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Chapter 4 Latest
Chapter 4 Latest
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Chapter 4/1: Signal Conditioning
Linearization
Interfacing with (ADC),
Error compensation
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Chapter 4/2: Signal Conditioning
Input to signal condition element:
DC voltage and current
AC voltage and current
Frequency and electric charge
Output from signal conditioning
Voltage, current, frequency, timer, counter, relay
Signal conditions include:
Amplification, filtering, converting, range matching,
isolation.
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Chapter 4/2: Signal Conditioning
Commonly used amplifiers:
Op-amp, differential amplifier, Sample and hold, peak
detector, instrumentation amplifier,
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1. Deflection Bridges
Deflection bridges are used to convert the output of
resistive, capacitive and inductive sensors into a voltage
signal.
Thévenin equivalent circuit for a deflection bridge
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1/1. Deflection Bridges
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1/3. Deflection Bridges
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1/4. Deflection Bridges
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2. Resistive deflection bridges
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2/1. Resistive deflection bridges
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2/2. Resistive deflection bridges
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2/5. Resistive deflection bridges
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2/6. Resistive deflection bridges
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2/7. Resistive deflection bridges
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The relationship between Eth and e is linear.
The resistance RT Ω of a metal resistance sensor i.e
platinum, at T°C is given approximately by RT=R0(1 +αT).
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linearity being obtained at the expense of low sensitivity.
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3. Design of reactive deflection bridges
A reactive bridge has an a.c. supply voltage:
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Thus in order to get: Th=0 at minimum level hMIN, we require
C0=ChMIN(R3/R2), giving:
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Similar result is obtained with the variable reluctance push-pull
displacement sensor:
from which
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4. Amplifiers
Amplifiers are necessary in order to amplify low-level signals,
Types of Amplifier
1. Operational Amplifier
2. Differential amplifier
3. instrumentation amplifier.
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Operational Amplifier
Differential amplifier
instrumentation amplifier.
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1. Op-amp
The operational amplifier is an electronic device that has two
input terminals and one output terminal,
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2. Inverting Amplifier
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3. Non-Inverting Amplifier
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4. Summing Amplifier
Rf Rf Rf
VOUT Va Vb Vc ...
R in R in R in
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4. Voltage Follower (Unity Gain)
Used to repeat a signal without loading down the sensor.
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Operational Amplifier
Differential amplifier
instrumentation amplifier.
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1. Differential Amplifier
• Ra = R b , R f = R g
Rf
VOUT (Vb Va )
Ra
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1/1. Differential Amplifier
1/2. Differential Amplifier
1/3. Differential Amplifier
1/4. Differential Amplifier
Strain gauge bridge connected to a differential
amplifier
Loading effects
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Integrator Circuit
The output voltage is proportional to amount of time a signal is
present, or, the area under a signal curve.
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Integrator curve
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Differentiator Circuit
Output is proportional to the rate of change of the input.
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Operational Amplifier
Differential amplifier
instrumentation amplifier.
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1. Instrumentation amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier is a high-performance differential
amplifier system consisting of several closed-loop operational
amplifiers.
Answer
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• For the given two conditions we can write
0 a(0.020) b
a 21.7, b 0.434
5 a(0.250) b
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Example 2
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• Clearly, the bridge is at null when R4=100 Ω.
102 100
V Vb Va 5 24.75 mV.
100 102 100 100
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1. Conversion
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1/1. Conversion
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2. Digital Optocoupler
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2/1. Digital Optocoupler
An optocoupler is a semiconductor device allowing electrical
signals to be transmitted between two isolated circuits.
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2/3. Digital Optocoupler
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2/4. Digital Optocoupler
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3. Signal Processing Elements and Software
The output signal from the conditioning elements is usually in
the form of :
o d.c. voltage,
o d.c. current or
o variable frequency a.c. voltage.
In many cases, calculations must be performed on the
conditioning element output signal to establish the value of the
variable being measured.
These calculations are referred to as signal processing and are
usually performed digitally using a computer.
3.1 Analogue to digital conversion(ADC)
The operation of analogue-to-digital conversion can take up to a
few milliseconds;
In the sample state the output signal follows the input signal;
in the hold state the output signal is held constant at the value of
the input signal at the instant of time the hold command is sent.
signal (droop).
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3.2. Flash analogue-to-digital converter.
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3.3. Sample and Hold circuit
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2. Four strain gauges are bonded onto a cantilever as shown in
Figurebelow. Given that the gauges are placed halfway along the
cantilever and the cantilever is subject to a downward force of 0.5
N, use the data given below to calculate the resistance of each
strain gauge:
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3. A variable dielectric capacitive displacement sensor consists of
two square metal plates of side 5 cm, separated by a gap of 1 mm.
A sheet of dielectric material 1 mm thick and of the same area as
the plates can be slid between them as shown below. Given that the
dielectric constant of air is 1 and that of the dielectric material 4,
calculate the capacitance of the sensor when the input displacement
x = 0.0, 2.5 and 5.0 cm.
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A.Signal Conditioning
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1) A 100 Ω strain gauge of gauge factor 2 is connected to the
first arm of a Wheatstone bridge. Under no strain condition,
all the arms have equal resistance. When the gauge is
subjected to a strain, the second arm resistance has to be
changed to 100.56Ω to obtain a balance. Find the value of
the strain.
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