Atoms, Molecules, and Ionsemis Timeline #1 BC. 400 B.C. Demokritos and Leucippos use the term "atomos” AOR tn eae aes Seer tm cur cme trey) Pareto tees ares mula 9 aan Robert Boyle: The Skeptical Chemist. Quantitative experimentation, identification of CTT Talc eA) ae R ICM ane uM pana Se DORA CU Pe ORE eM Mo Reka UNUM Re Noe SM Sauce amon am cet sleteNChemistry Timeline #2 ir) » Joseph Proust: The law of definite proportion (composition) SR Pr CYC ina CRU see enor pales er ates oR Ch Nn eee knee olen ets ane eoh Vereen orm elute eccs PIE esteem eel ee OMe IS Tuo ome ener valued sullen a PN MM Sean ne Nn uae) Perec met eel ns [OO ey > Robert Millikan: Charge and mass of the electron Peat ma Leeman Cue Rem Male Ce eM CML era) > Meitner & Fermi: Sustained nuclear fission aan ue CO one ue heueet aI ane ura| ee Dalton's Atomic Theory (1808) wf ; f Q All matter is composed of extremely is small particles called atoms rs O Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other Rr Ty a) ae ae elements differ in size, mass, and other properties whee ol eel ole elton ao Dh 28) QO Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds Q In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearrangedModern Atomic Theory Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties: atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties Modern theory states: Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element.Modern Atomic Theory #2 Yello Modern theory states:Discovery of the Electron Vacuum pumpThomson's Atomic Model Positive "pudding" a owMass of the Electron 1909 - Robert Millikan determines the mass of the electron. The oil drop apparatus Mass of the Create 9.109 x 10-3! kgConclusions from the Study of the Electron QO Cathode rays have identical properties regardless of the element used to produce them. All elements must contain identically charged electrons. UAtoms are neutral, so there must be positive particles in the atom to balance the negative charge of the electrons O Electrons have so little mass that atoms must contain other particles that account for most of the massRutherford's Gold Foil Experiment Gold foil @-Particle emitter Detecting sereen Silt Q Alpha particles are helium nuclei O Particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold foil Q Particle hits on the detecting screen (film) are recordedIn the following pictures, there is a target hidden by Rae mmOM Ae a MU Ma ale MRM MeL a shot some beams into the cloud and recorded where the beams came out. Can you figure out the shape of the target? i See oe 2— x 4. 5 aae mee Target #2 4 -1a—__—_+1-Rutherford’s Findings Most of the particles passed right through A few particles were deflected = ee a aa | “Like howitzer shells bouncing off meet 16) 1 Conclusions ue Atem Cm aT) eater O The nucleus is positively chargedAtomic Particles cela ol LL uel Mass (kg) Location Pratl) oe 9.109 x 10-3! | Electron cloud Proton aa 1.673 x 10-27 Nucleus NT) oO 1.675 x 10-27 | NucleusThe Atomic Scale = Most of the mass of the CaM Mme At (protons and neutrons) = Electrons are found outside of the nucleus (the aren rel allelt ep) UC MRL MN eo the atom is empty space PM) Eu ty _E _ A rhe KT (4 i 18 400,000,000 dD io i “q" is a particle called a “quark”About Quarks... CEM Mees a NOT fundamental particles. Protons are made of two “up” quarks and one “down” quark. Tee Meo ol © one “up” quark and two “down” quarks. Celt mele Mae Mater ( ual AM aeAtomic Number Pom ola 4 me a eM Ma ee mL CL) Mtb aaa # of protons | Atomic # (Z) Carbon 6 6 Phosphorus sho) 15 Gold rh) 79Mass Number OM lela CM CM ol ae) a OLAX neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope. Mass # = p* + n? IN allel | a ae SC Oxygen - 18 tS) ORE) 18 PU ee bo) Se CC) tie Laat atl 15 | 16 | 15 KBIsotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons. Tsotope Protons | Electrons | Neutrons INA Tiy Hydrogen-1 al 1 0 (protium) + La fens unr B Bs st (deuterium) Lace lnye ead (tritium)Atomic Masses Atomic mass is the average of all the naturally eo a ee a Carbon = 12.011 BROT Tels POM Muh a the nucleus (ert sofa We 6 protons Phy Cy Carbon-13 Ye: Crd eb TA ol) (ots Sere his Tt eliy <0.01% PeesMaleGiies: covalentlyeagle om elo me Nea) Noble Alkaline Deess: 4 earth metals Halogens |g 1A | 8A 2 13°14 «15 «16 «17 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A | Te B S N ° F. Ne os 5 raisins Blyls|s/aie 2 B 24 25 26 2 2B 2] 3 3 2 3 34 35 | 36 Ty v Cr | Mn} Fe} Co} Ni | Cul Zn] Ga! Ge] As| Se | Br | kr 4o| 41 | 42] 43 | 43 | a5 | 45 | a7 | a3] 49 | | st | 52 | 53 | Se Z| Nb| Mo} Te] Ru} Rh| Pd} Ag} Cd] In Sn | Sb] Te} 1 Xe. 72 a 74 | 75 76 7 78 79) 80 Bt a2 6 84 85 | 86 Hf | Ta} W| Re} Os} Ir Pt} Au] Hg] TI Pb | Bi Po] At | Rn 104] 105] 105] 107] 108] 109] 110] 111 Ung} Unp} Unh} Uns} Uno} Une} Uun} Uuu! *Lanthanides ar | 92] 93] 94 | 95 | 96] 97 Pa] U | Np} Pu} Am| cm) Bk 9 | 100] 101) 102] 103 t Actinides: Fm| Md] No} Lr 3a 98 aa) a3 * Cation: A positive ion - Mg?*, NH,* “ Anion: A negative ion COT 6 fa =s Oia “Ionic Bonding Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. oe emt eM cee Mee he Mg formulas are written empirically (lowest whole number ratio of ions).The Properties of a Group: bi ALUM AR *” Easily lose valence electron (Reducing agents) Same aL ** Large hydration energy Cem Tht a lhePredicting Ionic Charges Group IA: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions H* Li* Na K*Predicting Ionic Charges Group IIA: Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions Be** Mg*® Ca** Sr2* Ba*Predicting Ionic Charges ; ; Group IITA - Be Al®* Ga>* Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ionsPredicting Ionic Charges Group IVA: loses 4 electrons or gains 4 electronsPredicting Ionic Charges N&- Nitride Group VA: Gains 3 ee ee ee electrons to form As: Arsenide J> WoePredicting Ionic Charges O% Oxide Group VIA: Gains 2 S2- Sulfide electrons to form Se2- Selenide 2- ionsPredicting Ionic Charges oie ae A SS Le ArT) A OY et Cl!-Chloride [!- Iodide aU CO i 1- ionsPredicting Ionic Charges Group VIII: Stable Noble gases beau) reatPredicting T Charges Groups 3 = 12%, Many transition elements have more than one possible oxidation state. Tron(II) = Fe** Iron(III) = Fe*Predicting Ionic Charges Groups 3 - 12: Some transition elements have only one possible oxidation state. Zine = Zn? FT a eeWriting Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Barium nitrate PN tM a Ie lm et) and anion, including CHARGES! eta thir! 5 oh © see if charges are Yea (NO, )p 3. Balance charges , if necessary, ls ies using >. : Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.Example: Ammonium sulfate MMM CM Km eat ola) and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges ¢ Nala are balanced. 3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses Se CeliCelLo if you need more than one of a NeueWriting Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Iron(IIT) chloride Sr ah Mm aM eae Co Cela a Cob CLA) and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges ei - are balanced. mS | (a E 3. Balance charges , if necessary, er eer using. : Use parentheses : Oh +) 2} polyatomic ionExample: Aluminum sulfide 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges yr Ea are balanced. 2 si ry 3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses Not balanced! ae te MC Ma a) Penk ome olaWriting Ionic Compound Formulas Example: Magnesium carbonate SN ahem aM lat Ce Lm a eh) and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges 1 Xe fone 60). are balanced. They are balanced!Writing Ionic Compound Formulas ee Ul) Sea ome abate he Ma Ce elem eet) and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check t fh eta) = yee ‘0 see if charges are Zn2* (OH ) 3. Balance charges , if necessary, | | using subscripts. Use parentheses Not balanced! if you need more than one of a Yon eu ileal lie