Course Name: Introduction to Design

Course Code: BMD 102

L – T – P : Cr
3 – 0 – 0 : 03

Sl. No. Unit Contents

1 UNIT - I • Introduction of Design
• Art and Social Sciences
• Interrelationship of Design to Engineering
• Interrelationship of 2D and 3D forms

2 UNIT - II • Brief history of developments in Design and

Technology.
• Aesthetics, Ergonomic, Scientific and Engineering
considerations in Design.

3 UNIT - III • Design and indigenous technology.

• Stages in the design processes.
• Case studies in Product, Communication, and
Environment Designs.

4 UNIT - IV • Role of Design in creating the future.

• Design as a creative professional career.
• Status of Design profession in India and worldwide.

STUDIO SESSION:
1. Introduction to Software:
a. Adobe Photoshop
b. Illustrator
c. Flash
2. Introduction to Digital sketching: Wacom
3. Projects:
a. Design element exploration and pattern making from natural objects.
b. Digital design.
c. Project presentation technique and implementation of design process.
UNIT – I

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF DESIGN

Definition of Design: Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an
object, system or measurable human interaction (as in architectural blueprints, engineering
drawings, business processes, circuit diagrams, and sewing patterns). Design has different
connotations in different fields. In some cases, the direct construction of an object (as in
pottery, engineering, management, coding, and graphic design) is also considered to be design.

Thus "design" may be a substantive referring to a categorical abstraction of a created thing or

things (the design of something), or a verb for the process of creation, as is made clear by
grammatical context.

Formal Explanation of Design

A specification of an object, manifested by an agent, intended to accomplish goals in a
particular environment, using a set of primitive components, satisfying a set of requirements,
subject to constraints; to create a design, in an environment (where the designer operates).

In simple words, to explain Design, it is a continuous process to reach a solution for addressing
a problem faced by Human world within a fixed environment with the help of creative and
innovative thinking.
1.2 ART AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

1.2.1 Design and Art

Design and Art both are so close to each other that the boundaries between them are very
blurred.
• Applied art has been treated as the umbrella term for Industrial Design, Graphics
Design, Fashion Design etc.
• But traditionally Applied Art is considered as commercial art based on the field of area
it traded.
• Fine Art has been considered more of a creation by an artist to express owns
imagination.
• But when this art has been addressing a social issue to try to solve a problem, it is
termed as Design.
So in other words, depend on the scope and the boundaries of activity sometimes DESIGN may
be treated as ART or vice versa.

The new terminal at Barajas airport in Madrid, Spain. It is also regarded as an art piece apart from being an
architectural marvel.
1.2.2 Design and Social Sciences
As we all know Social Science is the study of behaviour of human being living in a society and
its relationship. Since design addresses social problems as well as needs of human beings,
hence they are interconnected by a very strong thread. So we may say,
• Social science treats the study of society in a scientific way.
• Design tried to find solutions of social problems related to human needs and behaviour.
• Social science revolves around Society, Human, Relationship and Behaviour.
• Design addresses the ways to find out solutions for these members.

1.3 INTERRELATIONSHIP OF DESIGN TO ENGINEERING

Engineering Design
• It is the whole process of • It is the innovative or creative part of
manufacturing of a specific need to addressing that need.
the human. • The process of design is required
• It may be CIVIL, ELECTRICAL, everywhere to start a work.
MECHANICAL etc. • Design may or may not need large
• Engineering also involves manpower.
participation of large group of • The end result may not necessarily
manpower. give a final solution to a problem but
• The end result of Engineering is may also suggest other alternate
always to achieve the desired goal in ways.
a stipulated timeline.
1.4 INTERRELATIONSHIP OF 2D AND 3D FORMS
2D Forms
It defines the form which has only 2
dimensions (length and breadth only).
Examples – the figures, sketches, illustrations
etc. which we used to draw on a paper. Here
we cannot show the 3rd dimension – the height.
We can see the objects but can’t feel it.
To create a 3D form or structure we usually
take help by making 2D reference drawing.
3D Forms
All the real or live objects are in 3D
forms. For example – a house, a bus, a
tree or an aeroplane. We see as well as
feel the objects shape, size and
dimensions.
Creating 3D form directly is a difficult
job without making 2D reference.
UNIT – II

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTS IN DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY

Talking about the history of developments in Design and Technology, we should first look into
the RENAISSANCE period in Europe. During that time many legendary personalities born
who changed the way people look into things and life.
2.1.1 The RENAISSANCE was a period in European history. It began in the 1300s, during
the late Middle Ages. It ended during the 1500s, when the modern era began. Renaissance
means "rebirth" in French. During the Renaissance there was a rebirth of interest in ancient
Greece and Rome.

Artistic developments and the emergence of Florence

It was in art that the spirit of the Renaissance achieved its sharpest formulation. Art came to be
seen as a branch of knowledge, valuable in its own right and capable of providing man with
images of God and his creations as well as with insights into man’s position in the universe. In
the hands of men such as Leonardo da Vinci it was even a science, a means for exploring
nature and a record of discoveries. Art was to be based on the observation of the visible world
and practiced according to mathematical principles of balance, harmony, and perspective,
which were developed at this time. In the works of painters such as Masaccio, the brothers
Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Fra Angelico, Sandro Botticelli, Perugino, Piero della
Francesca, Raphael, and Titian; sculptors such as Giovanni Pisano, Donatello, Andrea del
Verrocchio, Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Michelangelo; and architects such as Leon Battista Alberti,
Filippo Brunelleschi, Andrea Palladio, Michelozzo, and Filarete, the dignity of man found
expression in the arts.
 Leonardo da Vinci (inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, musician ….)

Leonardo da Vinci (self-portrait) with his famous creations.

  Michelangelo (artist, painter, sculptor, architect ….)

The Sistine Chapel Ceiling and The Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most
renowned works of the Renaissance.

2.1.2 17th TO BEGINNING OF 20th CENTURY (post Renaissance period)

2.1.2.1 Invention of Locomotive Engines, Automobiles, Aeroplanes etc.
When there is need there is invention. Human mind always has a thirst to explore the need and
find for solution. Transportation was always in big demand from ancient times as people move
from place to place for many reasons, be it war or business or relocate or any other reason.
Hence to fulfil that demand many people tried to address this need by many ways. The result
of which we see as the invention of Locomotive Engines, Automobiles, Aeroplanes etc.
Locomotive Engines: The first successful locomotives were built Richard Trevithick. In 1804
his unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks,
near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales. Although the locomotive hauled a train of 10 long tons (11.2
short tons; 10.2 t) of iron and 70 passengers in five wagons over nine miles (14 km), it was too
heavy for the cast iron rails used at the time. The locomotive only ran three trips before it was
abandoned. Trevithick built a series of locomotives after the Penydarren experiment, including
one which ran at a colliery in Tyneside in northern England, where it was seen by the young
George Stephenson.

Trevithick's 1802 locomotive

The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray's rack locomotive,
Salamanca, built for the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in 1812. This was followed in 1813
by the Puffing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery
Railway, the first successful locomotive running by adhesion only. Puffing Billy is now on
display in the Science Museum in London, the oldest locomotive in existence.
Automobiles: In 1808 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal
combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen. In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline
powered combustion engine, which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively
sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars.
Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine. The car's second incarnation in 1880
introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto
ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch
and brakes.

The design of the Cugnot Steam Trolley (Jonathan Holguinisburg) (1769)

The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most
prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar
four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the
technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered
in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its
beginnings to Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who
invented the lead-acid battery in 1859.

In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile. This is also considered
to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile
was powered by a single cylinder two stroke engine.

After producing and selling the Model A in 1903, Ford Motor Company's Model T became the
first mass produced automobile in 1908, focusing on affordability for the average consumer.
By 1927 Ford produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles and only then developed the
Model A.

Aeroplanes: Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus
and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian epics. Around 400 BC in Greece, Archytas
was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-
shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some 200 m
(660 ft). This machine may have been suspended for its flight.

Some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century poet Abbas
ibn Firnas and the 11th-century monk Eilmer of Malmesbury; both experiments injured their
pilots. Leonardo da Vinci researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered
aircraft in his Codex on the Flight of Birds (1502).

In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying
machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying
models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying
glider in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having
his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach. Then Alexander F. Mozhaisky
also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American John J. Montgomery made a
controlled flight in a glider. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were Otto
Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher, and Octave Chanute. Between 1867 and 1896 the German pioneer of
human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to
make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights.

The first flight of an airplane, the Wright Flyer on December 17, 1903
The Wright brothers flights in 1903 are recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique
Internationale (FAI), the standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics, as "the first
sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight". By 1905, the Wright Flyer III was
capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited
Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight.

2.1.2.2 Invention of electrical and mechanical equipment.

Electrical equipment: Bulb, Electrical engine, Electric Motor, Switch …… many more
Mechanical equipment: Gear, Motor, Steam engine, Diesel and petrol engine, screw driver,
Nut-bolt ….. many more.
Famous inventors: Thomas Alva Edison, Tesla, Benjamin Franklin, Marconi, John Baired,
Alexander Graham Bell to name a few.
2.1.2.3 Inventions of weapons and war equipment during 1st world war.
Many famous inventions happened during First World War which impacts the socio cultural
behaviour of people during that time. Apart from armours and weapons there more important
things came to the society. To name a few was Penicillin medicine, Sanitary napkin for women
and so on which changed the way people
2.1.2.4 Invention of cinema, camera and entertainment equipment.
These things actually changed the entire generation during that time period and starts the
beginning of global platform which occurred in the beginning of 19th century. Cinema made a
huge impact on the socio-cultural behaviour of people which started in the early 19th century.
To name a few famous personality during that time – Charlie Chaplin, Dada Saheb Phalke etc.
2.1.3 FROM MID TO LATE 20TH CENTURY
2.1.3.1 Inventions during 2nd world war.
Many ground breaking inventions happened during WW-II. Germans were one of the pioneer
of many weaponry inventions. Japanese also contributed many things apart from Americans
and British people. To name few inventions were – Automatic rifles/Machine guns, Submarine,
Modern Tankers, Atom bomb etc.
2.1.3.2 Enter of TV entertainment world.
The entry of TV entertainment changed the living style of entire generation. John Baired gifted
us one of the most important invention that we enjoy now in our daily life almost always “The
Television”. Important features that can be counted are –
 It connects all kind of people through various programmes
 News help us get to know what’s going on around the world
 Entry of DTH technology again takes the TV entertainment world into a new high.
 Lastly but not the least, the introduction of Internet TV connects all the online contents
available on internet directly to home.
There’s more to come in the TV entertainment world in the near future which cannot by
imagined right now. So we have to and see “What’s Next!”
2.1.3.3 Invention of computer.
We all know the impact of computer on our life. Right from the invention it has been
constantly evolving day by day. From the early days of huge size computer hard disc with
factory like shapes to modern multipurpose laptops to tiny sleek tablets and gadgets, we have
seen the revolution that computer has created. Now a days we cannot think of our daily life
without using computer. Few key areas to mention –
 Use of computer in health care sector
 Use of computer Automobile industry
 Space science
 Robotics
 Artificial Intelligence
 Virtual Reality projects
 Movies and entertainment industry ….. and so on.
Apart from the above sectors, use of computer could reach to any level which is beyond our
imagination.
2.1.3.4 Then comes the internet.
As we all know and use the internet so we also have an idea of what is the role of it in our
daily life. So it is unnecessary to mention all those things which we already experienced or
using in our daily life. One thing is sure that internet revolutionized our daily living style.
People would die if not getting internet for just one day. That is the change that we are
experiencing in todays life. But it has both positive and negative sides. It is us to decide
which side we should choose.

2.1.3.5 Entry of the most revolutionary product – the MOBILE PHONE.

Starting from a simple telephone to the hi-tech mobile phone that we are using today, the
growth that we have seen for this sector is beyond imagination. Todays mobile phone has
everything in it that cannot even imagine. Not necessary to mention but we all know that
“Life without mobile phone today is like life without soul”.
2.1.4 THE BAUHAU MOVEMENT

Staatliches Bauhaus commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a German art school
operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the
approach to design that it publicised and taught.

The Bauhaus was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. The German term Bauhaus—literally
"construction house"—was understood as meaning "School of Building", but in spite of its
name and the fact that its founder was an architect, the Bauhaus did not have an architecture
department during its first years of existence. Nonetheless, it was founded with the idea of
creating a "total" work of art (Gesamtkunstwerk) in which all arts, including architecture,
would eventually be brought together. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most
influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design and architectural
education. The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art,
architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography.

The school existed in three German cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to
1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933, under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius
from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930 and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from
1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the
Nazi regime, having been painted as a centre of communist intellectualism. Although the
school was closed, the staff continued to spread its idealistic precepts as they left Germany and
emigrated all over the world.

The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique,
instructors, and politics. For example, the pottery shop was discontinued when the school
moved from Weimar to Dessau, even though it had been an important revenue source; when
Mies van der Rohe took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school, and
would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it.

Bauhaus building in Dessau, Germany

2.2 AESTHETICS, ERGONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING
CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN
Aesthetics means the Visual Beauty.
Design cannot go without Aesthetics. Without it, design looks like a human without a face.
Aesthetics describes the appealing factor, visual appearance like shape, size, form etc. of a
product.
Ergonomics means study of product usability measurement.
It describes how a product should be measured for safer, comfortable and convenient use while
manufacturing. Hence Ergonomic study required in the Design phase of a product to satisfy all
these factors.
Scientific means science behind every product.
The Science answer why and how a product will work. It give the reason of to develop a
product.
Engineering means how the product will function.
The functional behavior of a product will be described by Engineering. Manufacturing of the
product shall also be treated by engineering as well.

Image shows a bike with different considerations to explain in different level and situations
based on Aesthetic, Ergonomic, Scientific and Engineering. The varied colour sketch lines have
the descriptions of various considerations.
UNIT – III

3.1 DESIGN AND INDEGENOUS TECHNOLOGY

What is Indigenous Technology?

Indigenous is associated with people originating or developing naturally in a particular land,
region, or environment. So the technology evolved by indigenous people are indigenous
technology. Indigenous technology of India, is the technological development caused by an
Indian. To give examples – traditional irrigation systems used in our villages for ages is a
perfect example of indigenous technology. Apart from that tools and techniques used
Blacksmiths, Goldsmiths, Carpenters etc. may also be counted as indigenous technology based
on context and innovativeness.
In India we often use a word “JUGAAD” which means making an innovative technique out of
abandoned materials for certain purpose. Car and two wheeler mechanics often use JUGAAD
for repairing vehicles many places in India. This technique also used in many other field
depending on demand.

Traditional irrigation technique used in villages

Traditional weaving technique

3.2 STAGES IN DESIGN PROCESS

3.2.1 Design Process: It is the METHODOLOGY or METHODS that used be followed

while executing a design project.

3.2.2 STAGES IN DESIGN PROCESS

The steps that has been followed in this methodology may be:
1. Define the problem: Where you have to look for, find out the problem, study it and
define it.
2. Collect information: You have to collect information about the problem that you have
defined. It may be field study, survey, digital resources, resources in books and printed
articles, interview process etc.
3. Brainstorm and Analyze ideas: After collecting information you have to summarize
it and look for solutions to cope up that problem. To do that brainstorming is one of the
best way by discussing it with others find out ways to solve that problem. In that way
innovative ideas will generate which could be further analyzed and streamlined for next
action.
4. Develop solutions: After analyzing ideas it is time for developing some solutions.
Solutions could be anything, such as - a product, some guideline or may set of rules to
follow to cope with that problem based on demand, context and user. This stage may
be a demo stage to check the feasibility of the solution.
5. Feedback: It is the user’s part now to give feedback. They will express their experience
and usefulness of the solution which will be taken for next step.
 6. Modification / Redesign: After user’s feedback analyze it and frame the solution for
modification or re-design as required.
7. Final output: It is the final solution after modification or re-design done.
Even after the final output the solution/product may require further modification/re-design
based on context, environment, demand, time etc.

Diagrammatic representation of Design cycle

3.2.3 MAKING A PRESENTATION FOR A PROJECT

This is a tentative layout for making a presentation of a Project:
1. INTRODUCTION
a. Background study
b. Problem statement
c. Aim
d. Objective
e. Chosen approach
2. REVIEW LITERATURE
a. Research on your project topic
b. Reference images if any
3. METHODOLOGY
a. Field visit (if any) – optional
b. Need identification
 c. Target user/audience
d. Limitations
4. DELIVERABLES
a. Concept ideas
b. Selected concept
c. Final Prototype
5. CONCLUSION
a. A brief about what is achieved and required improvements in any
6. REFERENCES: Give list of references such as books, websites etc.

3.2.4 CASE STUDIES IN DESIGN

Case studies to be discussed in class with examples from –
1. Origin of Design: Pottery and clay models
2. Graphic design
3. Product design
4. Environmental design
6. Digital design
7. Films and moving art ……… or as per instructor’s proposal.
UNIT – IV

4.1 ROLE OF DEISGN IN CREATING THE FUTURE

To say actually “Next is Design” in true sense. Because Design will play the most important
role in any product, service, business or whatever we do in future. Earlier people didn’t used
to give importance in Design as it was not properly understood. But as time goes by people
understood the role of Design and its implications.

To list out few of the demands that will rule the coming future –
 Artificial Intelligence
 Virtual Reality
 Augmented Reality
 Personalised Transportation system
and many more….
In all such subjects, Design will play the most vital role as people always look for the most
easy, comfortable and user friendly way of adapting a new entrant into their life which is only
possible through DESIGN.

4.2 DESIGN AS A CREATIVE PROFESSIONAL CAREER

As we see in our society, traditionally when we look up to Engineering degree, Medical Degree
or MBA to find a lucrative professional career. But now the time has changed. There are lot
more options come up now-a-days which are demanding, challenging and interesting as well
as offer us a very lucrative career. Few of them to be list out as –
  Creative professional career such as various fields of Design.
 Event management and campaigning
 Online business/e-commerce sector
 Banking sector
 Telecom sector ….. and many more in the list.
Out of all these, Design career is one of the most promising career option in today’s time.
Design is a creative profession where one can explore in a limitless world to progress ahead.

To give some of the career options in Design domain are –

 Industrial design / Product design
 Fashion design
 Graphic / Communication design
 Motion / Film / Video design
 Animation design
 Usability design
 Environmental design ….. and lot more.

The industry sectors that offer design career are –

 Design consultancy firms / agencies
 Software companies
 IT Services firms
 E-commerce websites / companies
 Mobile application developing companies
 Game design companies
 Entertainment industries
  Advertising agencies
 MNC’s producing appliances, FMCG products, Food products etc.
 And last but not the least, Academic and Research career in Design Institutions.

4.3 STATUS OF DESIGN PROFESSION IN INDIA AND WORLDWIDE

To say in true sense, in India, design profession is little new as a career option. Design
profession started evolving in a drastic way after the millennium i.e., after the year 2000 when
globalisation starts happening in India. Now, Design as professional career in India is quite
demanding and many new industry sectors used to employ design graduates into various levels
of their functions.
Whereas, in the western countries design profession started getting its recognition from 1930
onwards with the start of influence of Bauhaus in the Europe as well as in America. Out there
the ratio of designer and common people is very high. Which means out of every 10 person
there will be around 4 person in design profession. But in India the ration is still as low as 1
person to around 1000. (This is an approximate assumption surveyed by an agency around 3
years back).
In a recent survey in India by “Hindustan Times” news group, Design graduates are more
demanding than engineering graduates in corporate sectors as they are flexible to fit in diverse
nature of roles as well as more open to adapt new challenges. Hence MNC’s and corporates
prefer design graduates over others for multifunctional, challenging and diverse nature of jobs.
Below is tentative career path of a designer in India today –
1. Standard 10th : Decide career path (whether you like creative career or not)
2. Standard 12th : Ready for entry into design education (Look for Design Institutes)
3. Study in Design Institutes: (3 / 4 year graduation programme in various streams of design)
4. Graduated in Design
 a. Go to professional career (join industry sector)
b. Go for higher education (Master degree / PG Diploma or others)
c. PhD in Design with field of specialization
5. Professional career: National / International
a. Join as design trainee
b. Regular designer
c. Design lead
d. Project lead
e. Design manager
f. Head of Design / Creative director
g. National creative director / design head
h. Global design associate / creative head
i. Global design director / creative director
6. Other career options:
a. Academic career: Teaching, R&D, Technical instructor, Design researcher etc.
b. Entrepreneurship – set up own business
c. Design consultant and advisor to corporates, Govt. sectors, industry sectors etc.

There are lots of highly reputed industry sectors who offer lucrative career in design profession
in India now a days. Design as creative professional career now in India is highly demanding
and lucrative.

END OF SYLLABUS