
The main purpose of Casing Drilling:
• is to eliminate classic casing runs and
• isolate formations while drilling
Casing Bit
Casing pipe
553
Benefits of Casing While Drilling
• Maximizing efficiency
1. Two operations in one, each meter drilled will be cased.
2. Reduces time for tripping in and out, and the risk
involved with it.
3. Improves drilling efficiency by reducing of the non-
productive time.
4. Drilling time and cementing saving.
554
Benefits of Casing While Drilling
• The smearing effect: Prevent and cure (or minimize) losses while
drilling, i.e. good control of the annular pressure losses.
• Applicability in depleted zones or underbalanced drilling applications.
• High applicability in drilling soft shallow sections (high borehole
instability with known losses).
555
Casing Bit
556
Casing While Running Drilling Tools
557
Casing While Running Drilling Tools
558
Other technic for
Casing While Drilling tool
559
Cementing
560
Cementing
After the casing string is run, the next task is cementing the case in the place.
Cementing:
the placement of a liquid slurry of cement and water inside or outside of the casing.
Annals fill wit Cement
Mud
Wall Bore
Cement
Casing Joints
Top Plug
Bottom Plug
Float Collar
Cement
Float Shoe
561
Cement Material
A powder consisting of Alumina, silica, lime, and other substances
that hardens when mixed with water. Extensively used in the oil industry
to bond casing to the walls of the wellbore.
562
Cement Tools
• Cement Pump
• Cement Line
• Cement Head
• Cement Bottom plug
• Cement Top plug
563
Cementing Pump
A high-pressure pump used to force cement down the casing and into the
annular space between the casing and the wall of the borehole.
564
Cementing Line
High pressure line connect from Cement pump to cement head at top
of casing.
565
Cementing Head
A accessory attached to the top of the casing to facilitate cementing of
the casing, It has passages for cement slurry and retainer chambers for
cementing wiper plugs. Also called retainer head.
566
Cement Bottom Plug
The bottom, or lead, plug is a device to lead the cement
slurry, or other fluids, down the string.
Cement
Bottom
Plug
567
Cement Top Plug
The top or follow plug serves as a wiper and means to separate the
cement and displacement fluid pumped behind slurry.
Bottom
Plug
Cement
568
Top and Bottom Plug
569
Cement Job
• After Ran in hole with casing to bottom.
• Set Cement Plugs (Bottom & Top) in side Cement Head
• Connected Cement Head top Casing
• Connected Cement line from Cement Pump to Cement head
• Performed Pressure Test on Cement Line
• Mixing Cement meanwhile circulation from Rig Pump
• Drop Bottom Plug
• Pumping cement
• Drop Top Plug
• Displacement Cement by Displacement Fluid
570
Ran in hole with casing to bottom.
Pump
Last Cement Rig Pump
Cement Line
Last Casing
Casing
Centralizer
571
Set Cement Plugs (Bottom & Top)
in side Cement Head
572
Connected Cement Head top Casing
Cement Head
Cement Head
Cement Pump
Cement Line
Last Casing
Casing
Casing
Centralizer
573
Connected Cement line from
Cement Pump to Cement head
Cement line Cement Head
Cement Head
Cement Pump
Cement Line
Last Casing
Casing
Casing
Centralizer
Cement pump 574

Performed Pressure Test
on Cement Line
Pressure test
Cement line
575
Mixing Cement
meanwhile circulation from Rig Pump
576
Drop Bottom Plug and Pumping Cement
577
Drop Top Plug
578
Displacement cement by displacement fluid
579
580
581
582
583
Total Cement Job
Top
Plug
Bottom
Plug
Top Plug
Released
Displacement
Fluid
Drilling
Fluid Plug
Bottom Bumped
Float Plug
Collar Ruptured
Shoe
Joint
Float
Shoe
A B C 584
Multistage cementing
Cementation is required to be done in two/ more stages because of
following reasons :
1. When hydrostatic head of long column of cement cannot be
supported by down hole formation.
2. To cement wells having two or more zones of interest separated by
long intervals. There by reducing the quantity of cement required.
3. When a long column of cement cannot be handled with the limited
cementing equipments.
4. To cement deep wells with high bottom hole temperature, where
cement slurries of different thickening time for different stages can
be used.
5. For cementing of high pressure gas zones and water producing
horizons.
585
Two stage cementing techniques
Performed first stage cement
Mud
DV Tool Closed
First Stage
cement
586
Open DV-Tool
Mud
Open DV Tool
First Stage
cement
587
Performed second stage cement
Second Stage
cement
Mud
Open DV Tool
First Stage
cement
588
Two Stage of Cement (DV-Tool)
589
Liner cement
A liner is a casing string that does not extend back to the surface
Cement Manifold
590
Liner cement
591
Operation After the cement
• Hanging casing
• BOP stack
592
Hanging casing
– Unless the procedure indicates
otherwise, the casing should be
landed in the wellhead with the as
cemented weight on the weight
indicator
– If the casing is not cemented back to
surface, the wellhead load can
change due to pressure and
temperature changes on the casing
BOP
wellhead
casing
593
BOP Stack
After the cement hardens and tests indicate that the job is
good, the rig crew attaches or nipples up the blow-out
preventer stack on the top of the casing. The BOP slack is
then pressure tested and drilling is resumed.
After nippling up the BOP stack a smaller bit on a slick

bottom hole assembly is run in hole to drill out cement. The
slick assembly is an assembly without stabilizers to avoid
hitting the casing inside. This bit drills out the float collars
and the drillable casing shoe along with the cement in
between.
594
New Hole
595
New Hole
This the Well profile after Cement
Annals fill wit Cement
Mud
Wall Bore
Cement
Casing Joints
Top Plug
Bottom Plug
Float Collar
Cement
Float Shoe
596
New Hole
• Pick up new BHA (Bit, DC….etc) and run in hole with same
• Tag of top plug
• Performed Pressure Test on Casing
• Drill Top Plug
• Drill Bottom Plug
• Drill Float Collar
• Drill cement between Float Collar and Float Shoe
• Performed Pressure Test on Casing
• Drill Float Shoe
• Drill 5 ft in New Formation
• Performed FIT
• Displace Hole whit new Mud (according plan may be displace mud
before drilling Float Shoe
• Start drilling new Hole
597
Ran in hole with new BHA
598
Drilled top and bottom plugs, float collar, cement and
Presser test on casing
599
Drill casing shoe and 5 to 10 ft below the last casing shoe
600
Performed FIT
Formation Integration Test
601
Formation Integrity Test (FIT)
• Purpose:
– To investigate cement strength around the shoe
(Cement Integrity Test),
– To approximate fracture gradient, (Leak Off Test),
– To investigate wellbore capability to withstand
pressure below the shoe,
– To collect regional information on the formation
strength for optimization of well design on future
wells.
602
• Test Procedure:
– Drill 5 to 10 ft below the last casing shoe,
– Circulate to condition mud (MW in = MW out),
– POOH to last casing shoe,
– Connect cement unit to test surface line,
– Close Pipe Rams,Start pumping at slow rate
(i.e. 1/4 BPM) (A),
– While pumping, observe the pressure build-up until it
deviates (B),
– Record pressure. (C),
– Bleed-off and record return.
603
Leak-off or Cement Integrity Test procedure:
C
Pressure
C: Leak-off pressure is reached

B -C: Mud Penetrating the formation
B: Start of Leak-off
A-B: Linear Increase
A BBLS 604
Leak of test
605
Cement Plug
606
Cement Plug
A specific volume of cement placed at some point in the wellbore to
seal off the well.
607
Cement Plugs
At some stage during the life of a well a cement plug may have to be
placed in the wellbore.
A cement plug is designed to fill a length of casing or open hole to
prevent vertical fluid movement.
Cement plugs may be used for:
1. abandoning depleted zones
2. seal off lost circulation zones
3. providing a kick off point for directional drilling (eg side- tracking
around fish)
4. isolating a zone for formation testing
5. abandoning an entire well (government regulations usually insist on
6. leaving a series of cement plugs in the well prior to moving off
location).
608
Performed Cement Plug
1-Ran in hole with 5” drill pipe & 3.5” drill pipe to cement plug depth
609
2- Pumping Cement inside drill pipe
610
3- Displacement Cement from drill pipe to Annulus
611
4- And then revers circulation:
Pumping mud from annulus to remove cement from drill pipe
612
5- Finally Pulled out of hole with drill pipe to surface
613
Common reasons for Cement Plug
1. Cement Plug to Treatment complete losses
2. Cement Plug to Abandon well ( P & A )
3. Cement Plug to performed Side-Track from open hole
4. Cement Plug to performed Side-Track from cased hole
614
Cement Plug to
Treatment complete losses
615
Cement Plug to Abandon
Called (P & A) Plug and Abandon
Abandon a well : to stop producing hydrocarbons when the well becomes
unprofitable. A wildcat may be abandoned after poor results from a well test.
Mechanical and cement plugs are placed in the wellbore to prevent fluid migration to
surface and between different zones.
616
Cement Plug to performed
Side-Track
Side-Track
Original-Hole
Cement Plug
617
Side-Track
Sidetrack : to drill around some permanent obstruction in the hole with
some kind of deflecting tool.
Side-Track
Original-Hole
618
Side-Track from Open Hole
619
Side-Track from Cased Hole
Used Whipstock
Whipstock
620
Whipstock
Whipstock : a long wedge-shaped pipe that uses an inclined plane to
cause the bit to deflect away from its original position.
Whipstock 621
Whipstock
Whipstock
622
Mill Bit
623
Operation Side-Track from Cased Hole
1- Performed Cement Plugs in original hole from
bottom up to Window depth
624
2 – Set Bridge Plug at Window depth
Bridge Plug 625

3 – Set Wipestock at Window depth
Wipestock 626
Milling Assembly
Mill Bit
Wipestock
Upper & Lower Mill 627
Picked up Wipstock and Mill Bit
Mill Bit
Wipstock
628
Ran in hole with Mill Bit & Wipstock to window point
Uperr Mill
Lower Mill
Mill Bit
Wipstock
629
Free the Shear Pin
Shear Pin Shear Pin

free
630
The window now Mill
631
The Window now finished mill
Original
Cased hole Side-Track
632
Rig Operation Summary
633
Drilling
Site
a Well Preparation
634
Drilling
a Well
Rig move and
rigging up
635
Drilling
a Well
Drill 26” Or Hammering

Hole conductor
636
Drilling
a Well
Set 20”
Casing
637
Drilling
a Well
Cement 20”
Casing
638
Drilling
a Well
Drill 17-
1/2” Hole
639
Drilling
a Well
Set 13-3/8”
Casing
640
Drilling
a Well
Cement 13-3/8”
Casing
641
Drilling
a Well
Drill 12-1/4”
Hole
642
Drilling
a Well
Run Electric
Logs
643
Drilling
a Well
Run 9-5/8”
Casing
644
Drilling
a Well
Cement 9-5/8”
Casing
645
Drilling
a Well
Drill 8-1/2”
Hole
646
Drilling
a Well
Drill 8-1/2”
Hole to T.D.
647
Drilling
a Well
26”
17-1/2”
12-1/4”
8-1/2”
Run Electric
Logs
648
Drilling
a Well
26”
17-1/2”
12-1/4”
8-1/2”
Run 7” Liner
649
Drilling
a Well
26”
17-1/2”
12-1/4”
8-1/2”
Cement 7”
Liner
650
Drilling
a Well
26”
17-1/2”
12-1/4”
8-1/2”
Run Drill
Stem Test
651
Drilling
a Well
Plug and
Abandon
26”
17-1/2”
12-1/4”
8-1/2”
652
Chapter 6
Mud Logging
653
Mud Logging
1- Introduction about Mud Logging
2- Mud Logging Unit Equipment & Technology
3- Lag Calculation
4- Samples Catching
5- Samples Description
6- Final Well Data (Final)
7- Man Power in Mud logging unit
8- Duties and responsibilities of Mud Logger
9- Duties and responsibilities of Well Site Geologist
10- Duties and responsibilities for Mud logging Crew from
start to finish
654
Introduction about Mud Logging
655
What is the Mud Logging
• The mud logging unit is the
information center on the rig site
to serve both exploration and
drilling.
• Involves doing tests on drilling
mud and cutting.
656
Mud Logging
Mud logging: the recording of information derived from the
examination and analysis of drill cuttings. This also includes the
detection of oil and gas. This work is usually done by a service
company which supplies a portable laboratory on the rig.
657
Mud Logging Unit
The mud logging unit trailer
packed with computer ,
electronic monitors and
other instrument for
possessing data received
from sensors
658
Mud Logging Unit on rig site
Mud Logging Unit
659
Mud Logging Unit
A number of cables extends from the
unit to a number of sensors installed
at different locations on the drilling
rig. These sensors are used to
measure many important variables or
parameters of the rig operations.
Sample collected and store in boxes
660
Mud Logging Unit Out Put
Mud log
661
What are the benefits of Mud Logging
1- Mud loggers analyze geological data to identify and quantity
potentially productive hydrocarbon reserves
662
2- Mud loggers analyze drilling parameters in conjunction with
the formation analysis in order to provide recommendations to
improve drilling rates, reduce coast and enhance safety
663
3- Mud loggers monitor on losses and enhance safety
664
Mud Logging Unit
Equipment & Technology
665
Mud Logging Unit
Component
1-Geological Equipment's
2-Mud logging Sensors
3-Gas System
4-Data Acquisition System
5-Soft Ware Programs
666
Geological Equipment's
1-Microscope
2-Fluoroscope (UV)
3-Chemicals for test samples
4- Calcigraph
5-Cloth pages for wet samples
6-Paper Envelopes for dry samples
7-Coarse Sieve
8-Fine Sieve
667
Microscope
668
Fluoroscope
Ultraviolet (UV)
669
Chemicals for test samples
670
Chemicals for test samples
671
Calcigraph
used determined percent of limestone in sample
672
Cloth pages for wet samples
673
Paper Envelopes for dry samples
674
Coarse Sieve
675
Fine Sieve
676
GAS SYSTEM
• Gas trap
• Gas Line(Ditch)
• Gas detector
677
Gas Trap
An motor, impeller and trap chamber.
678
Gas Trap
Gas Line
Motor
Gases Rotation axis
679
Gas Trap
Gas trap motor put in possum belly to release gases from
mud, connected to mud logging unit by gas line
680
Gas line
Gas line connected gases to mud logging unit
Gas line
Gas Trap
681
Gas line
Gas line connected from mud logging unit to shale shaker
Gas line
Mud Logging unit

682
Gas line
Gas line connected to suction pump
Gas line
683
Gas line
Then gases Pumped in gas line to Gas Detector
Gas Detector
Gas line
684
GAS Detector
• Total Gas detector
Detector reading all gases from hole
• Gas Chromatograph
Detector reading all hydrocarbon from hole
685
Example GAS Detector
FID
686
FID
(Flame Ionization Detector)
The flame ionization detector, as implied above, responds both to the
concentration of hydrocarbons present and to the number of breakable
carbon-hydrogen bonds within them.
The flame ionization detector yields more uniform and linear richness
readings and is less subject to progressive loss of sensitivity than the
catalytic combustion detector. It also has greater sensitivity to very
low concentrations
687
FID
Example (Flame Ionization Detector) Total Gas
TG Sensor
sample treatment
Lock
Air
H2
Sample Gas
688
FID
Example (Flame Ionization Detector) Chromatograph
689
Gases Reading
• Oil and gas are naturally occurring hydrocarbons
• Composed of hydrogen and carbon
• Natural gas
is mostly methane (CH4)
• Oil
As the number of carbon atoms increase, it becomes oil (Butane C4H10,…..etc)
• Tars
Very heavy oils are tars
690
Gases Reading
691
Gases Reading
692
Gases Reading
693
Mud Logging Sensors
What Is a Sensor?
The measurement of a physical phenomenon, such as the temperature
of a room, the intensity of a light source, or the force applied to an
object, begins with a sensor. A sensor, also called a transducer,
converts a physical phenomenon into a measurable electrical signal.
Depending on the type of sensor, its electrical output can be a voltage,
current, resistance, or another electrical attribute that varies over time.
Some sensors may require additional components and circuitry to
properly produce a signal that can accurately and safely be read by a
DAQ device.
694
Mud Logging Sensors
1-Depth Sensor or drilling speed (ROP)
2- Hook load (HKLD(
3-Stand pipe pressure (SPP)
4-Casing Pressure (CP)
5-Rotary speed -revolution per minute (RPM)
6- Rotary Torque (TQ)
8-Stroke speed-Stroke per minute (SPM)
9-Mud Flow out
10- Mud Pit volume
11-Mud temperature )in & out(
12-Mud density )in & out(
13-Mud conductivity )in & out(
14- H2S
695
Depth Sensor
Depth Sensor or drilling speed –or rate of penetration (ROP)
• An optical shaft encoder is attached to the draw works drum shaft.
Depth Sensor
696
Depth sensor
• The depth sensor is used to detect the Kelly or Top Drive position
and the direction of the Kelly or Top Drive (up or down).
Depth sensor
697
Hook load sensor
This is the load on the hook (summation of the strings, BHA and bit).
Tension (load cell) type:
Installed around the dead line
Hook load sensor

Tension type
Drilling line
698
Hook load sensor
Pressure Transducer type:
Connect the pressure transducer sensor to the Rig Dead Line Anchor
System through the mechanical Hydraulic Oil fast connection.
Dead line
Anchor
Hook load sensor

699
Rotary Speed (RPM)
The speed of rotation of the string.
Connect the magnetic proximity switch sensor farness (up to 10 mm)
from a metal target fixed on the kelly ( rotary table) or top drive
700
Rotary Torque (TQ)
-The resistance of the formation to the drilling and rotation of strings
The more the resistance of formation, the higher exerted torque.
-The sensor is clipped around the power cable of the rotary table
Power cable to rotary table
Clamp Meter
701
Stand pipe pressure (SPP)
This is the pressure of the pumped fluids inside the pipes and hoses
A pressure transducer is mounted into the Drilling Rig Standpipe
Manifold or Hydraulic system.
The pressure transducer installed on the diaphragm (hydraulic oil)
through a fast connection on the rig stand pipe
Stand
Pipe
Sensor
Installed
702
Casing Pressure (CP)
-The casing pressure is the pressure of the pumped cement into casing.
-The Casing Pressure sensor is mounted on the choke manifold via a 2"
nipple or a bolt on flange in direct contact with the drilling fluid
being circulated through the choke from the annulus of the well. The
sensor reading is monitored in a shut in of the well for controlling a
kick
703
Pump speed (SPM)
The speeds of pumping of mud inside the pipes, which depend on the number of,
stroke per minute or in general the efficiency of pump
Magnetic sensor
Tight sensor in its position on the rig pump (sensor for every pump)
704
Pump speed (SPM)
Limit switch sensor
Tight the limit switch sensor in its position on the rig pump
(sensor for every pump)
705
Mud Pit Volume sensors
Ultrasonic Type
The sensor is used to measure fluid level in mud pits with ultrasonic
pulses, and the actual reading(bbls, m3., gallon, and liter)
A sensor is installed in each mud pit.
Ultrasonic Type
706
Mud Pit Volume sensors
Delaval Type
use a non contacting magnetic float activate discrete reed switches in
reed switch resistance string inside a stainless steel pole. The position of
the float determines the resistance and hence the voltage fed to the
computer.
Delaval Type
707
Mud Flow Out Sensor
Paddle Type
-The Flow Sensor is used to measure the return of drilling fluid from
the well by measuring the percentage of fullness of the flow return
line. The sensor is used as a trend indicator for drilling problems such
as lost circulation or kicks..
- Tight the flow out sensor in its position on the mud flow line
708
Mud WT (Density) into and out from hole
Sensor measures mud density using a probe which is placed in the
mud and measures the pressure differential between two points hence
allowing the mud density to be calculated
709
Mud temperature into and out put from the hole
Sensor measures mud temperature using a probe which is placed in the

mud.
710
Mud conductivity (resistivity) into and out put
from hole
Sensor operates by measuring the current induced from one wound toroid
to another through the mud.
The induced current is directly proportional to the conductivity of the mud
711
Mud WT, temperature and conductivity
installed
Sensors in: is installed in Suction Mud Pit.
Sensors out : is installed in Possum Belly at Shale Shaker.
Possum Belly
Suction Mud Pit
712
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S ) Sensor
Sensors provide continuous detection of
hydrogen sulfides gas in the requirement
areas
is installed in mud pit area, rig floor, sub
structure, flow line, sale shaker area and any
require area.
713
Installed of Mud Logging Sensors on the rig
714
Sensors connect with Junction Box
Junction Box
715
Junction Box connect with mud logging unit by cables
mud logging
716
Cables connect to Data acquisition system
Mud Logging Unit
Data Cable
Acquisition
Sensors
Systemss on Rig
Sensors
717
Cables connect to Data acquisition system
Mud Logging Unit
Data Cable
Acquisition Sensors
Systemss Source
power for
on Rig
sensors
718
Source Power for Mud Logging Sensors
Example
• The safety barrier
• Auxiliary unit
The safety barrier is used for protection of intrinsically safe circuits in hazardous areas.
It has the necessary current and voltage limitation and additionally electrical isolation
between sensors and Data acquisition Device.
Auxiliary unit safety barrier 719

Cables connect to data acquisition system
Send
Mud Logging Unit Volt
Sensor
Receive
MA
720
Data Acquisition System
Data acquisition (DAQ) is the process of measuring an electrical
or physical phenomenon such as voltage, current, temperature,
pressure, or sound with a computer.
A DAQ system consists of sensors, DAQ measurement hardware,
and a computer with programmable software.
Convert data from analog to digital
721
Mud Logging Unit
ON RIG
Source Volt (DCV) Volt
Power Supply 8 , 24 DCV JutionBox 24 DCV Sensor
Safety Barrier
….etc 4-20 MA
MA
DAQ Convert data from
Philips analog to digital
….etc
Data
Mud Logging Software
CMS
CDT200
Alph Drill
OutPut Data
Real Time Store on Database
722
Data Acquisition System received data from Sensors and send it to

DAQ
Philips Sensors
….etc

CMS
CDT200
Alph Drill
723
Mud Logging Software Received data from Data Acquisition System
Mud Logging Software is expert system for real-time data

acquisition, calculation, monitoring, recording, on and off-line
analyzing, reporting and data storage in mud logging services.
Mud Logging Software Data Acquisition System

CMS DAQ
CDT200 Philips
Alph Drill ….etc
724
Mud Logging Software start processing data
725
Processing Data
Mud Logging Software start processing data
726
Processing Data
Mud Logging Software start processing data:
1. Reading sensor data from data acquisition system
2. and calculate another parameter
Example:
1. HKLD reading from DAQ (Channel 26)
2. WOB calculate ( Channel 24)
727
Out put Mud Logging Software
Store data in database
728
Real time data
729
Real time data
730
Real time data
731
Real time data
732
Data from sensors
1- Block Height from Depth Sensor
2- Hook load (HKLD(
4-Casing Pressure (CP)
5-Rotary speed (RPM)
6- Rotary Torque (TQ)
8-Stroke speed (SPM)
9-Mud Flow out
10- Mud Pit volume
11-Mud temperature )in & out(
12-Mud density )in & out(
13-Mud conductivity )in & out(
14- H2S
733
Calculate Data
• Total depth
• Bit depth
• WOB
• Flow in
• Rop (rate of penetration)
• Drilling Bit time
• Circulation time
• Rotating time
• Connection time
• Total Bit Revolution (TBR)
• Total Strokes…………………………etc.
And Lag Data
 Lag time
 Lag strokes
 Lag depth……………………………etc.
734
Lag Calculation
735
Lag calculation
1- Bottom Up or Annular Volume ( Lag out)

2- String Capacity or Pipe Volume
3- Metal Displacement
3- Complete cycle
736
Bottom up
737
String capacity
738
Lag calculation in
strokes and minute
739
Metal Displacement
740
Complete Cycle
Complete Cycle = String Capacity + Bottom Up
String Capacity
Bottom Up
741
Hole Wash out
The wash out in Wellbore :
Wellbore enlargement due to solvent or
erosion action of the drilling fluid.
The wash out in Wellbore

needed lag check
Theoretical Complete Cycle

= 2500 strokes
Actual Complete Cycle

= 3000 strokes
Hole Wash
= 500 strokes
742
Lag Check
Or By lentil By Calcium Carbide
743
Lag Check
By lentil
744
Lag Check
By lentil
745
Lag Check
By lentil
746
Lag Check
By lentil
747
Lag Check
By lentil
748
Lag Check
By lentil
749
Lag Check
By lentil
750
Lag Check
By lentil
751
Lag Check
By lentil
752
Lag Check
By lentil
753
Lag Check
By Carbide
754
Lag Check
By Carbide
755
Lag Check
Determined string wash out depth by Carbide
756
Lag Depth
Software Determined lag depth and lag time automatically
757
Lag Depth
Visual an sound alarm from Software when sample reached
Shale Shaker
758
Samples Catching
759
Coarse Sieve
760
Fine Sieve
761
Catch sample
Sample Collect on Plate at Shale Shaker
762
Catch sample
Take sample from shale shaker area
763
Catch sample
Collecting sample in cloth pages from Plate at Shale Shaker
764
Catch sample
The clothe pages Collect in Wooden boxes
765
Catch sample
• Labeled pages and boxes
- Company name
- Well name
- Depth interval
766
Catch sample
Store the Wooden boxes
767
Wash sample
The samples must have been washed and sieved to take the finest
grains to make a thin section from it
768
Prepare sample to examine
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
Thin Section from sample
779
Draying sample
780
Draying sample
781
Draying sample
782
Wash sample draying
in draying oven
783
Draying sample
784
Draying sample
785
Packing Draying sample
786
787
in carton boxes
788
in carton boxes
789
Type of Samples
Washed Un Washed
(Wet Sample)
Microscope Dry
Sample Sample
790
Spot sample
Take sample from shale shaker at specific depth for examination under
microscope only
791
Core sample
792
Core sample
793
Core sample
794
Core sample
795
Core sample
796
Core sample
797
Core sample
798
Core sample
799
Take chips from Core sample
800
Chips from Core sample
801
Core sample
802
Prepare Core sample to see under microscop
803
Prepare Core sample to see under microscop
804
Thin section from Core sample
805
Core sample under UV
806
Core sample under UV
807
Samples Description
808
Sample Description
Uses specific microscope to see the description of rock and
lithological percent
809
Sample Description
1. Color
2. Grain size
3. Sorting
4. Grain shape
5. Hardness
6. Crystallinity
7. Cementation
8. Porosity
9. Accessory minerals
10.Oil shows
810
Sample Description
ABBREVIATION
ITEMS
Colorless CLSS.
White WH.
Off White OFF WH.
Milky White MILKY WH.
Tanish White TANSH. WH.
Yellowish White YELSH. WH.
Yellow YEL.
Grey GY.
(1)COLOR Tanish Grey TANSH. GY.
Light Grey LT. GY.
Greenish Grey GRNH. GY.
Brown BRW.
Black BLK.
Translucent TRANSL
Tan TAN
811
Sample Description
ITEMS ABBREVIATION
Gravel size GRVL. SIZE
Very Coarse Grained V. CSE. GRND.
Coarse Grained CSE. GRND.

(2)GRAIN SIZE
Medium Grained MED. GRND.
Fine Grained FN. GRND.
Silt size SLT. SIZE
Well Rounded W.RND.
Rounded RND.
Sub Rounded S. RND.
(3)GRAIN SHAPE
Sub Angular S. ANG.
Angular ANG.
812
Sample Description
ITEMS ABBREVIATION
Well Sorted W. SRTD.

Moderately Sorted MOD. SRTD.
Poorly Sorted P. SRTD.
(4)SORTING
Very Poorly Sorted V. P. SRTD.
Loose(not cemented) LSE.

With Calcareous Cement W/CALC. CMT.
With Siliceous Cement W/SIL. CMT.
(5)CEMENTATION With Argillaceous Cement W/ARG. CMT.
With Anhydrite Cement W/ANH. CMT.
With Kaolinitic Cement W/KAOL. CMT.
Very Poor Porosity V. P. POR.
Poor Porosity P. POR.
Visible Porosity VIS. POR.
Medium Porosity MED. POR.
(6) POROSITY Good Porosity G. POR.
Very Good Porosity V. G. POR.
813
Sample Description
ITEMS ABBREVIATION
Feldspar FELDS.
Chert CHERT.
Glauconite GLAUC.
(7) COLOR AND SHAPE Kaolinite KAOL.
OF ACCESSORY
Pyrite PYR.
MINERALS {with free or in
part}
Blocky BLKY.
Sub Blocky S. BLKY.
(8) SHAPE OF SHALE Sub Flaky S. FLKY.
PIECES(HABIT) Flaky FLKY.
Firm Shale FRM. SH.
Moderately Firm Shale MOD. FM. SH.

(9) HARDNESS OF SHALE
ONLY Soft Shale SFT. SH.
814
Sample Description
ITEMS ABBREVIATION
Very Hard V. HD.

Hard HD.
Moderately Hard MOD. HD.
Moderately Soft MOD. SFT.
(10) HARDNESS Soft SFT.
Non Calcareous Shale {No NON CALC. SH.
Effervescence}
Slightly Calcareous Shale {Some SLI. CALC. SH.
Effervescence}
(11) REACTION OF Calcareous Shale { CALC. SH.
SHALE WITH HCL Effervescence Increase}
{%of Calcareous Highly Calcareous Shale {High HI. CALC. SH.
Matter in Shale} Effervescence}
Highly Calcareous Grading to HI. CALC. GRDNG. TO HI.
Highly Argillaceous Limestone ARG. L.ST {MARL}
{ Tend to be Limestone}
Fine Crystalline FN. XLN.
Very Fine Crystalline V. FN. XLN.
Crypto Crystalline CRYP. XLN.
(12)CRYSTALLINITY
815
Sample Description
ITEMS ABBREVIATION
Complete Effervescence and ---------------------------------------

No Residue {Pure Limestone} -------------------------------
(13)REACTION OF
Slightly Argillaceous SLI. ARG.
LIMESTONE WITH
Limestone {Few Residue}
HCL Argillaceous Limestone {Some ARG.
{% of Argillaceous Residue}
Matter Limestone} Highly Argillaceous Limestone HI. ARG.
{High Residue}
Highly Argillaceous Grading HI. ARG. GRDNG. TO HI.
to Highly Calcareous Shale CALC. SH.
Occasionally OCC. /
Rarely RR. /
Washable {When Shale is WASH.
Friable or Soft}
Hydrocarbon Evaluation H.C.E.P.
(14) NOTES Possibility(Oil Base Mud).
With no Oil Shows(Water Base W/ no OIL SHOWS
Mud)
Pisted {For Anhydrite} PSTD.
816
Common Sample Description
SAND AND SANDSTONES (S.ST):-
Color – Grain Size – Grain Shape – Sorting – Cemented or not – Porosity -

Color and Shape of Accessory Minerals – Contain Oil Shows or not.
Examples:-
# SND: CLSS, CRSE-V.CRSE GRND, MED GRND, S.ANG- ANG, P.SRTD,
LSE, W/NO VIS.POR, W/NO OIL SHOWS.
# S.ST: CLSS, TRNSL, MED-FN GRND, S.ANG-S.RND, OCC. /RND, MOD
SRTD, LSE, W/NO VIS POR, W/NO OIL SHOWS.
817
LIMESTONES (L.ST):-
Color – Crystallinity – Reaction with HCL – Hardness – Accessory Minerals –
Sandy or Silty or Highly Sandy Grading to Calcareous Sand or contain
Chert – Porosity.
Example:-
# L.ST: MLKY WH, WH, CRYPTOXLN-V.FNXLN, MOD HD-HD, VUGGY,
OCC/W/SH FRAG, W/NO VIS POR, W/NO OIL SHOWS.
818
SHALE (SH):-
Color – Shape of Shale Pieces – Hardness (firm or soft) – Washable or

not - Color and Shape of Accessory Minerals – Has Calcareous
cement or not.
Example:-
# SH: LT GY, BRNSH GY, GRNSH GY, BLKY-S.BLKY, SFT, WASH-HI
WASH, NON CALC.
819
ANHYDRITE AND GYPSUM:-
Color – Crystallinity – Hardness – Pisted or not.
Example:-
# ANH: WH, OFF WH, CRYPTOXLN-V.FNXLN, SFT-MOD
HD
820
Sand
821
Limestone
822
Limestone
823
Limestone
Add HCL Concentration 10 %
824
Limestone
Argillaceous Limestone
825
Brown Limestone
826
Dolomite
827
Dolomite & Limestone
828
Siltstone
829
Siltstone
GY, DK GY, SOFT
830
Siltstone
SLI-NON CALC
831
Oil Shows
Oil show indicators are found by examination of the rock samples for
oil stain, bleeding, fluorescence, or cut. Stain is the trace of asphaltic
material left behind on drill cuttings after the oil has been washed off
during drilling. Stain left by high quality oil has a typical iridescent
sheen, visible in normal light. Bleeding is the exudation of oil from the
pores due to pressure release as the sample is brought to the surface.
• Oil Stain
• Flurescence
• Stream Cut
• Crush Cut
• Residual Ring
832
Oil Shows
Degree of oil stain
1- No visible oil stain
2- Spotty oil stain 4- Patchy oil stain
3- Streaky oil stain 5- Uniform oil stain
Color of oil stain

Brown, dark brown, light brown, light brownish white, Black
asphalt residue (dead oil)
833
Oil Shows
Fluorescence
Dull, yellow, golden yellow, pale yellow, yellowish white
Stream cut
Fast, Slow, Very Slow
yellowish white, Blush white
Crush cut
Good, Fair, Poor
Residual Ring
No residual ring
Brown, dark brown, light brown
834
Under Ordinary Light
View oil stain under ordinary light
835
Fluorescence
To test for hydrocarbon cut, a small sample is placed
in a spot plate
small sample
836
UV (Ultraviolet)- Fluorescence
Fluorescence represents oil's distinctive ability of emitting light in the visible
range when exposed to ultraviolet light. Unfortunately, quite a number of
minerals and many refined products are fluorescent, so there is a certain
amount of technique involved in distinguishing between primary hydrocarbons
and refined products or fluorescent minerals.
837
Fluorescence
838
Stream cut
The solvent (Acetone) is introduced
839
Stream cut
and the color, intensity, and rate of cut are observed in
ordinary and ultraviolet light.
Stream cut
840
Crush cut
The sample is crushed
crush cut
841
Residual ring
842
Example Oil Shows Description
SST: Clss, transp-transl, lt brn, grdng to sltst, sb rnd-rnd,well
srtd, w/ sil cmt , lse, w/ v.weak o.s, w/ lt brn unifom ostn, w/
gldn yell flur i/p, w/ v.slow smky wh strm cut, w/ poor crsh
cut, w/ lt yell r.r. i/p.
Sandstone: Colorless, transparent to translucent, light brown, grading
to silt stone, sub rounded to rounded, with siliceous cement, loose,
with very weak oil shows, with light brown uniform oil stain, golden
yellow fluorescence in parts, very slow smoky white stream cut, with
poor crush cut, light yellow residual ring in parts.
843
Mud log
Drilling data and geological data collected in mud log
844
Mud log
845
Final Well Data (Final)
846
Final Well Data (Final)
Final well data send to head office include all data about well such as:
1. Final well report

2. Ascii data for drilling parameters
3. Ascii data for gases reading parameters
4. Final Mud Log PDF
5. Final data base
847
Final well report
Final well report include all data about well such as:
Well Identification
Geological summary and Shows
Hole discussion
Evaluation and Testing
Daily Events
Bit data record
Bottom hole assembly
Mud data record
Casing data record
848
Ascii data for drilling parameters
Example Drilling Data
849
Ascii data for Gases parameters
Example Gases Data
850
Final Mud Log PDF
851
Man Power in Mud logging unit
852
Common Man Power in
Mud logging unit in Egypt
The main Man Power in Mud logging unit are:
1-Sample Catcher
2- Mud Logger
3- Well Site Geologist
3-Pressure Engineer
853
Sample Catcher
Collect and wash samples as specified interval
Pack and label ditch cutting samples
Help mud logger in duties him
854
Mud logger
Monitor on drilling parameters
Monitor and recorded gases reading
Update mud log
855
Well Site Geologist
• Sample evaluation and description.
• Hydrocarbons show analysis and description.
• Pick casing point
• Pick core point
• Total Depth determination
• Supervision of the mud logging
856
Pore Pressure Engineer
• Calculates the overburden, pore pressure, and fracture pressure
on an incremental basis (every one foot or one meter).
857
Man Power in Others Mud logging unit
The Man Power are:
Mud Logger & Data Engineer
Mud Logger: Data Engineer:
Collect, wash , description samples • Monitor real time data
and update mud log • And reporting
858
Duties and responsibilities of Mud Logger
1. Rig up Mud Logging Unit with the Mud Logging Crew.
2. Monitor and record drilling activity.
3. Monitor on drilling parameters.
4. Monitor and recorded gases reading.
5. Update mud log.
6. Monitor on all rig operation ( drilling, tripping, coring, casing ,
cementing, fishing……….)
7. Tell Company Man with any hole problem (losses, stuck…….etc)
8. Reporting to the well site geologist and the Company Man
9. Maintenance Mud Logging system ( Sensors, Computer….etc)
10. Prepare final well data (final well report, final mud log,
database……..etc)
11. Rig down Mud Logging Unit with the Mud Logging Crew.
859
Duties and responsibilities of Well Site Geologist
1. Ditch Sample Description.

2. Lithology Interpretation.
3. Well Correlation.
4. Formation Tops Picking.
5. Oil Shows Examination & Testing.
6. Following up Mud Logging Measurements.
7. Casing Point Determination.
8. Coring Point Detecting & Core Samples Description.
9. Wire Line Logging Job Witness.
10. Preparing the Final Well Report.
860
Duties and responsibilities for Mud
logging Crew from start to finish
861
Crew Arrive to rig site
862
Crew start rig up mud logging sensor and tools
Mud Logging
Cables unit
863
After rig up and spud in new well
• Mud logger & Sample catcher
Work in two shift (12 hour)
• Well site geologist & Pressure Engineer
Stand by
Works as needed
864
While drilling
Mud logger
• Monitor and record drilling activity.
• Monitor on drilling parameters.
• Monitor and recorded gases
reading.
• Tell Company Man with any hole
problem (losses, stuck…….etc)
• Update mud log.
865
While drilling
Sample catcher
Collect and wash samples
866
While drilling
Well site geologist
Sample Description.
Lithology Interpretation.
Well Correlation.
Formation Tops Picking.
Oil Shows Examination & Testing.
Casing Point Determination.
867
While Tripping
Mud logger
1- Recorded depth and number of stands in and out.
2- Monitor losses
3-Performed trip sheet
Total Depth 6000 ft

Bit Depth 3200 ft
Total Stands 63
Stands In 34
Stands Out 29
PVT 380 BBL
Trip tank 30 BBL
Losses -13 BBL
868
While wire line logging
Mud logger
1- Monitor static losses
2– Performed final well data
PVT 356 BBL
Trip tank 55 BBL
LOSSES -5 BBL
869
While Casing
Mud logger
1- Recorded depth and number of joints in and out.
2- Monitor losses
Shoe Depth 3200 ft

Total Joints 120
Joints In 80
Joints Out 40
PVT 356 BBL

Trip tank 40 BBL
Losses -10 BBL
870
While Cement job
Mud logger
1- Monitor losses while pumping cement
2 - Monitor losses while displacement cement
PVT 560 bbl
Tank 1 140 bbl
Tank 2 138 bbl
Tank 3 142 bbl
Tank 4 140 bbl
Trip tank 40 bbl
Losses -10 bbl
871
After finished A Well
and mud logging unit released
Mud logging crew rig down sensors and tool
872
Crew Back to Home
873
Chapter 7
Well Problems
874
Well Problems
• Lost circulation.
• Well kicks.
• Blowout
• Washout of the drilling string.
• Twist Off
• Stuck pipe
• Fishing
875
Balance
876
Overbalance
877
Underbalance
878
Lost Circulation.
879
Lost Circulation.
The quantities of whole mud lost to a formation, usually in
cavernous, pressured, or coarsely permeable beds.
880
Lost Circulation.
881
Causes of lost circulation.
Mud weight too high.
Cuttings load.
Surge pressures.
Trapped pressures.
Low fracture strength.
882
Type of Losses
Seepage loss < 20 bbls /hour
Partial loss > 20 bbls /hour
Complete loss No returns
883
Evidenced of lost circulation.
By the complete or partial failure of the mud to return to the surface as
it is being circulated in the hole.
MWI MWO PS1 PS2 SPP TG ROP SUM1 FLOW OUT
1:00 1:00
Lost Circulation,
Followed by Kick
2:00 2:00
884
Losses Treatment
Seepage and Partial losses
• Reduce ROP to limit Cuttings load.
• Minimise mud rheology
• Minimise GPM
• Minimise well bore Pressure surges.
• Minimise mud weight.
• Pump LCM pill
• Consider pulling into casing and waiting
Total losses
• Pump LCM pill
• Pulling into casing
• Pump cement plugs
885
Losses Treatment
– Lost circulation due to secondary porosity
• Usually use LCM first
• Drill without returns
• Pump cement plugs
• Gunk squeeze
• Diacel squeeze
• Thixotropic muds
• Drill with air or aerated fluids
886
LCM
Lost Circulation Material
887
Well Kicks
888
Well Kicks
• What is the kick
It is the entering of the formation fluid to the wellbore that
cause the well to flow
889
Reasons for Kicks
• Insufficient Mud Weight.
• Swabbing.
• Gas cut mud.
• Failure to keep the hole full.
• Lost circulation.
890
Insufficient Mud Weight.
• The formation pressure is higher than the hydrostatic
pressure.
891
Swabbing
• A negative hydrostatic pressure causing reducing bottom
hole pressure
- The speed of the drill pipe pulling.
- Mud flow properties; yp, gel.
- Hole geometry.
- Balled up string.
892
Gas cut mud
893
Failure to keep the hole full.
894
Lost circulation
895
Indications of Kicks
• Changes in mud gas.
• Drilling breaks.
• Improper hole fillups in trips.
• Pump pressure decrease and pump strokes increase
• Flow out rate increase.
• Pit Volume Increase.
• String weight change.
• Well flowing with pumps off.
896
Well control
897
Kill well
kill : to control a kick by taking suitable preventive measures
(for example, to shut in the well with the blowout preventers,
circulate the kick out, and increase the weight of the drilling mud).
898
Kill well
Shut in well by Closed pipe ram
pipe ram
899
Kill well
Circulation from string by top drive or Kelly
with high mud weight
900
Kill well
Mud return take on mud gas separator from chocle line
901
Kill well
If well continued kick used shear ram
902
Kill well
Circulation from kill line
choke line
kill line
903
Kill well
Mud return take on mud gas separator from choke line
904
Kill Sheet
The kill sheet includes all the necessary data for killing the well
including the drop down pressure against pumped strokes.
905
Blowout
906
Blowout
• What is the Blowout
A blowout is uncontrolled kick.
An uncontrolled exit of the formation fluids at the surface
907
Blowout
908
Example Kick and Blowout
SINO-12
24” conductor @ 118’
18-5/8” casing @ 872’

TOL @ 2,492’
9-5/8” DV packer @ 2,584’

13-3/8” casing @ 2,841’
9-5/8” casing @ 4,635’ Loss

circulation
zone @ 7,985’
6-1/8” open
hole TD @
8755’
7” liner shoe @ 7679’ 909

SINO-12
13-3/8” casing @ 2,841’
Loss circulation
zone @ 7,985’
Pull pipe to liner shoe
and well is still taking
fluid
7” liner shoe @ 7679’ 910

SINO-12
13-3/8” casing @ 2,841’
Loss circulation
zone @ 7,985’
Continue POOH to
6,070‟ and well is
flowing
7” liner shoe @ 7679’ 911
SINO-12
13-3/8” casing @ 2,841’
Run back to liner

Loss circulation
shoe and well is zone @ 7,985’
flowing 4 bbls per
min
7” liner shoe @ 7679’ 912

SINO-12
Well is still on
Bullhead 150 losses
bbls of 75 pcf
mud
13-3/8” casing @ 2,841’
Loss circulation
zone @ 7,985’
7” liner shoe @ 7679’ 913

SINO-12
Continue POH and filling

up 20 bbls every 30
minutes
914
SINO-12
Flash fire
Trip tank is overflowing
While preparing to
remove the bottom MWD
source, the well kicks
915
Blowout
916
Blowout
917
Blowout
918
Blowout
919
Blowout
920
Blowout
921
Blowout
922
Effected Blowout on rig
CONTROL PANEL
PHOTO # 1
Page 8 of 27
EFFECTED FIRE AREA

923
Effected Blowout on rig
924
Washout of the drilling string.
925
• A leak in the drill string due to abrasive mud or
mechanical failure.
926
• A leak in the drill string due to abrasive mud or
mechanical failure.
A-Vertical wash out in pipes :
when WOB increasing, the crack increases and the pressure
will continue drops
B-Horizontal wash out in pipes :
that on decreasing the WOB, the pressures will increase.
927
Vertical wash out in pipes
When WOB increasing, the crack increases and the
pressure will continue drops
928
Horizontal wash out in pipes :
That on decreasing the WOB, the pressures will increase.
929
Perils of the Wash Out in pipes
Washout may be to carry out the Twist off of the drilling string.
Notch in pipe focuses and Fatigue crack starts at Crack propagates through
accelerates fatigue bottom of notch pipe until failure occurs
930
Twist Off
931
Twist Off
Cut of the drill string from any weak point predicted by sharp drop in
SPP and sharp drop in HKLD.
932
Twist Off
Tension failure
933
Twist Off
Torsion failure
934
Stuck pipe
935
Stuck pipe
Drilling string cannot be raised, lowered or rotate
936
Mechanisms of stuck pipe
• Differential Stuck.
• Hole Packing off (Mechanical Stuck).
• Wellbore Geometry.
937
Differential Stuck
Sticking of pipe against a permeable formation as the result of the
pressure of the mud in the hole exceeding the bore fluid pressure.
938
Differential Stuck
Sticking of pipe against a permeable formation as the result of the
pressure of the mud in the hole exceeding the bore fluid pressure.
939
Differential Stuck
940
Differential Sticking
Cause:
• Drill string contacts a permeable zone.
• Developing of static filter cake.
• High differential force.
First action:
• Apply torque and jar down with maximum trip load.
• Spot a pipe releasing pill if the string does not jar free
Preventing Action:
• Maintain minimum required mud weight.
• Keep string moving when BHA is opposite suspected zones.
• Minimize seepage loss in low pressure zones.
• Minimize unstabilized BHA & use spiral DC.
• Control drill suspected zones
941
Prevention Stuck
• Don‟t let the pipe sit without moving
• Use spiral drill collars
• Stabilize drill collars
• Replace drill collars with HWDP
• Reduce pressure differential
• Thin filter cake
• Add oil to mud (reduce friction coefficient)
942
Getting unstuck
• Pull or slack off (jar) the maximum immediately

• Spot oil or a proprietary product
• Reduce pressure by U-Tube
• Reduce pressure by pumping nitrogen
• Washover stuck pipe
• Sidetrack
943
Packing Off & Bridging
(Mechanical Stuck).
Formation cuttings cavings or medium to large pieces of hard
formation, cement or junk settle around the drill string and pack
off/bridging the annulus.
1. Settled cuttings
2. Shale instability +
3. Unconsolidated
formations
4. Fractured formations
5. Cement related.
6. Junk.
944
Settled Cutting Straight Hole
Causes:
• Low annular velocity and/or
poor mud properties.
• When circulation is stopped,
the cuttings fall back down
the hole and pack off the
drill string.
945
Warning, indications, first action
Warning:
1. High ROP, low pump rate, little to no circulation time
at connections.
2. Torque, drag and pump pressure increase.
3. Over pull off slips, pump surge to break circulation
4. Fill on bottom.
Indications:
1. Likely to occure on connections.
2. Possible during trips.
3. Circulation restricted or impossible.
946
First Action, Preventive Action
First action:
 Applay low pump pressure (200-400psi).
 Apply torque and jar down.
 Circulate clean to avoid recurrence.
Preventive Action:
 Control ROP, maximize annular velocity.
 Maintain sufficient gel strength and YP.
 Circulate 5- 10 min before connections.
 Circulation clean before POOH.
947
Settled Cutting Deviated Hole
Causes:
• Drill cuttings settle on
the low side forming a
cutting bed.
• The cutting bed builds
and slide down hole.
• While POOH the
cuttings is dragged
upward by the BHA
948
Warning:
1. Hole angle > 35deg..
2. Drilling with a down hole motor.
3. High ROP, low GPM, increase torque, increase pump
pressure.
Indications:
1. Likely to occure while POOH, possible while drilling.
2. Increase overpull on trips.
3. Circulating pressure restricted or impossible
949
First action:
 Apply low pump pressure (100-400psi).
 Jar down & Apply torque with caution .
 Circulate clean to avoid recurrence.
Preventive Action:
 Record trend indicators for inadequate hole
cleaning.
 Control ROP, maintain mud properties, maximize annular
velocity, maximize string rotation.
 Circulation clean before POOH.
 Use low vis/high vis density sweps.
950
Wellbore Geometry
Hole diameter and / or angle relative to BHA
geometry and / or stiffness will not allow passage of
the drill string
1. Key seat
2. Microdoglegs
3. Ledges
4. Stiff assembly
5. Mobile formation
6. Under gauge hole
951
Key Seat
Causes:
1. Abrupt change in
angle or direction in
soft formations.
2. High string tension
and pipe rotation
wears a slot into the
formation.
3. While POOH the drill
collars jam into the
slot.
952
Key seat
953
Warning:
1. High angle doge leg in upper hole section.
2. Long drilling hours with no wiper trips through the
dogleged section
3. Cyclic over pull at tool joint intervals on trips.
Indications:
1. Occurs only while POOH.
2. Sudden over pull as BHA reaches dogleg depth.
3. Unrestricted circulation.
4. Free string movement below key seat depth.
954
First action:
• Applay torque and jar down.
• Attempt to rotate with low over pull to work through
dogleg.
Preventive Action:
• Minimize dog leg severity to 3deg/100‟ or less.
• Limit over pull through suspected intervals.
• Run string reamer or key seat wiper if suspected.
955
Mobile Formations
A salt or wet shale can extrude or
“flow” into the wellbore and bridge
off the annulus causing a stuck
drillstring. The overburden stress
from the rock above will tend to
squeeze the salt out into the
wellbore like toothpaste from a
tube
956
Ledges
Ledges formed at formation boundaries
957
doglegs
High doglegs stick the BHA while POOH.
958
Wellbore Geometry
Collapsed Casing / Tubing Cement Blocks
959
Freeing Flowchart
960
Free Pull On DP Poin Tool
Measure Stretch
Here
Stuck Here
Measure Stretch
Here
961
Fishing
962
Fishing
The procedure of recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore.
963
Fishing tools
A tool designed to recover equipment lost in a well.
964
Fisher Man
The person (usually a service company employee) in charge of
directing fishing operations.
965
Before Fishing job
Determining fish dimensions

-It is very important to determine all possible dimensions of the fish.
-The following information should be included in the well profile:
l -OD, ID, and length of the fish
2-OD, ID, and length of the fishing tool assembly
3-OD, ID, and length of the work string
4-Location of the top of the fish
5-Tensile and torsional strengths of everything that is run into the
hole
966
Designing the bottom hole assembly
967
Fishing tools
Taper taps
Overshot
Wherever possible, a fish

are used to engage the inside of a should be externally
fish where conventional releasing engaged. The overshot is
spears would not be feasible. They the best tool for externally
can be ordered with right-hand or engaging the fish.
left-hand wickers and the normal
968
taper is ¾" per foot.
Fishing tools
Box taps
Box taps have threads on the ID,

which cut threads into the OD of
the fish, externally engaging the
pipe. Box taps are sometimes used
to retrieve an irregularly sized fish
or a fish with an unknown OD. You
do not need to know what kind of
threads the fish has because the box
tap cuts its own threads. However,
the fish needs to be stationary for
the box tap to be successful.
969
Fishing tools
Pin Taps and Hollow Pin Taps The hollow pin tap
Pin taps are used to engage a tool
joint connection that has been split
or flared and cannot be engaged by
conventional releasing tools. They
are made from heat-treated steel
and are carburized for hardness and
strength.
The hollow pin tap is designed for one specific operation.

When a joint of wash pipe or a rotary shoe has been twisted
off with a fish sticking out of the top, a hollow pin tap can be
used to recover the wash pipe assembly.
970
Fishing tools
Releasing spear
Screw In Sub
is a usable tool joint

The preferred tool to fish for
connection looking up
parted pipe inside drill pipe,
tubing, or casing is the releasing
spear.
971
Fishing tools
knuckle joint
The knuckle joint adds lateral
reach to a fishing tool. Unlike
other methods for fishing pipe
in cavities, the knuckle joint
does not go into
the hole already bent.
knuckle joint 972

Wire Line Fishing
The cable guide method or “cut and strip” method:
is one method for fishing stuck wire line and/or logging tools. Even
though it is slower, the cable guide method is preferred over the side
door overshot method because it is
the surest method.
• Dressing the overshot

• Attaching the drill pipe
• Running in the hole
• Tool Caught in Overshot
973
Wire Line Fishing
The cable guide method
974
Wire Line Fishing
Rope Socket Assembly
975
Wire Line Fishing
Tool Caught in Overshot
976
Wire Line Fishing
Bowen Side
Door Overshot
The side door overshot method
is another option for freeing a
stuck logging tool. In this
method, the line is not cut and a
rope socket overshot is not
required. However, the cable-
guided method is typically the
best option.
The Bowen Series 160 overshot is
only recommended for fishing in
cased hole environments and is run
on tubing or drill pipe. This method
is preferred in shallow cased holes. 977
Wire Line Fishing
Tools for fishing parted wire line
Wire line parted in the

hole can be retrieved
with either a center
prong rope spear,
double prong spear, or
crank type spear
978
Chapter 8
People and
Companies
979
Companies
There is a number of different companies involved in making a well
1. Operating Companies
2. Drilling Companies
3. Drilling Service Companies
980
Operating Companies
981
Operating Companies
• The operating company is the oil or gas company which has a
licence to drill for and produce petroleum within a specified area.
• The actual licence may be held by a number of companies who are
working as a partnership. in such a case one of the partners is
usually nominated as “the operator”.
• GPC
982
Some Operating Companies in Egypt
• GUPCO
• Khalda
• Bapetco • Petrobel
983
Some Operating Companies in Egypt
• Qarun • Mansoura
• Petrosilah • Alamein
984
Drilling Contractor Companies
985
Drilling Contractor Companies
To do the actual drilling of the well the operator will employ a drilling
contractor. Usually, the contractor is the owner of the drilling rig and is
responsible for providing the personnel who make up the drilling crew.
986
Some Drilling Companies in Egypt
• EDC
(Egyptian Drilling Company)
• ST
(SinoTharaw Drilling Company)
• ECDC
(Egyptian Chinese Drilling Company)
• ADES
(Advanced Energy System)
987
EDC
Egyptian Drilling company
Offshore Rigs Land Rigs 988

ST
SinoTharaw Drilling company
Offshore Rigs Land Rigs 989

ECDC
Egyptian Chinese Drilling company
Land Rigs
990
ADES
Advanced Energy System
Offshore Rigs
991
Drilling Service Companies
992
Drilling Service Companies
There are many special drilling services required during the drilling of
the well. It is the responsibility of the operator to engage these
companies and coordinate their activities.
993
Service Companies
• Mud logging
• Mud Engineering
• Casing Premiere Running Tool
• Cementing
• Wire line
• Down hole tool
- Direction tool
- LWD
- Liner Hanger
- Fishing
994
Mud Logging Companies
SinoTharaw Mud logging
995
Mud Engineering Companies
A Halliburton Company
996
Coring Companies
• Core Catching Companies • Core Analysis Companies
EPRI
(Egyptian Petroleum Research)
997
Wire line Companies
998
Casing Running Tool
Companies
999
Cementing Companies
1000
Down Hole Tool Companies
• Down hole tool
- Direction tool
- LWD
- Liner Hanger
- Fishing
1001
Personnel & People
1002
Operating Company Personnel
1. Company Man or Company Representative

2. Well site Geologist
1003
Company Man
The operator representative usually a drilling engineer
employed by the oil company engaged in drilling.
1. In charge of the drilling operations on location
2. Responsible for drilling the well
1004
Well site Geologist
The Wellsite Geologist is an important member of the wellsite
team.
1. Sample evaluation and
description.
2. Hydrocarbons show analysis
and description.
3. Pick casing point
4. Pick core point
5. Total Depth determination
6. Communication and
reporting(link between office
and rigsite, Daily Reports,
Master Logs and the Final
Well Report).
7. Supervision of the mud
logging 1005
Common Operation Company Structure
1006
Drilling Company Personnel
Toolpusher (Rig Manager)
Night Toolpusher (Assistant Rig Manager)
Drilling Crew Maintenance and other Personal

1. Driller 1. Rig Mechanic
2. Assistant Driller 2. Rig Electrician
3. Derrick Man: 3. Rig Welder
4. Floor Man (Roughneck) 4. Safety Engineer
5. Roustabout (Asst.Floor man) 5. Material Man
6. Radio Operator
7. Crain operator
Offshore Personnel 8. Fork lift operator
9. Cam Boss
10.chartering 1007
Drilling Company Personnel
Offshore Personnel
1008
Tool pusher(Rig Manager)
A drilling foreman or rig superintendent.
Responsible for the supervision of the Rig Operation and maintain
drilling equipment to the highest standard of efficiency.
Responsible for the drill crew
The Tool Pusher work during Day shift.
1009
Night pusher (Assistant Rig Manager)
Works directly under the instruction of the Tool Pusher as the second
person in charge on all operations and job.
The Night Pusher work during Night shift.
In addition to being the overall charge in cases where the Tool Pusher is
not on board the rig or incapable of carrying out his duties as Tool
Pusher.
Assist the Driller during drilling at all times.
1010
Driller
Employee in charge of the “brake” responsible for making hole as
quickly as possible.
1. Operates the drilling rig

2. Directs the rest of his crew
3. Works shifts
4. Responsible for maintaining
proper bit weight, rpm, pump
rate and pump pressure
1011
Assistant Driller
Assists driller in “making hole” and general jobs
around the rig.
1. Helps the Driller
2. Responsibilities vary depending upon the
contractor
3. Prepare tour sheet and kill sheet, check and
lead work force and held lecture during
safety meeting.
4. Maintains mud while tripping
1012
Derrick Man
Responsible for stacking pipe in derrick during trips. Operates from
monkey board attached by safety harness. Assist mud engineer to mix
mud.
1. Handles pipe in the derrick when
tripping
1013
Derrick Man
2. Maintains mud and solids control equipment while drilling
1014
Floor Man (Roughneck)
General workers under supervision of the driller.
1. Work on the rig floor
2. Rig maintenance and repair
1015
Roustabout (Asst.Floor man)
1. Help floor man for lifting and lowering equipment and
materials from the pipe rack to the rig floor.
2. Assist serviceman to the Rig-Up and Rig-Down of their
equipment.
3. Perform housekeeping jobs and servicing equipment.
1016
Rig Mechanic
Keeps the rig running smoothly. Controls maintenance of rig.
1017
Rig Electrician
Keep the motors running.
Electric motors SCR Room
1018
Service Company Personnel
1. Mud Loggers
2. Mud Engineer
3. Pore pressure engineer
4. Directional Driller
5. Logging Crews
6. Casing Crews
7. Hanger Engineer
8. Cementing Crews
9. Fisher man
……………………………………….etc
1019
Mud Logger
1. The mud loggers are
responsible for essential
sources of information like
cutting descriptions and
accumulation of samples.
2. They also observe critical
parameters like H2S-detection
and mud flow levels.
3. Mudloggers monitor and
record drilling activity,
providing information about
the well status during the
extraction of oil or gas.
1020
Mud Engineer
1. Run test on drilling fluids
2. Monitor and maintain mud properties
1021
Pore Pressure Engineer
• Calculates the overburden, pore pressure, and fracture pressure
on an incremental basis (every one foot or one meter).
1022
Directional Driller
1023
Logging Crews
Acquisition Equipment
Client Unit Engine

(Witness)
Wire-line cable to
down-hole tools
Winchman
Cable drum
1024
Casing Crews
1025
Cementing Crews
1026
Fisher Man
The person (usually a service company employee) in charge of
directing fishing operations.
1027
General Drilling Operation Structure
1028
General Drilling Operation plan
1029
Catering Jobs
Catering professionals are responsible for the planning, preparation
and delivery of meals, typically to large groups of employees.
Food and beverage services are frequently provided to offshore
and oilfield workers, especially those working long hours, odd
schedules or in remote locations. Catering plays a large part in the
health, wellness and overall satisfaction of employees.
1030
Main job for geologist in oil fields
• The Main job for geologist on Rigs is Well Site Geologist
This job only for Geologist
• The Second job for geologist on Rigs is Mud logger
• Other job for geologist on Rigs is drilling crew from Roustabout
scheduled to Rig Manager (Tool Pusher)
• Other job for geologist too is any service jobs on Rigs such as :
(Mud Engineer, directional Engineer , LWD, MWD, wire line……etc)
 Others job for geologist on head office such as ( Operation

Geologist, Geophysicist, Petrophysics, Geochemistry's……etc)
1031
Chapter 9
Well Completion and
Production
1032
Well Completion
Preparing a Well for Production
1. The activities and methods of preparing a well for the

production of oil and gas or for other purposes, such as
injection; the method by which one or more flow paths for
hydrocarbons are established between the reservoir and the
surface.
2. The system of tubulars, packers, and other tools installed
beneath the wellhead in the production casing; that is, the tool
assembly that provides the hydrocarbon flow path or paths.
1033
Well Completion
It consists of three
components:
1. Well head assembly
2. A casing and tubing
arrangement
3. The bottom-hole or
producing zone.
1034
Wellhead
The equipment installed at the surface of the wellbore.
A wellhead includes such equipment as the casinghead and tubing
head.
It consists of three components:
1. The casing head (Called a
wellhead casing flange)
2. The tubing head (similar to
casing head but smaller)
3. The “Christmas tree” an
assembly of fittings, valves.
Chokes, gauges and BOP
1035
Wellhead casing flange
A wellhead includes such equipment as the casinghead and tubing
head.
1036
Christmas Tree
The control valves, pressure gauges, and chokes assembled at the top of
a well to control flow of oil and/or gas after the well has been drilled and
completed. It is used when reservoir pressure is sufficient to cause
reservoir fluids to rise to the surface.
1037
Work over rig
A portable rig used for working over a well.
1038
Rig up Work over rig
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
Completion
1045
Completion
1046
Perforation
perforate : to pierce the casing wall and cement of a wellbore to provide holes
through which formation fluids may enter or to provide holes in the casing so that
materials may be introduced into the annulus between the casing and the wall of
the borehole. Perforating is accomplished by lowering into the well a perforating
gun, or perforator.
1047
Perforation
1048
Perforation
1049
Drill Stem Test (DST)
Drill Stem Test (DST) :
a method of formation testing.
The basic drill stem test tool
consists of a packer or packers,
valves or ports that may be
opened and closed from the
surface, and two or more
pressure-recording devices. The
tool is lowered on the drill string
to the zone to be tested. The
packer or packers are set to
isolate the zone from the drilling
fluid column.
1050
Drill Stem Test pressure Chart
1051
Completion Tools
1052
Completion Tools
1053
Completion Tools
1054
Completion Tools
1055
Completion Tools
1056
Production
1057
Prepare production lines
1058
Prepare production station
1059
Start Production
1060
Natural production
1061
Artificial production (Sucker Rod pump)
1062
(Sucker Rod pump)
1063
Production field
1064
Storage Tanks
1065
Recovery
1066
Recovery
1067
Primary Recovery
The first stage of oil production in which natural reservoir drives
are used to recover oil, although some form of artificial lift may be
required to exploit declining reservoir drives.
Types of reservoir drives

There are five important drive
mechanisms (or combinations). These are:
(i)Solution gas drive
(ii)Gas cap drive
(iii)Water drive
(iv)Gravity drainage
(v)Combination or mixed drive
1068
Reservoir drives
(i)Solution gas drive (ii)Gas cap drive
1069
Reservoir drives
(iii)Water drive
Depletion
1070
Reservoir drives
Combined drainage Gravity drainage
1071
Secondary Recovery
Secondary Recovery :
1. the use of water-flooding or gas injection to maintain
formation pressure during primary production and to
reduce the rate of decline of the original reservoir drive.
2. Water flooding of a depleted reservoir.
3. the first improved recovery method of any type applied
to a reservoir to produce oil not recoverable by primary
recovery methods.
1072
Water-flooding
1073
Tertiary Recovery
Tertiary recovery is used to

recovering any remaining oil.
• Thermal recovery
• Gas Injection
• Chemical flooding
1074
Thermal recovery
Steam Flooding : a thermal recovery
method in which steam is injected
into a reservoir through injection
wells and driven toward production
wells. The steam reduces the
viscosity of crude oil, causing it to
flow more freely. The heat vaporizes
lighter hydrocarbons; as they move
ahead of the steam, they cool and
condense into liquids that dissolve
and displace crude oil. The steam
provides additional gas drive. This
method is also used to recover
viscous oils. Also called continuous
steam injection or steam drive.
Compare thermal recovery.
1075
Chemical flooding
a method of improved oil recovery in which chemicals dissolved in water are
pumped into a reservoir through injection wells to mobilize oil left behind after
primary or secondary recovery and to move it toward production wells.
1076
Surfactant Flooding process
1077
Petroleum Products
1078
Petroleum Products
Crude oil
is a mixture of hydrocarbons that formed from plants and animals that lived millions
of years ago. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, and it exists in liquid form in underground pools
or reservoirs, in tiny spaces within sedimentary rocks, and near the surface in tar (or
oil) sands.
Petroleum products
are fuels made from crude oil and other hydrocarbons
contained in natural gas. Petroleum products can also be made from coal, natural gas,
and biomass.
Products made from crude oil
After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to a refinery where different parts
of the crude oil are separated into useable petroleum products. These petroleum
products include gasoline, distillates such as diesel fuel and heating oil, jet fuel,
petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, lubricating oils, and asphalt.
A U.S 42-gallon barrel of crude oil yields about 45 gallons of petroleum products in
U.S. refineries because of refinery processing gain. This increase in volume is similar
to what happens to popcorn when it is popped.
1079
Some Petroleum Products
• Fuel
• Diesel
• Aviation fuel
• Jet fuel
• Paraffin
• Benzene
1080
1081
1082
1083
Fuel supply Station
1084
Chapter 10
Definitions
1085
Fast Break: Definitions
Is a sudden increase in the drill bit's rate of penetration. This may result simply
from a formation change, but sometimes indicates that the bit has penetrated a
high-pressure zone and thus warns of the possibility of a kick.
Flow Check:
Is a method of determining whether a kick has occurred. The mud pumps are
stopped for a short period to see whether mud continues to flow out of the hole. If
it does, a kick may be occurring, with the formation fluids entering the well bore
and displacing mud from the annulus at the surface. The flow check may be
performed by visually inspecting the annulus through the rotary table, or by
directing the mud returns to the trip tank and observing the mud level.
Reaming:
Is performed to open an under-gauge hole to its original full-gauge size.
Circulating :
Is the process of pumping drilling fluid out of the mud pits, down the drill string,
up the annulus and back to the mud pits, and is a continual process while drilling.
Connection :
The joining of a section of drill pipe to the top of the drill string as drilling
proceeds.
1086
Definitions
HKLD ( Hook load) :
This is the load on the hook (summation of the strings: BHA and bit).
WOB (Weight On Bit):
It s calculated from the hook load and its decrease on it
WOB= HKLD free rotated off bottom- HKLD on bottom
Ex: (if HKLD off bottom is 250 tones then become 220 tones due to formation
resistance so WOB is 30 tones).
SPP (Stand pipe pressure ):
Pressure of the pumped fluid inside the pipes and hoses.
CP (Casing pressure / annular pressure):
The pressure of the pumped cement into casing.
RPM (Revolution per minute)Rotary speed:
The speed of rotation of the string
TQ ( Rotary torque):
The resistance of the formation to the drilling and rotation of string
SPM ( Stroke Per Minute/ Pump speed ):
The speeds of pumping of mud inside the pipes (related to SPM or efficiency of
pump).
1087
Definitions
Reverse circulate:
To pump fluid down the annulus and up the drill string back to surface.
Slow pump rate:
Test on each pump to notice the pressure exerted by each one in order to use
specific SPM for each pump to kill the well in case of kick.
Blind drilling:
Drilling of hole without any return of cutting or fluid so they drill with seawater in
order to reduce the costs.
Free point indicator:
The point at which they can make cut for the sticky string; firstly they try to make
jarring to free this point.
The wash out in pipes:
A leak in the drill string due to abrasive mud or mechanical failure.
A-Vertical wash out in pipes :
when WOB increasing, the crack increases and the pressure will continue drops
B-Horizontal wash out in pipes :
that on decreasing the WOB, the pressures will increase.
The wash out in Wellbore :
Wellbore enlargement due to solvent or erosion action of the drilling fluid. 1088
Definitions
Twist off :
Cut of the drill string from any weak point predicted by sharp drop in SPP and
sharp drop in HKLD.
Fish :
Any object accidentally left in the wellbore during drilling or workover
operations, which must be removed before work can proceed.
Fishing :
The process by which a fish is removed from the wellbore
Fishing tool :
A specially designed tool which is attached to the drill string in order
to recover equipment lost in the hole.
Pick up weight :
Weight of drill string
Slack of weight :
Weight of drill string resistance of mud (no RPM)
Rotary weight :
Weight of drill string (with RPM)
1089
Definitions
Caving Shale:
A small part of the Shale that has collapsed into the hole.
Barite:
Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) a mineral used to increase the weight of drilling mud. Its
specific gravity is 4.2 (it is 4.2 times heavier than water).
Bentonite :
A finely powdered clay material (mainly Montmorillonite) which swells when mixed
with water. Commonly used as a mud additive, and sometimes referred to as "gel".
Sweep Mud:
It is high viscosity mud to clean hole from cuttings in order to clean only.
Spot Mud:
It is high viscosity mud left on bottom, in order to POOH for logging or casing.
Slug Mud:
It is a high mud which is pumped into the drill string prior to pulling out. The slug will
cause the level of fluid in the pipe to fall, thus eliminating the loss of mud on the rig
floor when connections are broken.
1090
Definitions
Swabbing:
Bottom Hole Pressure temporary reduction results from the upward movement of pipe
in the hole. If the drill pipe is pulled too fast during tripping (Swabbing), formation
fluid will be Pulled into the well bore.
Swabbing is caused by the piston action of the bit when it is pulled upward Swabbing
pressure make BHP decrease.
Surge:
Bottom Hole Pressure temporary increase results from the downward movement of pipe
in the hole.
The opposite of swabbing, Surge pressure makes BHP increase.
If it is high enough, surge will result in formation split fracture. Loss of circulation.
Formation Pressure :
The pressure exerted by the formation fluids at a particular point in the formation.
Sometimes called "reservoir pressure" or "pore pressure".
Hydrostatic Pressure :
The load exerted by a column of fluid at rest. Hydrostatic pressure increases uniformly
with the density and depth of the fluid.
1091
Definitions
FIT ( Formation Integrity Test):
This is a pressure test to a predetermined pressure, which is designed to be below the
probable fracture pressure.
LOT (Leak Off Test) :
This test done after each casing and the beginning of new open hole, this occurs by
drilling of 5 ft nearly to know what is the allowable pressure on the formation through
pumping high pressure mud to reach before break the formation. (Cement pump)
Lost circulation:
The loss of quantities of whole mud to a formation due to caverns,
fractures or highly permeable beds. Also referred to as “lost returns”.
Down hole losses:
Its mud lost in the formation due to fracturing or higher mud weight
Surface losses:
It's the losses of mud due to surface equipments like (Shale shaker, Desander, Desilter,
Mud cleaner and Centrifuge).
Hole fills:
Its mud needed to fill the hole
1092
Definitions
Kick off point:
This is point at which the wellbore is first taken away from the vertical. I t can be
achieved through various techniques such as the use of jetting, whipstocks, motors and
bent subs.
Whip stock:
A long, steel casing that uses an inclined plane to cause the bit to deflect from
the original borehole at a slight angle. Whip stocks are sometimes used in controlled
directional drilling, to straighten crooked boreholes, and to sidetrack to avoid UN
retrieved fish.
Survey:
To measure the inclination and direction of the wellbore at a particular depth.
Gyro multi-shot :
A surveying device which measures and provides a series of
photographic images showing the inclination and direction of the wellbore. It
measures direction by means of a gyroscopic compass.
Gyro single-shot:
A surveying device which measures the inclination and direction
of the borehole at one survey station. It measures direction by means of a gyroscopic
compass
1093
Definitions
Gyroscope :
A wheel or disc mounted on an axle and free to spinto spin rapidly about
one axis, but free to rotate about one or both of the other two axes. The inertia of the
wheel keeps the axis aligned with the reference direction (True North in directional
survey tools).
Azimuth:
In the azimuth system, directions are expressed as a clockwise angle from 0° to
359.99°, with North being 0°.
Doglegs:
A sharp bend in the well bore.
Key seats :
An under-gauge channel or groove cut in the side of the borehole that results from the
pipe rotating on a dogleg.
Ledges :
An irregularity caused by penetrating alternating hard and soft formations, Where the
soft formation is washed out and changes the hole diameter.
1094
Definitions
Formation gas( Cuttings gas):
It is the gas liberated from the drilled cuttings enters the well bore mud.
Background gas
This is the gas recorded while drilling through a consistent lithology. Often it will
remain constant; however, in over pressured formations this value may show
considerable variation.
Trip gas
It is quite common for an increase in the mud gas reading to occur at the first bottom up
circulation after a trip has been made.
The amount of this gas depends on the following:-
1-Differential Pressure (Mud Weight / Formation Pressure)
2-Pipe Movement Speed
3-Mud Properties; viscosity
4-Annular Size
Connection gas
A connection gas may appear at the first bottom s up circulation after a connection has
been made. The reason of this is the reduction of the hydrostatic head when pumps are
shut-off loosing the effect of the E.C.D, along with the upward pipe movement that
causes another negative swabbing pressure.
1095
Definitions
Circulation gas
This is the value of gas seen by a gas detector when circulating under normal
conditions, meaning a clean, balanced borehole with drill pipe in the hole and rotating
but with the bit off bottom and with no vertical movement. Under such conditions
some gas will be present in the sample drawn from the mud stream, but it will
represent only contamination or recycled hydrocarbons in the mud
Recycled Gas
Any gas, that has not been liberated and removed from the drilling fluid while at
surface that is pumped back down into the well bore.
Appears one complete circulation after the original peak (surface time + downtime +
lag time)
1096
References
1097
References
• A.Arafa& M.Husseine (2010), Operation Geology, CUSC.
• Aberdeen Drilling Schools, well control training center.
• A bdel Khalk (2012), Petroleum Geology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhra University.
• Baker Atlas Geoscience, Geoff Page, Log Analysis
• C.P.Chugh, (1992), High Technology in Drilling and Exploration.
• Drilling Rig Operations & A to Z Rotary Drilling Rig Components
• Dr. Khaled Ghoniem, Core Analysis_student1,
• ECS , Mud Logging guide.
• Geologist /Ahmed Walaan, Introduction to geological operation, GUPCO
• Geo.Mohamed Samir (2012), Basic open hole logging and formation evaluation
• Geoservices, The Bit and Drill String
• Graham B. Moody, editor (1961), Petroleum Exploration Handbook
• José Rivas (2009), Gravity and Magnetic methods, Geophysics Area, LaGeo S.A.
de C.V., Km 11.5 Carretera al Puerto de La Libertad, Santa Tecla, La Libertad, EL
SALVADOR, C.A.
• Know Energy Solutions, Primary Cementation.
1098
References
• Mohamed Ramadan (2012), Well-Site Geology, Alexandria University, Faculty of
Science, Department of Geology, Petroleum Geology Program.
• OGC, 2001, Petroskills LLC.
• Offshore Energy Services 2014, Products and Services, Casing fill up & circulating
tool
• Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Drilling Rig Components ( Illustrated
Glossary ), U.S. Department of Labor.
• Schlumberger, Anadrill Sugar Land Learning Center – SLC, Drilling Practices
• Sperry-Sun Drilling Services (June, 2002) , Middle East Training Center, Basic Mud
Logging.
• Weatherford (December, 2002), Fishing Technology Best Practices Manual.
• WWW.hollypipe.com/fishing-tools-rentals.html, Holly Pipe| Drill Pipe | Fishing
Tools Rentals | Drill Pipe Casing
1099
1100

Basics Oil Fields For Geologists - Version 1

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Basics Oil Fields

• Oil and gas are

In many cases indirect methods, such as seismic, gravity, and

The Elements of the Exploration Task

•The presence of a source rock

Clay Sp.Gr. 2.3

• A top drive can be used to turn

Stands of drill pipe

Types of Wire Rope Lay

Right Lang Lay

Left Lang Lay

Right Regular Lay

Left Regular Lay

Fits 20-1/2” Fits 37-1/2” to Fits 17-1/2” to Fits 17-1/2” to

Turbines rotate at high speed, usually

The drill string

Heave Weight Drill Pipe

Heave Weight Drill PipeDrill pipe

8.25” DC WT LB/FT =161

HWDP above jars

3. Kelly Saver Sub

Heave Weight Drill Pipe Heave Weight Drill Pipe

ASC-1X SIZE 8 1/2'' MANF. PDC BHA WT

1 PDC 14552 0.30 0.30 8.5'' 6*14 MS16168

Total BHA Length: 235.24

2. Elevator 9.Pipe Racks

3. Slips 10. Catwalk

4. Safety Clamp 11. V-Door

5. Manual Tongs 12. Mousehole

6. Power Tongs 12. Rathole

Drill Pipe Slips

Drill Collar Slips

Carwalk to drag drillpipe

1-Water Base Mud

•The properties of the drilling fluid are :

-is a measure of acidity or

Is used to store water that is used

Settling Intermediate sucction

The drill string

Annular Volume Cutting

Mud Pits Mud Pump Stand Pipe Line

Benefits of solids control

(optional) Suction Pit

Shale Shaker (optional) To Suction Pit

• Air or gas drilling

LAND BOP BOP SUBSEA

• Annular type preventers

• Ram type preventers.

Ports for choke and

Actual Panel on a Jack-up Rig

Actual Panel on a Jack-up Rig

• Making a connection with a top drive is

Directional Drilling Tools:

Directional Drilling by:

• AutoTrak Baker Hughes

Wiper trip & Condition trip

The main objective of coring is to study the

Outer Tubes Inner Tubes 455

Oil Co. Geo Oil

Two methods are used to lower tools in the well:

Client Unit Engine

Cable Drum Depth - IDW