2020. 10. 08. Wind Structural factor CsCd - Lisa.

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What is the structural factor CsCd used for? Get now the structural factor of
your building with Lisa.blue!
The structural factor takes into account the absence of pressures
simultaneity to the surface of the construction and of vibration of the
structure caused by the turbulence. Better than an excel stylesheet,
Lisa.blue!
The cscd calculation is based on the building dimensions, construction
location and the terrain's categories. Wind
A minimum approved value of cscd = 0.85 is indicated in Appendix D. Process to calculate wind
actions
Normative references and national choices Wind structural factor cscd
Wind zones France
EN 1991-1-4 §6.3.1 - Detailed procedure for structural factor cscd
Wind zones Belgium
EN 1991-1-4 Annex B - Procedure 1 for determining the structural factor
Wind zones UK
cscd
Orography factor
In France (NF EN 1991-1-4/NA clause 6.3.1 (1) NOTE 3): Terrain categories
The procedure to use is the procedure 1 described in Annex B. Annex B
is normative; Annex C does not apply.
Snow
Snow zone per commune in
In Belgium (NBN EN 1991-1-4 ANB §6.3.1 (1) NOTE 3):
France
The procedure 1 of Annex B recommended to calculate cscd is normative.
Snow zone in Belgium
In United Kingdom (BS EN 1991-1-4 NA.2.21): Snow zone in UK
The recommended procedure given in BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Annex B Eurocode Snow loads
should be used. Eurocode General procedure
Eurocode Actions
Building's fundamental frequency n1,x The Eurocodes

An approched value of the structure's fundamental frequency can be Seism

calculated from:
Seism zone France
Seism zone Belgium
for a building height up to 28m, equation 4.6 of Eurocode 8 -
Seism zone United Kingdom
Earthquakes:
Seismic importance class
1
n1,x = Ct ⋅H 0.75 Eurocode Seismic actions
This expression takes into account the nature of the structure (Ct) and its free General procedure
vibration height (H).
Permanent and imposed
for construction height upper than 28m, equation F.1 of Eurocode 1 loads
part 1-4 - Wind:
Eurocode Permanent loads and
46
n1,x = H
storage loads
densities by material
This expression only takes into account the free vibration height (H) of the
Eurocode Imposed loads
structure.
tables by usage

Turbulence intensity Iv(zs) Structures and materials

This is the standard deviation of wind turbulence divided by the average Eurocode Materials
wind speed. It gives a mesure of the wind in the form of gusts. The Eurocode Steel structures
recommended calculation procedure is given in EN1991-1-4 4.4(1) and EN1993 General rules
the national annexes. Eurocode Timber structures
EN1995 General rules
Background factor B2 Cold rolled steel structures
This coefficient reflects the lack of pressure correlation on the
Eurocodes
construction. The recommended calculation procedure is given in
EN1991-1-4 B.2(2) and the national annexes: The Eurocodes

1
B2 = 0.63
1+0.9⋅( Lb+h
(zs ) )
with:

h = total height of the building (in m)

b = perpendicular dimension of the building to the wind (in m)
L(zs) = turbulence scale according to EN1991-1-4 B1(1):

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2020. 10. 08. Wind Structural factor CsCd - Lisa.blue

L (zs ) = Lt ⋅ ( zzst )
α

Lt = reference scale (300m)

zt = reference height (200m)
α = 0.67 + 0.05 ⋅ ln z0

Resonance response factor R2

This coefficient reflects the effect of turbulence in resonance with the considered vibration
mode of the building. The recommended calculation procedure is given in EN1991-1-4
B.2(5) and the national annexes:

R2 = π
2⋅δ
⋅ sL (zs , n1,x ) ⋅ Rh (ηh ) ⋅ Rb (ηb )
with:

δ = logarithmic decrement of damping according to EN1991-1-4 Equation F.15:

δ = δs + δa + δd
δs = logarithmic decrement of structural damping (0.05 for steel building, 0.06
for timber building, 0.10 for reinforced concrete buildings)
δa = logarithmic decrement of aerodynamic damping for the fundamental mode
(can be securely taken to 0)
δd = logarithmic decrement of damping due to special devices (0 if no special
device)
SL(zs,n1,x) = non-dimensional power spectral density function according to EN1991-1-4
B.1(2):
6.8⋅fL (zs ,n1,x )
sL (zs , n1,x ) = 5
(1+10.2⋅fL (zs ,n1,x )) 3
fL(zs,n1,x) = non-dimensional frequency according to EN1991-1-4 B.1(2):
n ⋅L(zs )
fL (zs , n1,x ) = 1,x vm (zs )
Rh and Rb = aerodynamic admittance functions according to EN1991-1-4 B.2(6).

Peak factor kp
This factor is the ratio of the maximum value of the fluctuating part of the response to its
standard deviation. The recommended calculation procedure is given in EN1991-1-4 B.2(3)
and the national annexes:
0.6
kp = √2 ⋅ ln (ν ⋅ T ) +
√2⋅ln (ν⋅T )
with:

ν = up-crossing frequency

ν = n1,x √ B 2R+R2
2

T = averaging time for the mean wind velocity, T=600 seconds.

Structural factor cscd

The recommended calculation procedure is given in EN1991-1-4 6.3.1(1) and the national
annexes:
1+2⋅kp ⋅Iv (zs )⋅√B 2 +R2
cs cd = 1+7⋅Iv (zs )

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