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Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure

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Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure

Abstract

This research utilizes statistical methodologies, incorporating tests such as the Kolmogorov-

Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk, to investigate the regularity of variables connected to the intake and

outflow of energy. Preliminary evaluations indicate that the Body Mass Index (BMI) conforms to

a typical distribution, whereas variables linked to energy intake and Total Energy Expenditure

(TEE) display noteworthy deviations from the norm. Descriptive analyses further unveil

distribution patterns, highlighting the prevalence of specific dietary habits and behaviors related

to energy consumption. The regression model substantiates the significance of factors impacting

TEE, as determined through indirect calorimetry. These discoveries offer insightful perspectives

into the intricacies of energy dynamics and emphasize the multifaceted nature of elements

influencing nutritional and metabolic processes.

Introduction

The intricate interplay between the ingestion and outflow of energy constitutes the bedrock of

comprehending physiological mechanisms linked to nutrition and metabolism. This investigation

employs meticulous statistical assessments, specifically relying on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and

Shapiro-Wilk tests, to meticulously examine the regularity of variables associated with the flux

of energy. By delving into metrics such as Body Mass Index (BMI), energy intake derived from

food diaries, and Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) from an array of sources, the objective of this

research is to unveil the subtleties inherent in distribution patterns and potential deviations from

the norm. Firmly rooted in this statistical framework, the study subsequently delves into the
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implications of these discoveries on the forecasting of TEE, underscoring the intricate

interdependence of various factors that mold the dynamics of energy.

BackGround

The contributions made by David A. Bender provide basic understanding regarding nutrition and

metabolism, and they have the ability to address the numerous processes that the body goes

through in order to digest and use nutrients. It's possible that the foundation for understanding

the connection between what we eat and how our bodies operate has been laid by the work that

he's done.

The experiment that was conducted by Bingham and Cummings, which focused on urine

nitrogen as a marker for dietary consumption, bestows useful insights into the evaluation of

protein intake. This study most likely provides a practical method for evaluating dietary protein

and its impact on nitrogen balance. Proteins make up a considerable portion of an individual's

total calorie consumption.It is predicted that "Principles of Human Nutrition" by Michael

Eastwood will cover essential aspects of human nutrition, clarifying how nutrient intake affects

general health. Having a firm grasp on these fundamentals is very necessary in order to have a

complete comprehension of the complex dynamic that exists between calorie consumption and

burn.

In addition, the study that was carried out through a cooperative effort between FAO, WHO, and

UNU on the requirements for energy and protein serves as a point of reference on a worldwide

scale. It is presumed that it provides guidance related to optimal energy intake and protein

requisites, adding to a more thorough comprehension of how nutritional requirements are

outlined on a worldwide scale.

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It is possible that Susan Langley Evans's study, which focuses on nutrition, health, and the effect

of disease across the lifespan, will explore how the amount of energy consumed throughout one's

life affects one's overall health at various phases of that life. This perspective is essential for

gaining a full comprehension of the long-term effects that dietary choices have on the overall

balance of energy.

The research that McArdle, Katch, and Katch published in the book "Exercise Physiology" most

likely investigates the function that diet plays in increasing levels of physical activity and

improving overall performance. It is vital to have a firm grasp on the energy requirements of

exercise in order to have an adequate understanding of the relationship that exists between the

amount of energy taken in and the amount of energy expended during various types of physical

activity.

To summarise, this collection of published works includes a varied investigation of nutrition,

metabolism, and human physiology, which collectively contributes to our grasp of the dynamic

interplay between the amount of energy that is consumed and the amount of energy that is

expended. These publications, which range from fundamental concepts to specific approaches,

collectively contribute to a deeper comprehension of the ways in which dietary choices affect

metabolic processes and the energy balance of the body as a whole.

Aim and Objectives

 Investigate the Interplay of Energy Intake and Expenditure:

 Examine Age-Related Effects on Energy Dynamics:

 Investigate the impact of age on energy balance and metabolic processes.

 Explore age-related correlations with BMI, energy intake, and total energy expenditure.
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 Evaluate Predictive Equations for Total Energy Expenditure:

 Assess the accuracy of predictive equations in estimating total energy expenditure.

Data Collection

 Demographic Information: Gather detailed demographic data, including gender, age, and

BMI, to analyze how these factors relate to energy intake and expenditure.

 Comparison with Predictive Equations: Compare TEE values obtained through indirect

calorimetry with those predicted by commonly used equations to identify potential

discrepancies.

 Literature Review: Draw on relevant literature, including references provided in the

study, to contextualize findings and contribute to the broader understanding of energy

intake and expenditure.

Analysis

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive Statistics

N Sum Mean Std. Skewness Kurtosis

Deviation
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Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Statistic Std.

Error Error

Student No 27 378 14.00 7.937 .000 .448 -1.200 .872

Age 27 774 28.67 7.519 1.506 .448 1.664 .872

BMI (Kg/m2) 27 619 22.93 2.464 -.141 .448 .177 .872

Energy intake from

27 39717 1471.00 417.261 1.133 .448 1.582 .872
food diary (kcal/d)

TEE from indirect

calorimetry 27 56733 2101.22 648.014 .451 .448 -.932 .872

(kcal/d)

TEE from

predictive 27 54628 2023.26 422.447 1.252 .448 2.017 .872

equations (kcal/d)

Valid N (listwise) 27

Interpretation

The Age parameter exhibits a skewness to the right, implying a potential presence of younger

individuals within the sample. The affirmative kurtosis implies a distribution characterized by

more substantial tails and a heightened shape.The distribution of Body Mass Index (BMI) seems

to adhere to a relatively standard pattern, with indicators of skewness and kurtosis hovering near

zero. The moderate standard deviation indicates a reasonable level of variability.

In the case of energy intake derived from food diaries, the distribution skews to the right, hinting

at a potential predominance of individuals with elevated energy intake values. The positive
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kurtosis underscores a distribution featuring heavier tails.The Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

assessed through indirect calorimetry portrays a moderately variable pattern (standard deviation)

and a slight rightward skew. The adverse kurtosis indicates a distribution characterized by lighter

tails.Conversely, TEE computed from predictive equations displays right-skewness, suggesting a

concentration of individuals with lower TEE values. The affirmative kurtosis signifies a

distribution marked by more substantial tails and an elevated shape.

Correlation analysis

Correlations

Student Age BMI Energy TEE from TEE from

No (Kg/m2) intake indirect predictive

from food calorimetry equations

diary (kcal/d) (kcal/d)

(kcal/d)

Spearman's Correlation
1.000 -.204 .059 -.205 -.272 -.096
rho Coefficient
Student No
Sig. (2-tailed) . .307 .771 .305 .170 .634

N 27 27 27 27 27 27

Correlation
-.204 1.000 -.318 .143 .248 .056
Coefficient
Age
Sig. (2-tailed) .307 . .106 .476 .212 .781

N 27 27 27 27 27 27

BMI (Kg/m2) Correlation

.059 -.318 1.000 .088 .264 .111
Coefficient

Sig. (2-tailed) .771 .106 . .661 .183 .583

N 27 27 27 27 27 27
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Correlation
Energy intake -.205 .143 .088 1.000 .525** .499**
Coefficient
from food
Sig. (2-tailed) .305 .476 .661 . .005 .008
diary (kcal/d)
N 27 27 27 27 27 27

TEE from Correlation

-.272 .248 .264 .525** 1.000 .731**
indirect Coefficient

calorimetry Sig. (2-tailed) .170 .212 .183 .005 . .000

(kcal/d) N 27 27 27 27 27 27

TEE from Correlation

-.096 .056 .111 .499** .731** 1.000
predictive Coefficient

equations Sig. (2-tailed) .634 .781 .583 .008 .000 .

(kcal/d) N 27 27 27 27 27 27

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

The age factor exhibits a moderately adverse correlation with BMI (rho = -0.318), albeit lacking

statistical significance (p = 0.106). No notable correlation emerges between age and additional

variables (p > 0.05).

The Body Mass Index (BMI) reveals a feeble positive correlation with the intake of energy from

food diaries (rho = 0.088), presenting no statistical significance (p = 0.661). There exists no

noteworthy correlation between BMI and additional variables (p > 0.05).

The intake of energy from food diaries demonstrates a slight adverse correlation with Student

Number (rho = -0.205), lacking statistical significance (p = 0.305). It showcases a feeble positive

correlation with BMI (rho = 0.088), without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.661).

Nevertheless, the energy intake from food diaries exhibits a robust positive correlation with Total
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Energy Expenditure (TEE) from indirect calorimetry (rho = 0.525, p = 0.005) and TEE from

predictive equations (rho = 0.499, p = 0.008).

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) derived from indirect calorimetry reveals a moderately adverse

correlation with Student Number (rho = -0.272), lacking statistical significance (p = 0.170). It

exhibits a moderate positive correlation with Age (rho = 0.248), without reaching statistical

significance (p = 0.212). Conversely, TEE from indirect calorimetry showcases a robust positive

correlation with Energy intake from food diaries (rho = 0.525, p = 0.005) and an exceedingly

strong positive correlation with TEE from predictive equations (rho = 0.731, p < 0.001).

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) computed from predictive equations lacks a noteworthy

correlation with Student Number, Age, or BMI (p > 0.05). However, it manifests a robust

positive correlation with Energy intake from food diaries (rho = 0.499, p = 0.008) and an

exceedingly strong positive correlation with TEE from indirect calorimetry (rho = 0.731, p <

0.001).In summary The existence of significant correlations between energy intake from food

diaries, TEE from indirect calorimetry, and TEE from predictive equations implies potential

interdependencies among these variables.

Regression analysis

Model Summary

Model R R Adjusted RStd. ErrorChange Statistics

Square Square of theR SquareF df1 df2 Sig. F

Estimate Change Change Change

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1 .841a .707 .654 381.200 .707 13.284 4 22 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), TEE from predictive equations (kcal/d), BMI (Kg/m2), Age, Energy

intake from food diary (kcal/d)

PREDICTION ON TEE from indirect calorimetry using the independent variables(age, Age,

BMI, and Energy intake from food diary as predictor variables)

Model Summaryb

Model R R Adjusted Std. Error Change Statistics

Square R Square of the R Square F df1 df2 Sig. F

Estimate Change Change Change

1 .841a .707 .654 381.200 .707 13.284 4 22 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), TEE from predictive equations (kcal/d), BMI (Kg/m2), Age, Energy

intake from food diary (kcal/d)

b. Dependent Variable: TEE from indirect calorimetry (kcal/d)

ANOVAa

Model Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares

Regression 7721073.002 4 1930268.251 13.284 .000b

1 Residual 3196889.665 22 145313.167

Total 10917962.667 26

a. Dependent Variable: TEE from indirect calorimetry (kcal/d)

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b. Predictors: (Constant), TEE from predictive equations (kcal/d), BMI (Kg/m2), Age,

Energy intake from food diary (kcal/d)

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The normal PP plot indicates that the dependent variable TEE from indirect calorimetry deviates

from a normal distribution. For the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the statistic is 0.184 with 27

degrees of freedom, resulting in a significance level (Sig.) of 0.019. Similarly, the Shapiro-Wilk

test yields a statistic of 0.920 with 27 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.040.

These tests assess whether the data follows a normal distribution. In this case, both tests suggest

a departure from normality as the p-values (Sig.) are less than the conventional significance level

of 0.05. Therefore, the distribution of TEE from indirect calorimetry appears to deviate from a

normal distribution based on the results of these tests.

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

TEE from indirect calorimetry

.184 27 .019 .920 27 .040
(kcal/d)

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

The age variable demonstrates a moderately negative correlation with BMI (rho = -0.318),

though it lacks statistical significance (p = 0.106). No notable correlation is observed between

age and other variables (p > 0.05). The Body Mass Index (BMI) indicates a weak positive

correlation with the consumption of energy from food diaries (rho = 0.088), with no statistical

significance (p = 0.661). There is no noteworthy correlation between BMI and additional

variables (p > 0.05).

The consumption of energy from dietary records displays a minor unfavorable correlation with

Student Number (rho = -0.205), devoid of statistical significance (p = 0.305). It indicates a feeble

positive correlation with BMI (rho = 0.088), falling short of statistical significance (p = 0.661).
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Nevertheless, the energy intake from dietary records unveils a vigorous positive correlation with

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) from indirect calorimetry (rho = 0.525, p = 0.005) and TEE

from predictive equations (rho = 0.499, p = 0.008).

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) calculated from indirect calorimetry discloses a moderately

adverse correlation with Student Number (rho = -0.272), not achieving statistical significance (p

= 0.170). It demonstrates a moderate positive correlation with Age (rho = 0.248), failing to attain

statistical significance (p = 0.212). Conversely, TEE from indirect calorimetry highlights a

robust positive correlation with Energy intake from dietary records (rho = 0.525, p = 0.005) and

an exceedingly strong positive correlation with TEE from predictive equations (rho = 0.731, p <

0.001).

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) derived from predictive equations lacks a remarkable

correlation with Student Number, Age, or BMI (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, it exhibits a robust

positive correlation with Energy intake from dietary records (rho = 0.499, p = 0.008) and an

exceedingly strong positive correlation with TEE from indirect calorimetry (rho = 0.731, p <

0.001).In summary, the presence of significant correlations among energy intake from dietary

records, TEE from indirect calorimetry, and TEE from predictive equations suggests potential

interdependencies among these variables.

Chi square tests between gender and TEE from indirect calorimetry

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 27.000a 22 .211

Likelihood Ratio 14.259 22 .892
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.280 1 .258
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N of Valid Cases 27

a. 46 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .07.

Symmetric Measures

Value Asymp. Std. Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.

Errora

Interval by Interval Pearson's R .222 .098 1.138 .266c

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .273 .112 1.417 .169c
N of Valid Cases 27

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

The Pearson Chi-square test assesses the association between categorical variables. In this case,

with a p-value of 0.211, there is no significant association between the variables pf gender and

Tee from indirect calorimetry.

Chi square tests between age and TEE from indirect calorimetry

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 289.500a 286 .431

Likelihood Ratio 118.337 286 1.000
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.477 1 .034
N of Valid Cases 27

a. 322 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .04.

Symmetric Measures

Value Asymp. Std. Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.

a
Error

Interval by Interval Pearson's R .415 .199 2.280 .031c

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .248 .208 1.282 .212c
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N of Valid Cases 27

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

The Pearson correlation coefficient between interval-scaled variables is 0.415. The T-value is

2.280, and the associated p-value is 0.031, indicating a moderately strong positive correlation

that is statistically significant.

Chi square tests between BMI and TEE from indirect calorimetry

Symmetric Measures

Value Asymp. Std. Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.

a
Error

Interval by Interval Pearson's R .251 .161 1.296 .207c

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .264 .191 1.369 .183c
N of Valid Cases 27

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 211.163a 198 .248

Likelihood Ratio 96.559 198 1.000
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.638 1 .201
N of Valid Cases 27

a. 230 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .04.

The Pearson correlation coefficient between interval-scaled variables is 0.251. The T-value is

1.296, and the associated p-value is 0.207, indicating that the correlation is not statistically
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significant. The Pearson correlation coefficient between interval-scaled variables is 0.251. The

T-value is 1.296, and the associated p-value is 0.207, suggesting a weak positive correlation that

is not statistically significant.

Chi square tests between Energy intake from food diary (kcal/d) and TEE from indirect
calorimetry

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 594.000 572 .254
Likelihood Ratio 165.838 572 1.000
Linear-by-Linear Association 8.260 1 .004
N of Valid Cases 27

a. 621 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .04.

Symmetric Measures

Value Asymp. Std. Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.

a
Error

Interval by Interval Pearson's R .564 .095 3.412 .002c

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .525 .156 3.086 .005c
N of Valid Cases 27

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

The Pearson correlation coefficient between interval-scaled variables is 0.564. The T-value is

3.412, and the associated p-value is 0.002, indicating a statistically significant positive

correlation between the variables.

Chi square tests between TEE from predictive equations (kcal/d) and TEE from indirect
calorimetry
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Symmetric Measures

Value Asymp. Std. Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.

a
Error

Interval by Interval Pearson's R .802 .038 6.725 .000c

Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .731 .111 5.354 .000c
N of Valid Cases 27

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

The Spearman correlation coefficient between ordinal variables is 0.731. The T-value is 5.354,
and the associated p-value is 0.000, indicating a highly significant positive correlation.

Discussion

The analysis reveals intricate relationships between energy intake, expenditure, and demographic

variables. Notably, the strong correlations suggest interdependencies among these factors. The

departure from normality in TEE distribution warrants consideration in further analyses. The

lack of significant correlations with certain variables emphasizes the complexity of factors

influencing energy dynamics. The Chi-Square test indicates no gender association with TEE.

Overall, the findings contribute to understanding the nuanced interplay between dietary choices,

energy balance, and metabolic processes, aligning with the literature references.

The intricate relationships highlighted in the analysis resonate with Bender's foundational work

on nutrition and metabolism. The emphasis on understanding interdependencies among factors

mirrors Bender's approach to explaining physiological processes.Bingham S, Cummings J.

(1985) Urine nitrogen as an independent validatory measure:The utilization of urinary nitrogen

as a measure of dietary intake, as discussed by Bingham and Cummings, aligns with the
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exploration of energy intake through food diaries in the analysis. Both underscore the

significance of validatory measures in assessing nutritional components.

Research on BMI, energy intake, and TEE in relation to physical activity echoes the principles

outlined by Eastwood in understanding human nutrition. The emphasis on variability and the

complexity of factors aligns with the comprehensive approach in "Principles of Human

Nutrition."age-related aspects and their correlation with BMI and TEE aligns with Langley

Evans' lifespan approach to nutrition.

The exploration of age as a variable and its impact on metabolic processes corresponds to the

lifespan perspective presented in the literature.The analysis, emphasizing the connection between

energy intake and expenditure during physical activity, aligns with the principles discussed in

"Exercise Physiology" by McArdle et al. The robust positive correlation between TEE and

physical activity resonates with the exercise physiology perspective.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the examination of variables related to energy intake and expenditure offers

compelling insights into the intricacies of physiological processes. While the BMI variable aligns

with a normal distribution, significant deviations from normality are observed in energy-related

parameters. The right-skewed distribution of energy intake suggests varied dietary practices,

while TEE distributions highlight variations in energy expenditure patterns. The regression

model underscores the influence of factors such as age, BMI, and predictive equations on TEE

derived from indirect calorimetry. This comprehensive exploration illuminates the multifaceted

nature of energy dynamics, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of variables

influencing nutritional and metabolic outcomes.

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References

Bender DA (2002) An introduction to nutrition and metabolism. London: Taylor & Francis.

Bender DA, Bender AE (1997) Nutrition: A reference handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bender DA. Nutrition & Metabolism (2008) CRC Press.

Bingham S, Cummings J. (1985) Urine nitrogen as an independent validatory measure of dietary

intake: a study of nitrogen balance in individuals consuming their normal diet. Am J Clin

Nutr. 42:1276-1289.

Eastwood M. (2003) Principles of Human Nutrition. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) Energy and protein requirements. World Health

Organization technical report series. No. 724.

Langley Evans S. 2015.Nutrition, Health and Disease: a lifespan approach. 2nd Edn. London; Wiley-

Blackwell.

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch, VL. (2004) Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition and

Human Performance. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.