Continents-Countries-Capitals

Africa:

Algeria - Algiers
Angola - Luanda
Benin - Porto-Novo
Botswana - Gaborone
Burkina Faso - Ouagadougou
Burundi - Bujumbura
Cabo Verde - Praia
Cameroon - Yaoundé
Central African Republic - Bangui
Chad - N'Djamena
Comoros - Moroni
Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Kinshasa
Congo, Republic of the - Brazzaville
Cote d'Ivoire - Yamoussoukro
Djibouti - Djibouti
Egypt - Cairo
Equatorial Guinea - Malabo
Eritrea - Asmara
Eswatini - Mbabane
Ethiopia - Addis Ababa
Gabon - Libreville
Gambia, The - Banjul
Ghana - Accra
Guinea - Conakry
Guinea-Bissau - Bissau
Kenya - Nairobi
Lesotho - Maseru
Liberia - Monrovia
Libya - Tripoli
Madagascar - Antananarivo
Malawi - Lilongwe
Mali - Bamako
Mauritania - Nouakchott
Mauritius - Port Louis
Morocco - Rabat
Mozambique - Maputo
Namibia - Windhoek
Niger - Niamey
Nigeria - Abuja
Rwanda - Kigali
Sao Tome and Principe - Sao Tome
Senegal - Dakar
Seychelles - Victoria
Sierra Leone - Freetown
Somalia - Mogadishu
South Africa - Pretoria (Administrative), Cape Town (Legislative), Bloemfontein (Judicial)
South Sudan - Juba
Sudan - Khartoum
Tanzania - Dodoma
Togo - Lome
Tunisia - Tunis
Uganda - Kampala
Zambia - Lusaka
Zimbabwe - Harare

Asia:

Afghanistan - Kabul
Armenia - Yerevan
Azerbaijan - Baku
Bahrain - Manama
Bangladesh - Dhaka
Bhutan - Thimphu
Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan
Cambodia - Phnom Penh
China - Beijing
Cyprus - Nicosia
Georgia - Tbilisi
India - New Delhi
Indonesia - Jakarta
Iran - Tehran
Iraq - Baghdad
Israel - Jerusalem
Japan - Tokyo
Jordan - Amman
Kazakhstan - Nur-Sultan
Kuwait - Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek
Laos - Vientiane
Lebanon - Beirut
Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur
Maldives - Male
Mongolia - Ulaanbaatar
Myanmar (Burma) - Naypyidaw
Nepal - Kathmandu
North Korea - Pyongyang
Oman - Muscat
Pakistan - Islamabad
Palestine - Jerusalem (East)
Philippines - Manila
Qatar - Doha
Russia - Moscow
Saudi Arabia - Riyadh
Singapore - Singapore
South Korea - Seoul
Sri Lanka - Colombo
Syria - Damascus
Taiwan - Taipei
Tajikistan - Dushanbe
Thailand - Bangkok
Timor-Leste (East Timor) - Dili
Turkey - Ankara
Turkmenistan - Ashgabat
United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi
Uzbekistan - Tashkent
Vietnam - Hanoi
Yemen - Sana'a

Europe:

Albania - Tirana
Andorra - Andorra la Vella
Austria - Vienna
Belarus - Minsk
Belgium - Brussels
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo
Bulgaria - Sofia
Croatia - Zagreb
Cyprus - Nicosia
Czech Republic - Prague
Denmark - Copenhagen
Estonia - Tallinn
Finland - Helsinki
France - Paris
Germany - Berlin
Greece - Athens
Hungary - Budapest
Iceland - Reykjavik
Ireland - Dublin
Italy - Rome
Kosovo - Pristina
Latvia - Riga
Liechtenstein - Vaduz
Lithuania - Vilnius
Luxembourg - Luxembourg City
Malta - Valletta
Moldova - Chisinau
Monaco - Monaco
Montenegro - Podgorica
Netherlands - Amsterdam
North Macedonia (formerly Macedonia) - Skopje
Norway - Oslo
Poland - Warsaw
Portugal - Lisbon
Romania - Bucharest
Russia - Moscow
San Marino - San Marino
Serbia - Belgrade
Slovakia - Bratislava
Slovenia - Ljubljana
Spain - Madrid
Sweden - Stockholm
Switzerland - Bern
Ukraine - Kyiv
United Kingdom - London
Vatican City (Holy See) - Vatican City

North America:

Antigua and Barbuda - St. John's

Bahamas - Nassau
Barbados - Bridgetown
Belize - Belmopan
Canada - Ottawa
Costa Rica - San Jose
Cuba - Havana
Dominica - Roseau
Dominican Republic - Santo Domingo
El Salvador - San Salvador
Grenada - St. George's
Guatemala - Guatemala City
Haiti - Port-au-Prince
Honduras - Tegucigalpa
Jamaica - Kingston
Mexico - Mexico City
Nicaragua - Managua
Panama - Panama City
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Basseterre
Saint Lucia - Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Kingstown
Trinidad and Tobago - Port of Spain
United States - Washington, D.C.

Oceania:

Australia - Canberra
Fiji - Suva
Kiribati - Tarawa Atoll
Marshall Islands - Majuro
Micronesia - Palikir
Nauru - Yaren
New Zealand - Wellington
Palau - Ngerulmud
Papua New Guinea - Port Moresby
Samoa - Apia
Solomon Islands - Honiara
Tonga - Nuku'alofa
Tuvalu - Funafuti
Vanuatu - Port Vila

South America:

Argentina - Buenos Aires

Bolivia - La Paz (administrative), Sucre (constitutional)
Brazil - Brasilia
Chile - Santiago
Colombia - Bogotá
Ecuador - Quito
Guyana - Georgetown
Paraguay - Asuncion
Peru - Lima
Suriname - Paramaribo
Uruguay - Montevideo
Venezuela - Caracas
Africa:

Largest River: Nile River

Largest Mountain/Mountain Range: Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania)
Largest Lake: Lake Victoria
Largest Desert: Sahara Desert

Asia:

Largest River: Yangtze River (China)

Largest Mountain/Mountain Range: Mount Everest (Nepal and China)
Largest Lake: Caspian Sea
Largest Desert: Arabian Desert

Europe:

Largest River: Volga River (Russia)

Largest Mountain/Mountain Range: Caucasus Mountains
Largest Lake: Lake Ladoga (Russia)
Largest Desert: Pannonian Basin (partially in Europe)

North America:

Largest River: Mississippi River (United States)

Largest Mountain/Mountain Range: Rocky Mountains (United States and Canada)
Largest Lake: Lake Superior (United States and Canada)
Largest Desert: Great Basin Desert (United States)

Oceania:

Largest River: Murray River (Australia)

Largest Mountain/Mountain Range: Southern Alps (New Zealand)
Largest Lake: Lake Eyre (Australia)
Largest Desert: Great Victoria Desert (Australia)

South America:

Largest River: Amazon River

Largest Mountain/Mountain Range: Andes Mountains
Largest Lake: Lake Titicaca (Bolivia and Peru)
Largest Desert: Atacama Desert (Chile)

Antarctica:
Largest Glacier: The Lambert Glacier
Highest Mountain: Mount Vinson in the Ellsworth Mountains, which are part of the larger
Ellsworth Range
Largest Lake: Lake Vostok
Largest Desert: Antarctic Polar Desert

Largest in World:
Largest country: Russia
Largest city: Tokyo, Japan (based on population)
Largest capital city: Tokyo, Japan (based on population)/ Beijing in China
Largest continent: Asia
Largest mountain/mountain range: Mount Everest (located in the Himalayas)
Largest lake: Caspian Sea (technically a lake by definition)
Largest desert: Antarctica (the largest non-polar desert), while the Sahara Desert is the largest
hot desert.
Largest river: Amazon River (by volume of water discharged)
Largest mountain in the world: Mount Everest (part of the Himalayan mountain range)

Important Geographical Sites:

Himalayas: The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world, stretching across
several countries including India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan. Mount Everest, the
highest peak on Earth, is located in the Himalayas.

Amazon Rainforest: The Amazon Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world,
covering a significant portion of South America. It is known for its incredible biodiversity and
plays a vital role in regulating the global climate.

Great Barrier Reef: Located off the coast of Queensland, Australia, the Great Barrier Reef is the
world's largest coral reef system. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is renowned for its
stunning marine life and vibrant coral formations.

Sahara Desert: The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world, spanning across
several countries in North Africa. It covers a vast area and is known for its extreme
temperatures and expansive sand dunes.

Nile River: The Nile River is the longest river in the world, flowing through eleven countries in
northeastern Africa. It has played a crucial role in the development of ancient civilizations and
continues to be a lifeline for millions of people.

Grand Canyon: Located in the southwestern United States, the Grand Canyon is a massive
gorge carved by the Colorado River. It is known for its breathtaking views and geological
significance, attracting millions of visitors each year.
Mount Kilimanjaro: Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa, located in Tanzania. It is a
dormant volcano and attracts climbers from around the world who seek to conquer its summit.

Great Wall of China: The Great Wall of China is an ancient fortification that stretches across
northern China. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is considered one of the most
impressive architectural feats in human history.

Victoria Falls: Victoria Falls is a breathtaking waterfall located on the Zambezi River, straddling
the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is one of the largest waterfalls in the world and is
renowned for its beauty and power.

Galapagos Islands: The Galapagos Islands are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, known for
their unique wildlife and their significance in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. They are a
UNESCO World Heritage site and a popular destination for nature enthusiasts.

THE UNITED NATIONS:

● The United Nations (UN) was founded on October 24, 1945, following the end of World
War II.

● It was established to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts

.
● The founders of the UN were representatives from 50 countries who participated in the
United Nations Conference on International Organization, held in San Francisco,
California, USA.

● Some notable individuals involved in the conference were Franklin D. Roosevelt

(United States), Winston Churchill (United Kingdom), and Joseph Stalin (Soviet
Union).

● The headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City, United
States.-along east river

● The five permanent members of the Security Council (China, France, Russia, the
United Kingdom, and the United States) have veto power. This means that if any of
these countries vote against a resolution, it cannot be adopted, regardless of the votes
of other members. This veto power was granted to these countries due to their status as
major powers at the time of the UN's establishment.
Committees and organs :

Main Organs:

UNGA (United Nations General Assembly)

UNSC (United Nations Security Council)

Committees of the United Nations General Assembly:

DISEC (Disarmament and International Security Committee)

SPECPOL (Special Political and Decolonization Committee)
ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council)
SOCHUM (Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian Committee)
LEGAL (Legal Committee)
ACABQ (Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions)

Other Committees and Agencies:

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)

UNOOSA (United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs)
ICJ (International Court of Justice)
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
WHO (World Health Organization)
UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)
UNEP(United Nationals Environmental Programme)
ILO (International Labour Organization)
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
IMO (International Maritime Organization)
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees)
DOCO (Department of Operational Support)
DPA (Department of Political Affairs)
DPI (Department of Public Information)
DPKO/DFS (Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support)
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)
IOM (International Organization for Migration)
OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)
OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights)
ODA (Office for Disarmament Affairs)
OSA (Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide)
OSRSG-CAAC (Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and
Armed Conflict)
OSRSG-SVC (Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual
Violence in Conflict)
PBSO (Peacebuilding Support Office)
UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Training and Research)
UN WOMEN (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
WFP (World Food Programme)
UNHCR(UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES)

Observers:

NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security

ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross)
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
IANWGE Standing Committee on Women, Peace and Security

Pakistan

Arif Alvi: President of Pakistan

Anwar ul Haq Kakar
Sadiq Sanjran-i
Raja Pervaiz Ashraf
Qazi Faez Isa
Sikandar Sultan Raja
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Chairman of the Senate
Speaker of the National Assembly
Chief Justice of Pakistan
Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan

Provincial Government:

Province Governor Chief Minister Government Chief Justice

Type

Balochistan Abdul Wali Ali Mardan Caretaker Naeem Akhtar

Kakar Khan Domki (BHC)
Gilgit-Baltistan Mehdi Shah Gulbar Khan PTI Coalition Shamim Khan
(SACGB)

Khyber Ghulam Ali Arshad Caretaker Muhammad Ibrahim

Pakhtunkhwa Hussain Khan (PHC)
Shah

Punjab Baligh Ur Mohsin Naqvi Ameer Bhatti (LHC)

Rehman

Sindh Kamran Maqbool Ahmed Ali Sheikh

Tessori Baqar (SHC)

State government

Province President Prime minister Government Chief Justice

Type

Azad Sultan Mehmood Chaudhry PTI Coalition Raja Saeed

Kashmir Chaudhry Anwarul Haq Akram Khan
(SCAJK)

Services chief[edit]

S. No Name Office

1 Asim Munir Chief of Army Staff

2 Zaheer Ahmad Babar Chief of Air Staff

 3 Naveed Ashraf Chief of Naval Staff

4 Sahir Shamshad Mirza Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee

Federal Ministers

Portfolio Minister Term

Prime Minister Anwar ul Haq 14 August 2023 - present

Kakar

Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Shamshad 17 August 2023 - present

Akhtar

Foreign Affairs Jalil Abbas Jilani

Defence, Defence Production Anwar Ali Hyder

Interior, Norotics Control, Overseas Pakistanis and Sarfraz Bugti

Human Resource Development

Commerce, Industries and Production Gohar Ejaz

Law and Justice, Climate Change, Water Resources Ahmad Irfan

Aslam
Human Rights Khalil Francis

Planning, Development and Special Initiatives Sami Saeed

Communications, Maritime Affairs, Railways Shahid Ashraf

Tarar

Information and Broadcasting Murtaza Solangi

Power and Petroleum Muhammad Ali

Federal Education and Professional Training Madad Ali

Sindhi

National Health Services, Regulations and Nadeem Jan

Coordination

Religious Affairs and Inter-faith Harmony Aneeq Ahmad

Information Technology and Telecommunication, Umar Saif

Science and Technology

National Heritage and Culture Jamal Shah

National Food Security & Research Kauser Abdullah 11 September 2023[7] - present
Malik

Privatisation Fawad Hasan [8]

16 September 2023 - present
Fawad

National Dress: Shalwar Kameez is the traditional national dress of Pakistan, consisting of
loose-fitting trousers (shalwar) and a long shirt (kameez) worn by both men and women.
National Flag: The national flag of Pakistan features a dark green field with a white vertical
stripe on the hoist side. In the center, it has a white crescent moon and a five-pointed star.

National Language: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and is widely spoken and
understood by a significant portion of the population. It is also one of the official languages of
the country.

National Anthem: The national anthem of Pakistan is called the "Qaumi Taranah." It was written
by Hafeez Jullundhri and composed by Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla.

National Animal: The national animal of Pakistan is the Markhor, a species of wild goat known
for its majestic spiral horns. It is found in the mountainous regions of Northern Pakistan.

National Bird: The national bird of Pakistan is the Chukar Partridge. It is a medium-sized game
bird with a red beak and a distinctive black and white striped plumage.

National Flower: Jasmine (Chambeli) is the national flower of Pakistan. It is a fragrant white
flower widely used in garlands, decorations, and perfumes.

National Monument: The Minar-e-Pakistan, located in Lahore, is a significant national

monument. It commemorates the Lahore Resolution of 1940, which laid the foundation for the
creation of an independent state for Muslims in British India.

National Sport: Field Hockey is considered the national sport of Pakistan. The country has a rich
history in the sport and has won several Olympic and World Cup titles in the past.

National Food: Nihari/Biryani

National Drink: Sugarcane Juice (Roh) is often regarded as a popular and refreshing national
drink in Pakistan. It is extracted from freshly pressed sugarcane and consumed during hot
summer months.

National Tree: The national tree of Pakistan is the Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara). It is a large
evergreen coniferous tree found in the northern parts of the country, particularly in the
Himalayan region.

National Motto: "Iman, Ittehad, Nazm" is the national motto of Pakistan, which translates to
"Faith, Unity, Discipline."